Export your learner materials as an interactive game, a webpage, or FAQ style cheatsheet.
Unsaved Work Found!
It looks like you have unsaved work from a previous session. Would you like to restore it?
Total Categories: 7
Heinrich Brüning's birthplace was Berlin, Germany, in 1885.
Answer: False
Heinrich Brüning was born in Münster, Westphalia, on November 26, 1885, not in Berlin.
Heinrich Brüning's doctoral research focused on the nationalization of the French railway system, and his academic studies included attendance at the London School of Economics.
Answer: False
Brüning's doctorate was based on his thesis concerning the nationalization of the British railway system, not the French system. He did, however, study at the London School of Economics.
During World War I, Heinrich Brüning served as a captain and received the prestigious Pour le Mérite medal for his military valor.
Answer: False
Heinrich Brüning served as a lieutenant during World War I and was awarded the Iron Cross (first and second class) for bravery, not the Pour le Mérite medal, nor did he hold the rank of captain.
What notable academic accomplishment did Heinrich Brüning achieve prior to his full-time engagement in politics?
Answer: He earned a doctorate for his thesis on the nationalization of the British railway system.
Before entering full-time politics, Heinrich Brüning earned a doctorate for his thesis examining the financial, economic, and legal implications of nationalizing the British railway system.
Following his military service, Heinrich Brüning transitioned into politics by assuming the role of chief executive for Christian trade unions.
Answer: True
After his military service, Brüning became involved with social reform and subsequently served as the chief executive of Christian trade unions from 1920 to 1930.
As the editor of 'Der Deutsche,' Heinrich Brüning advocated for socialist ideals and state control over industry.
Answer: False
As editor of 'Der Deutsche,' Brüning promoted Christian democracy and a 'social popular state,' not socialist ideals or state control over industry.
Heinrich Brüning was first elected to the Reichstag in 1924 and was recognized for his expertise in financial matters.
Answer: True
Elected to the Reichstag in 1924, Brüning quickly established a reputation as a knowledgeable figure in financial policy.
Identify Heinrich Brüning and state his principal political affiliation during the Weimar Republic.
Answer: A Centre Party politician who served as Chancellor during the Weimar Republic.
Heinrich Brüning was a prominent politician affiliated with the Centre Party (Zentrum) and served as Chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic.
Who held the position of Chancellor of Germany immediately prior to Heinrich Brüning?
Answer: Hermann Müller
Hermann Müller, a Social Democrat, preceded Heinrich Brüning as Chancellor of Germany.
What was the primary purpose of the 'Brüning Law' enacted during his tenure?
Answer: To limit the workers' share of income taxes.
The 'Brüning Law' was enacted to restrict the portion of income taxes allocated to workers, capping it at 1.2 billion Reichsmarks.
The central objective of Brüning's economic policy was to stimulate domestic demand through increased government spending.
Answer: False
Brüning's central economic objective was to alleviate Germany's burden of war reparations and foreign debt through austerity and deflationary measures, rather than stimulating domestic demand through increased government spending.
Heinrich Brüning's deflationary economic policies were successful in increasing employment rates and concurrently resulted in a trade deficit.
Answer: False
Brüning's deflationary policies led to a trade surplus but significantly increased unemployment and poverty, contradicting the assertion that they boosted employment rates.
Germany's departure from the gold standard, influenced by Heinrich Brüning's policies, contributed to the stabilization of the global economy amidst the Great Depression.
Answer: False
Germany's exit from the gold standard, a consequence of Brüning's policies, had the opposite effect, significantly exacerbating the global Great Depression by prompting other nations, like Britain, to abandon their gold pegs.
What analogy did Anton Erkelenz employ to critique Heinrich Brüning's deflationary economic strategy?
Answer: Committing suicide because of fearing death.
Anton Erkelenz famously criticized Brüning's deflationary approach by likening it to 'committing suicide because of fearing death,' arguing it was more damaging than the reparations themselves.
What was the principal objective of Heinrich Brüning's economic policy during his tenure as Chancellor?
Answer: To reduce Germany's burden of war reparations and foreign debt through austerity.
Brüning's primary economic goal was to alleviate Germany's burden of war reparations and foreign debt by implementing strict austerity measures and deflationary policies.
Identify a significant negative consequence stemming from Heinrich Brüning's deflationary economic policies.
Answer: Widespread poverty and increased unemployment.
Brüning's deflationary policies, while achieving a trade surplus, resulted in severe negative consequences, including widespread poverty and a significant increase in unemployment.
What was the effect on the global economy resulting from Germany's departure from the gold standard, influenced by Heinrich Brüning's policies?
Answer: It significantly worsened the global Great Depression.
Germany's exit from the gold standard, a consequence of Brüning's policies, significantly exacerbated the global Great Depression by prompting other nations, like Britain, to abandon their gold pegs.
Heinrich Brüning, a member of the Centre Party, served as Chancellor of Germany and Minister of Foreign Affairs concurrently from October 1931 to June 1932.
Answer: True
Heinrich Brüning held both the positions of Chancellor and Minister of Foreign Affairs concurrently during the specified period of his chancellorship.
Brüning's government managed to pass all its economic and austerity measures through the Reichstag with broad support.
Answer: False
Brüning's economic and austerity measures were largely rejected by the Reichstag, forcing him to govern through presidential decrees.
Heinrich Brüning's government relied heavily on the support of the German National People's Party (DNVP).
Answer: False
Brüning's government did not rely on the DNVP; major right-wing parties like the DNVP refused to support his administration, forcing him to govern without a stable parliamentary majority.
The Reichstag elections of September 1930 resulted in a strengthened parliamentary majority for Heinrich Brüning, enabling his government to operate without recourse to emergency decrees.
Answer: False
Contrary to the statement, the September 1930 elections significantly weakened Brüning's parliamentary position, leading to substantial gains for extremist parties and forcing his government to rely on emergency decrees issued by President Hindenburg.
Heinrich Brüning characterized his governance through presidential decrees, bypassing the Reichstag, as 'parliamentary democracy'.
Answer: False
Brüning described his method of governing by presidential decree as 'authoritarian democracy,' not 'parliamentary democracy'.
During his tenure as Chancellor, Heinrich Brüning enacted policies that significantly expanded freedom of the press, thereby fostering open public discourse.
Answer: False
Heinrich Brüning's chancellorship saw a significant curtailment of press freedom, with numerous publications being banned, rather than an expansion of liberties.
Heinrich Brüning purportedly proposed the restoration of the Hohenzollern monarchy as a strategic measure to forestall Adolf Hitler's ascent to power.
Answer: True
According to his memoirs, Brüning did propose the restoration of the monarchy, a plan intended to stabilize the political landscape and potentially prevent Hitler's rise.
President Hindenburg offered his unconditional support for Heinrich Brüning's proposal concerning the restoration of the monarchy.
Answer: False
President Hindenburg did not support Brüning's monarchical restoration plan unconditionally; he stipulated that Kaiser Wilhelm II must first be recalled from exile, a condition that rendered the plan unfeasible.
Heinrich Brüning actively campaigned against President Hindenburg during the latter's 1932 re-election bid.
Answer: False
Contrary to the statement, Heinrich Brüning actively campaigned in support of President Hindenburg's re-election in 1932, mobilizing support from the left and center factions.
President Hindenburg's subsequent shift towards right-wing politics following his 1932 re-election was influenced by his positive assessment of the Social Democrats who had supported his campaign.
Answer: False
President Hindenburg's political shift to the right after his 1932 re-election was not due to a positive view of the Social Democrats; rather, he harbored disparaging views of them and the Centre Party, and his leanings were influenced by his declining health and the 'camarilla' of advisors.
President Hindenburg's refusal to authorize further emergency decrees was primarily motivated by Heinrich Brüning's proposal for substantial tax increases targeting the affluent.
Answer: False
Hindenburg refused further emergency decrees primarily due to Brüning's land distribution policy within the Eastern Aid program, which offended him, and his own conflict of interest as a large landowner, not due to proposed tax increases on the wealthy.
Heinrich Brüning resigned as Chancellor in May 1932, signifying the inaugural instance of a chancellor being removed via a Reichstag vote of no confidence.
Answer: False
Heinrich Brüning's resignation in May 1932 was significant because he was the first Weimar chancellor removed at the direct request of the president, not due to a Reichstag vote of no confidence.
By what primary mechanism did Heinrich Brüning's government sustain its governance subsequent to the Reichstag's rejection of his economic policies?
Answer: By ruling through emergency decrees issued by President Hindenburg under Article 48.
Following the Reichstag's rejection of his policies, Brüning's government governed primarily through emergency decrees authorized by President Hindenburg under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution.
How did the outcome of the September 1930 Reichstag elections impact Heinrich Brüning's administration?
Answer: They led to significant gains for the Nazis and Communists, weakening Brüning's position.
The September 1930 elections resulted in substantial gains for extremist parties like the Nazis and Communists, diminishing Brüning's parliamentary support and forcing his government to rely more heavily on presidential decrees.
What specific term did Heinrich Brüning employ to characterize his governing approach, which relied heavily on presidential decrees?
Answer: Authoritarian Democracy
Brüning referred to his method of governing through presidential decrees, bypassing the Reichstag, as 'authoritarian democracy'.
What specific measure did Heinrich Brüning implement concerning freedom of the press early in his chancellorship?
Answer: He significantly curtailed press freedom, banning numerous publications.
Early in his chancellorship, Brüning significantly curtailed press freedom, with reports indicating that approximately 100 newspaper editions were banned each month.
As detailed in his memoirs, what controversial proposal did Heinrich Brüning submit to President Hindenburg?
Answer: To restore the Hohenzollern monarchy and cancel the presidential election.
According to his memoirs, Brüning proposed the restoration of the Hohenzollern monarchy, which included canceling the 1932 presidential election and extending Hindenburg's term.
What was the primary reason President Hindenburg rejected Heinrich Brüning's proposal for monarchical restoration?
Answer: He insisted that Kaiser Wilhelm II must first be recalled from exile.
President Hindenburg rejected Brüning's plan because he insisted that Kaiser Wilhelm II must first be recalled from exile, a condition Brüning considered politically infeasible.
What role did Heinrich Brüning play in President Hindenburg's 1932 re-election campaign?
Answer: He rallied support for Hindenburg from the German left and center.
Heinrich Brüning actively campaigned in support of President Hindenburg's re-election in 1932, mobilizing support from the left and center factions.
What factor contributed to President Hindenburg's political shift towards the right following his 1932 re-election?
Answer: His failing health and the growing influence of his advisors ('camarilla').
President Hindenburg's political shift to the right after his 1932 re-election was influenced by his declining health and the increasing sway of his advisors, the 'camarilla'.
Which specific policy initiative undertaken by Heinrich Brüning led President Hindenburg to refuse the authorization of further emergency decrees?
Answer: Brüning's land distribution policy within the Eastern Aid program.
Hindenburg refused further emergency decrees primarily due to Brüning's land distribution policy within the Eastern Aid program, which offended him, and his own conflict of interest as a large landowner.
What was the historical significance of Heinrich Brüning's resignation as Chancellor in May 1932?
Answer: He was the first Weimar chancellor removed at the request of the president.
Heinrich Brüning's resignation in May 1932 was significant because he was the first Weimar chancellor removed at the direct request of the president, not due to a Reichstag vote of no confidence.
What measure did Heinrich Brüning implement in April 1932 to address the escalating street violence?
Answer: He banned both the Communist Rotfrontkämpferbund and the Nazi Sturmabteilung.
In response to escalating street violence in April 1932, Brüning banned both the Communist Rotfrontkämpferbund and the Nazi Sturmabteilung (SA).
Who assumed the role of Chancellor of Germany immediately following Heinrich Brüning's tenure?
Answer: Franz von Papen
Franz von Papen succeeded Heinrich Brüning as Chancellor of Germany.
The principal challenge confronting Germany at the commencement of Heinrich Brüning's chancellorship was the persistent territorial disputes arising from the Treaty of Versailles.
Answer: False
The primary challenge facing Germany when Brüning became Chancellor in March 1930 was the severe economic downturn resulting from the Great Depression, not territorial disputes from the Treaty of Versailles.
Heinrich Brüning's foreign policy objectives included augmenting Germany's reparation obligations and reinforcing its military limitations.
Answer: False
Brüning's foreign policy was fundamentally aimed at reducing Germany's reparation obligations and achieving military parity with other European nations, not increasing them.
French opposition to the proposed 1931 Austro-German customs union prompted Heinrich Brüning to unilaterally declare a moratorium on German reparations payments.
Answer: True
The French government's opposition to the Austro-German customs union in 1931 directly led to Brüning's declaration of a unilateral moratorium on German reparations.
What constituted a principal objective of Heinrich Brüning's nationalist-right foreign policy?
Answer: To reduce reparation obligations and achieve military equality with other powers.
A key objective of Brüning's nationalist-right foreign policy was to reduce Germany's reparation obligations and achieve military equality with other European powers.
What was the consequence for Heinrich Brüning's chancellorship resulting from French opposition to the proposed Austro-German customs union in 1931?
Answer: It prompted Brüning to declare a unilateral moratorium on reparations payments.
In response to French opposition to the 1931 Austro-German customs union, Brüning declared a unilateral moratorium on German reparations payments.
What was the immediate impact on Germany's financial system following Heinrich Brüning's announcement of a reparations moratorium?
Answer: It triggered financial panic, depleted Reichsbank reserves, and caused banking crises.
The announcement of the reparations moratorium precipitated a financial panic, depleted the Reichsbank's reserves, and triggered significant banking crises.
What was the outcome of the 1932 Lausanne Conference concerning Germany's reparations obligations?
Answer: A final payment of 3 billion marks was agreed upon, significantly reducing the burden.
The Lausanne Conference significantly reduced Germany's reparations, establishing a final payment of 3 billion marks, a development partly influenced by Brüning's prior actions.
Heinrich Brüning cast a vote against Hitler's Enabling Act of 1933, perceiving it as a fundamental threat to parliamentary authority.
Answer: False
Despite his strong opposition to the Enabling Act, Heinrich Brüning ultimately voted in favor of it, citing party discipline and assurances received from Hitler, rather than voting against it.
Under Heinrich Brüning's leadership, the Centre Party successfully maintained its influence and was preserved from dissolution despite significant pressure from the Nazi regime in 1933.
Answer: False
Heinrich Brüning was unable to prevent the dissolution of the Centre Party; facing intense pressure and threats from the Nazi regime, he ultimately dissolved the party himself on July 5, 1933.
Heinrich Brüning departed Germany in 1934, seeking to evade political persecution subsequent to the events of the Night of the Long Knives.
Answer: True
Heinrich Brüning fled Germany in June 1934 after receiving a warning about the impending Night of the Long Knives, a purge orchestrated by the Nazi regime, thus escaping potential persecution.
Following his emigration, Heinrich Brüning accepted a professorship at Princeton University, where he delivered lectures on German economic history.
Answer: False
After emigrating, Heinrich Brüning held professorships at Harvard University, not Princeton, lecturing on government and related subjects.
What was Heinrich Brüning's ultimate stance regarding Hitler's Enabling Act of 1933, notwithstanding his expressed opposition?
Answer: He voted in favor of it due to party discipline after receiving assurances.
Despite his strong opposition to the Enabling Act, Heinrich Brüning ultimately voted in favor of it, citing party discipline and assurances received from Hitler.
Under what circumstances did Heinrich Brüning dissolve the Centre Party in 1933?
Answer: Due to intense pressure and threats from the Nazi regime.
Facing intense pressure and threats from the Nazi regime, Heinrich Brüning, as chairman of the Centre Party, dissolved the party on July 5, 1933.
What was the primary reason Heinrich Brüning fled Germany in June 1934?
Answer: He was warned about the impending Night of the Long Knives purge.
Heinrich Brüning fled Germany in June 1934 after receiving a warning about the impending Night of the Long Knives, a purge orchestrated by the Nazi regime, thus escaping potential persecution.
What academic position did Heinrich Brüning hold in the United States following his exile from Germany?
Answer: Lucius N. Littauer Professor of Government at Harvard University.
After emigrating to the United States, Heinrich Brüning held professorships at Harvard University, including the Lucius N. Littauer Professor of Government position.
There is a general consensus among historians that Heinrich Brüning's deflationary policies were indispensable for the stabilization of the Weimar Republic.
Answer: False
Historians engage in significant debate regarding the efficacy and necessity of Brüning's deflationary policies, questioning whether they stabilized or undermined the Weimar Republic, rather than agreeing on their essential role.
What constituted the primary subject of historical debate concerning Heinrich Brüning's chancellorship?
Answer: Whether his economic policies were necessary or harmful to the Weimar Republic.
Historians debate whether Brüning's deflationary policies were essential for stabilizing or ultimately harmful to the Weimar Republic, questioning their effectiveness and necessity.
What implication does the phrase '100 metres before the finish' carry regarding Heinrich Brüning's resignation?
Answer: That his resignation occurred at a critical juncture, potentially altering historical outcomes.
The phrase '100 metres before the finish' suggests that Brüning's resignation occurred at a pivotal moment, implying that historical outcomes might have differed had he completed his term.