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Heinrich Schliemann was primarily known as a professional archaeologist before he began his excavations at Troy.
Answer: False
Heinrich Schliemann was a German businessman who later became an influential amateur archaeologist, not a professional archaeologist, before his excavations at Troy.
Heinrich Schliemann was born in 1823 in Ankershagen.
Answer: False
Heinrich Schliemann was born in Neubukow in 1822; his family moved to Ankershagen in 1823.
Schliemann's father, a wealthy merchant, strongly encouraged his son's early interest in ancient history.
Answer: False
Schliemann's father was a Lutheran minister who encouraged his interest in history, but he was not a wealthy merchant.
Schliemann claimed that at the age of seven, he declared his intention to excavate the legendary city of Troy.
Answer: True
Schliemann's memoirs recount that he harbored the ambition to excavate Troy from the age of seven.
Schliemann was unable to pursue a university education due to his own lack of academic aptitude.
Answer: False
Schliemann's family faced poverty after his father was accused of embezzlement, making a university education financially impossible, not due to his academic aptitude.
Schliemann's passion for Homer was reportedly ignited when he heard a scholar reciting passages from epic poems.
Answer: False
Schliemann recounted that his passion for Homer was ignited when he heard a drunken miller reciting passages from Homer's epic poems, not a scholar.
Schliemann's career began after a shipwreck, leading him to work as a messenger and bookkeeper in the Netherlands.
Answer: True
After surviving a shipwreck, Schliemann found work as a messenger and bookkeeper in Amsterdam, marking an early stage in his career development.
Schliemann was known for his ability to learn new languages quickly, claiming he could master one in six months.
Answer: False
Schliemann claimed an extraordinary ability to learn a new language in just six weeks, not six months.
Schliemann accumulated wealth during the California Gold Rush by investing in mining operations.
Answer: False
Schliemann accumulated significant wealth during the California Gold Rush by establishing a bank in Sacramento and trading gold dust, not by investing in mining operations.
Schliemann retired from business in 1858 with the stated goal of pursuing his passion for finding the legendary city of Troy.
Answer: True
Schliemann's memoirs state that he retired from business in 1858 with the explicit intention of dedicating his life to the search for the legendary city of Troy.
Schliemann's first published work was *Mykena*, detailing his findings at Mycenae.
Answer: False
Schliemann's first published work was *La Chine et le Japon au temps présent* (1867); *Mykena* (1878) detailed his findings at Mycenae.
In what year was Heinrich Schliemann born?
Answer: 1822
Heinrich Schliemann was born on January 6, 1822.
What was Heinrich Schliemann's father's profession?
Answer: A Lutheran minister
Heinrich Schliemann's father, Ernst Schliemann, was a Lutheran minister.
What gift from his father contributed to Schliemann's early interest in history?
Answer: A copy of Ludwig Jerrer's *Illustrated History of the World*
Schliemann's father fostered his early interest in history by gifting him Ludwig Jerrer's *Illustrated History of the World*.
Why was Schliemann unable to pursue a university education?
Answer: His family faced poverty after his father was accused of embezzlement.
Schliemann's family experienced financial hardship after his father was accused of embezzling church funds, which prevented him from pursuing a university education.
What event reportedly ignited Schliemann's passion for Homer while working at a grocery store?
Answer: Hearing a drunken miller recite passages from Homer's epic poems
Schliemann recounted that his passion for Homer was sparked during his grocery apprenticeship when he heard a drunken miller recite passages from Homer's epic poems.
How did Schliemann initially accumulate significant wealth?
Answer: By trading gold dust in Sacramento during the California Gold Rush.
Schliemann amassed considerable wealth during the California Gold Rush by establishing a bank in Sacramento and engaging in the trade of gold dust.
What was the subject of Schliemann's first published work, *La Chine et le Japon au temps présent* (1867)?
Answer: His business experiences in China and Japan.
Schliemann's first published work, *La Chine et le Japon au temps présent* (1867), detailed his business experiences and observations in China and Japan.
Schliemann's excavations at Hisarlık are now widely accepted as the site of ancient Troy.
Answer: True
Schliemann's excavations at Hisarlık led to its general acceptance as the site of ancient Troy, a claim he asserted in his 1868 book.
Schliemann's 1868 book, *Ithaka, der Peloponnesus und Troja*, asserted that Pınarbaşı was the true location of Troy.
Answer: False
In his 1868 book, *Ithaka, der Peloponnesus und Troja*, Schliemann confidently asserted that Hisarlık, not Pınarbaşı, was the true location of Troy.
Before Schliemann's work, Hissarlik was the commonly accepted site of Troy.
Answer: False
Prior to Schliemann's excavations, Pınarbaşı was the commonly accepted site for ancient Troy, not Hisarlık.
Frank Calvert was an English amateur archaeologist who identified Hissarlik as the likely site of Troy and suggested Schliemann excavate there.
Answer: True
Frank Calvert, an English amateur archaeologist and local expert, was crucial in identifying Hisarlık as the probable site of Troy and encouraged Schliemann to excavate there.
Schliemann's excavations at Hissarlik in 1870 immediately led to the discovery of Priam's Treasure.
Answer: False
Schliemann commenced excavations at Hisarlık in 1870, but Priam's Treasure was not discovered until June 1873.
At Hissarlik, Schliemann discovered only pottery and stone tools, not significant metal artifacts.
Answer: False
At Hisarlık, Schliemann unearthed significant metal artifacts, including pure copper, metal molds, and various metal tools, in addition to other remains.
Schliemann famously named the substantial collection of gold artifacts he unearthed at Troy 'Agamemnon's Hoard'.
Answer: False
Schliemann famously named the gold artifacts discovered at Troy 'Priam's Treasure,' not 'Agamemnon's Hoard,' which was a later discovery at Mycenae.
What was the main assertion of Schliemann's 1868 book, *Ithaka, der Peloponnesus und Troja*?
Answer: That Hissarlik was the true location of Troy.
In his 1868 book, Schliemann confidently asserted that Hisarlık was the true location of ancient Troy.
Before Schliemann's excavations, which site was commonly believed to be Troy?
Answer: Pınarbaşı
Prior to Schliemann's work, Pınarbaşı was the widely accepted location for ancient Troy.
Who was the English amateur archaeologist instrumental in identifying Hissarlik as the likely site of Troy for Schliemann?
Answer: Frank Calvert
Frank Calvert, an English amateur archaeologist, played a pivotal role in identifying Hisarlık as the probable site of Troy and suggesting it to Schliemann.
When did Schliemann commence his excavations at Hissarlik?
Answer: 1870
Schliemann began his excavations at Hisarlık in 1870.
What types of artifacts were found at depths of 28 to 29.5 feet at Hissarlik?
Answer: Pure copper, metal molds, and various metal tools.
At depths of approximately 28 to 29.5 feet at Hisarlık, Schliemann discovered pure copper, metal molds, and various other metal tools and artifacts.
What name did Schliemann give to the substantial collection of gold artifacts he unearthed on June 15, 1873?
Answer: Priam's Treasure
On June 15, 1873, Schliemann unearthed a significant collection of gold artifacts, which he famously named 'Priam's Treasure.'
A major criticism of Schliemann's methods at Troy was their destructive impact on significant historical artifacts.
Answer: True
Schliemann's excavation techniques at Troy were heavily criticized for their destructive nature, particularly in damaging layers now believed to correspond to Homeric Troy.
Later archaeological research confirmed that the layer Schliemann identified as Homeric Troy dated precisely to the Trojan War period.
Answer: False
Subsequent archaeological research revealed that the layer Schliemann identified as Homeric Troy dated to the Early Bronze Age (3,000-2,000 BCE), thousands of years too early for the Trojan War.
At Mycenae, Schliemann discovered the Shaft Graves and the 'Mask of Agamemnon'.
Answer: True
During his 1876 excavations at Mycenae, Schliemann famously discovered the Shaft Graves and the iconic 'Mask of Agamemnon.'
Wilhelm Dörpfeld joined Schliemann for his renewed excavations at Troy in 1879.
Answer: False
In 1879, Emile Burnouf and Rudolf Virchow joined Schliemann for his renewed excavations at Troy; Wilhelm Dörpfeld collaborated with Schliemann in later excavations at Tiryns (1884) and Troy (1889-1890).
Schliemann excavated the Treasury of Minyas at Orchomenus in 1880.
Answer: True
In 1880, Schliemann expanded his archaeological endeavors to include the excavation of the Treasury of Minyas at Orchomenus.
'Priam's Treasure' was accurately dated by Schliemann to the Mycenaean Age, consistent with the Trojan War.
Answer: False
Later archaeologists determined that 'Priam's Treasure' dated to the Early Bronze Age, thousands of years before the Mycenaean Age and the presumed period of the Trojan War, making Schliemann's dating inaccurate.
Kenneth W. Harl praised Schliemann's careful and precise excavation techniques at Troy.
Answer: False
Historian Kenneth W. Harl sarcastically criticized Schliemann's excavation techniques at Troy as destructive, rather than praising them for carefulness or precision.
Carl Blegen defended Schliemann's methods by arguing that archaeological science was still in its early stages during Schliemann's time.
Answer: True
Carl Blegen defended Schliemann's archaeological methods by contextualizing them within the nascent state of archaeological science during his era, suggesting he was as competent as his contemporaries.
Which of the following ancient sites is NOT among those Schliemann is most famous for excavating?
Answer: Knossos
Schliemann is famous for excavating Hisarlık (Troy), Mycenae, and Tiryns. Knossos was later excavated by Sir Arthur Evans, though Schliemann had intended to.
What was a significant criticism of Heinrich Schliemann's excavation methods at Troy?
Answer: His methods were destructive to historical artifacts.
Schliemann's excavation methods at Troy were heavily criticized for their destructive impact on the archaeological layers and artifacts, particularly the layer now believed to be Homeric Troy.
Subsequent archaeological research revealed that the layer Schliemann identified as Homeric Troy (the 'Burnt City') dated to which period?
Answer: The Early Bronze Age, thousands of years too early for the Trojan War.
Later archaeological research demonstrated that the layer Schliemann identified as Homeric Troy dated to the Early Bronze Age (3,000-2,000 BCE), predating the Trojan War by millennia.
What significant discovery did Schliemann make at Mycenae in 1876?
Answer: The Shaft Graves and the 'Mask of Agamemnon'
At Mycenae in 1876, Schliemann made the significant discoveries of the Shaft Graves and the renowned 'Mask of Agamemnon.'
Which individuals joined Schliemann for his renewed excavations at Troy in 1879?
Answer: Emile Burnouf and Rudolf Virchow
Emile Burnouf and Rudolf Virchow joined Schliemann for his renewed excavations at Troy in 1879.
According to D.F. Easton, what was a key criticism of Schliemann's archaeological interpretations?
Answer: His difficulty in separating fact from interpretation.
D.F. Easton criticized Schliemann for his difficulty in distinguishing between archaeological facts and his own interpretations.
Why was Schliemann's identification of 'Priam's Treasure' considered inaccurate by later archaeologists?
Answer: It was found in a layer dating to the Early Bronze Age, thousands of years before King Priam.
Later archaeological analysis revealed that 'Priam's Treasure' was discovered in the Troy II level, dating to the Early Bronze Age, which is millennia earlier than the historical period of King Priam.
How did historian Kenneth W. Harl sarcastically describe Schliemann's excavation techniques at Troy?
Answer: As doing to Troy what the Greeks themselves could not achieve, by destroying its walls.
Kenneth W. Harl sarcastically commented that Schliemann's destructive excavation methods effectively achieved what the ancient Greeks could not, by leveling Troy's city walls.
What defense did Carl Blegen offer for Schliemann's archaeological methods?
Answer: Archaeological investigation was a nascent science, and Schliemann was as competent as his contemporaries.
Carl Blegen defended Schliemann's methods by noting that archaeological investigation was a nascent science in his time, and Schliemann's competence was comparable to his contemporaries.
Which of Schliemann's publications detailed his findings from the excavations at Mycenae?
Answer: *Mykena*
Schliemann's findings from his excavations at Mycenae were published in his 1878 work, *Mykena*.
Schliemann's work at Troy primarily focused on proving the mythological nature of Homer's *Iliad*.
Answer: False
Schliemann's archaeological discoveries at Troy were primarily driven by his ambition to prove the historical reality of the events and places described in Homer's *Iliad*, rather than their mythological nature.
Schliemann's claim of acquiring US citizenship in 1850 was later confirmed by historical records.
Answer: False
Historical records contradict Schliemann's claim of acquiring US citizenship in 1850, indicating he obtained it in 1869.
Schliemann's memoirs accurately recounted his eyewitness experience of the San Francisco Fire of 1851.
Answer: False
Schliemann's alleged eyewitness account of the San Francisco Fire of 1851 was a fabrication, written from Sacramento based on newspaper reports and misdated.
Schliemann married Ekaterina Petrovna Lyschin shortly after returning to Russia in 1852.
Answer: True
Schliemann returned to Russia in April 1852 and married Ekaterina Petrovna Lyschin in October of the same year.
Heinrich Schliemann is sometimes referred to as the 'father of classical archaeology'.
Answer: False
Heinrich Schliemann is sometimes referred to as the 'father of pre-Hellenistic archaeology' due to his focus on earlier Bronze Age civilizations, rather than classical archaeology.
Schliemann received his PhD from the University of Rostock in 1869, a degree that faced no academic controversy.
Answer: False
Schliemann received his PhD *in absentia* from the University of Rostock in 1869, but the degree was controversial, with claims it was based on partly translated or poetic descriptions by another author.
Schliemann's popular account of his wife Sophia carrying Priam's Treasure away in her shawl was later admitted by him to be a fabrication.
Answer: True
Schliemann later admitted that his popular narrative of his wife Sophia carrying Priam's Treasure away in her shawl was a fabrication, as she was in Athens at the time.
The Ottoman Empire sued Schliemann for smuggling Priam's Treasure, leading to an indemnity payment.
Answer: True
The Ottoman Empire successfully sued Schliemann for smuggling Priam's Treasure, resulting in an indemnity payment and a subsequent larger payment to secure future excavation permits.
Priam's Treasure was housed in the British Museum before World War II.
Answer: False
Priam's Treasure was housed in museums in Berlin, Germany, from 1881 until World War II, not the British Museum.
Heinrich Schliemann had two children with his first wife, Ekaterina Petrovna Lyschin.
Answer: False
Heinrich Schliemann had three children with his first wife, Ekaterina Petrovna Lyschin: Sergey, Natalya, and Nadezhda.
Schliemann obtained his divorce from Ekaterina by truthfully stating his residency in Indianapolis.
Answer: False
Schliemann obtained his divorce from Ekaterina in Indianapolis by misrepresenting his residency to exploit Indiana's more lenient divorce laws.
Schliemann's second wife, Sophia Engastromenos, was 25 years old when they married.
Answer: False
Schliemann's second wife, Sophia Engastromenos, was 17 years old when they married in 1869.
Schliemann named his children with Sophia after characters from Homeric epics.
Answer: True
Schliemann named his children with Sophia, Andromache and Agamemnon, after prominent figures in Homeric epics, reflecting his lifelong passion.
Heinrich Schliemann died in Athens, Greece, in 1890.
Answer: False
Heinrich Schliemann died in Naples, Italy, in 1890, after falling into a coma on Christmas Day.
Schliemann's death was caused by a heart attack.
Answer: False
Heinrich Schliemann's death was caused by complications from cholesteatoma, a chronic ear infection, not a heart attack.
Schliemann's mausoleum in Athens is designed in the shape of an ancient Greek amphiprostyle temple.
Answer: True
Schliemann's mausoleum in Athens, designed by Ernst Ziller, is notably shaped like an ancient Greek amphiprostyle temple, reflecting his archaeological pursuits.
Schliemann's former mansion in Athens now houses the National Archaeological Museum.
Answer: False
Schliemann's former mansion in Athens, the *Iliou Melathron*, now houses the Numismatic Museum of Athens, not the National Archaeological Museum.
Sir Arthur Evans was unaware of Schliemann's work and did not visit his sites.
Answer: False
Sir Arthur Evans was aware of Schliemann's work and visited his archaeological sites, sharing a common interest in Bronze Age Aegean civilization.
Schliemann's project to remove medieval structures from the Acropolis of Athens was widely supported by Greek authorities.
Answer: False
Schliemann's controversial project to remove medieval structures, including the Frankish Tower, from the Acropolis of Athens faced considerable opposition from Greek authorities, including King George I.
William Miller described Schliemann's removal of medieval structures from the Acropolis as a necessary act for historical preservation.
Answer: False
Historian William Miller strongly denounced Schliemann's removal of medieval structures from the Acropolis as "an act of vandalism unworthy of any people imbued with a sense of the continuity of history" and "pedantic barbarism."
Schliemann's discovery of swastikas on pottery at Troy led to its adoption as a symbol of Aryan nationalism after consultation with Émile-Louis Burnouf.
Answer: True
Schliemann's discovery of swastikas on pottery at Troy, and his subsequent consultation with Aryan nationalist Émile-Louis Burnouf, contributed to the symbol's controversial adoption and popularization as a symbol of Aryan nationalism.
Heinrich Schliemann is primarily recognized for his efforts to prove the historical existence of places mentioned in the works of which ancient author?
Answer: Homer
The source states that Schliemann is widely recognized for his efforts to prove the historical existence of places mentioned in the works of Homer.
What discrepancy was noted regarding Schliemann's claim of acquiring US citizenship?
Answer: He claimed citizenship in 1850, but records show he obtained it in 1869.
Schliemann's autobiography claimed US citizenship in 1850, but historical records indicate he obtained it in 1869.
Which of the following is an example of embellishment or fabrication in Schliemann's memoirs about his time in the US?
Answer: His alleged eyewitness account of the San Francisco Fire of 1851.
Schliemann's alleged eyewitness account of the San Francisco Fire of 1851, written from Sacramento using newspaper reports and misdated, is cited as an example of fabrication in his memoirs.
When did Schliemann marry Ekaterina Petrovna Lyschin?
Answer: October 12, 1852
Schliemann married Ekaterina Petrovna Lyschin on October 12, 1852, after returning to Russia.
What honorary title is sometimes bestowed upon Heinrich Schliemann in archaeology?
Answer: The 'father of pre-Hellenistic archaeology'
Heinrich Schliemann is often referred to as the 'father of pre-Hellenistic archaeology' due to his groundbreaking work on Bronze Age Aegean civilizations.
From which institution did Schliemann receive his PhD *in absentia* in 1869?
Answer: University of Rostock
Schliemann was awarded a PhD *in absentia* in 1869 from the University of Rostock.
What was the truth about Sophia Schliemann's involvement in the discovery of Priam's Treasure?
Answer: She was in Athens with her family at the time of the discovery.
Contrary to Schliemann's popular account, his wife Sophia was in Athens with her family at the time of Priam's Treasure's discovery.
What legal action did the Ottoman Empire take against Schliemann after the discovery of Priam's Treasure?
Answer: They sued him in a Greek court for smuggling the treasure.
The Ottoman Empire initiated legal proceedings against Schliemann in a Greek court for smuggling Priam's Treasure out of their territory.
Where were Schliemann's archaeological collections, including Priam's Gold, ultimately housed in 1881?
Answer: Museums in Berlin
In 1881, Schliemann's archaeological collections, including Priam's Gold, were ultimately housed in museums in Berlin.
How many children did Heinrich Schliemann have with his first wife, Ekaterina Petrovna Lyschin?
Answer: Three
Heinrich Schliemann had three children with his first wife, Ekaterina Petrovna Lyschin.
Where did Schliemann obtain his divorce from Ekaterina by misrepresenting his residency?
Answer: Indianapolis
Schliemann obtained his divorce from Ekaterina in Indianapolis by misrepresenting his residency to take advantage of more lenient divorce laws.
What was the age of Sophia Engastromenos when she married Heinrich Schliemann?
Answer: 17
Sophia Engastromenos was 17 years old when she married Heinrich Schliemann in 1869.
What were the names of Heinrich Schliemann's children with his second wife, Sophia?
Answer: Andromache and Agamemnon
Heinrich Schliemann named his children with Sophia, Andromache and Agamemnon, after characters from Homeric epics.
Where did Heinrich Schliemann pass away?
Answer: Naples, Italy
Heinrich Schliemann passed away in a hotel room in Naples, Italy, on December 26, 1890.
What was the medical cause of Heinrich Schliemann's death?
Answer: Cholesteatoma, a chronic ear infection
Heinrich Schliemann's death was attributed to cholesteatoma, a chronic ear infection that had become severely inflamed.
What is the current function of Schliemann's former mansion in Athens, the *Iliou Melathron*?
Answer: The Numismatic Museum of Athens
Schliemann's former mansion in Athens, the *Iliou Melathron*, now houses the Numismatic Museum of Athens.
How did Sir Arthur Evans's work relate to Schliemann's regarding Knossos?
Answer: Schliemann intended to excavate Knossos but died before he could, and Evans later purchased and excavated the site.
Schliemann had plans to excavate Knossos but died before he could, a site later purchased and excavated by Sir Arthur Evans.
What controversial project did Schliemann undertake on the Acropolis of Athens in 1874?
Answer: He removed medieval structures, including the Frankish Tower.
In 1874, Schliemann controversially initiated and funded the removal of medieval structures, such as the Frankish Tower, from the Acropolis of Athens.
How did historian William Miller characterize Schliemann's removal of medieval structures from the Acropolis?
Answer: An act of vandalism and pedantic barbarism.
Historian William Miller strongly denounced Schliemann's removal of medieval structures from the Acropolis as "an act of vandalism unworthy of any people imbued with a sense of the continuity of history" and "pedantic barbarism."
What ancient symbol did Schliemann discover on pottery at Troy, which later gained a controversial association?
Answer: The swastika
Schliemann discovered numerous swastikas on pottery at Troy, a symbol that later gained controversial associations after its adoption by Aryan nationalists.