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The Scandinavian Hird: Warrior Retinues and Royal Courts

At a Glance

Title: The Scandinavian Hird: Warrior Retinues and Royal Courts

Total Categories: 6

Category Stats

  • Origins and Etymology of the Hird: 7 flashcards, 11 questions
  • Evolution and Organization of the Hird: 7 flashcards, 7 questions
  • Roles, Titles, and Hierarchy within the Hird: 15 flashcards, 14 questions
  • Legal Framework and Royal Governance: 7 flashcards, 8 questions
  • Later Developments and Continental Influence: 7 flashcards, 10 questions
  • Related Concepts and Terminology: 8 flashcards, 10 questions

Total Stats

  • Total Flashcards: 51
  • True/False Questions: 30
  • Multiple Choice Questions: 30
  • Total Questions: 60

Instructions

Click the button to expand the instructions for how to use the Wiki2Web Teacher studio in order to print, edit, and export data about The Scandinavian Hird: Warrior Retinues and Royal Courts

Welcome to Your Curriculum Command Center

This guide will turn you into a Wiki2web Studio power user. Let's unlock the features designed to give you back your weekends.

The Core Concept: What is a "Kit"?

Think of a Kit as your all-in-one digital lesson plan. It's a single, portable file that contains every piece of content for a topic: your subject categories, a central image, all your flashcards, and all your questions. The true power of the Studio is speed—once a kit is made (or you import one), you are just minutes away from printing an entire set of coursework.

Getting Started is Simple:

  • Create New Kit: Start with a clean slate. Perfect for a brand-new lesson idea.
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Step 1: Laying the Foundation (The Authoring Tools)

This is where you build the core knowledge of your Kit. Use the left-side navigation panel to switch between these powerful authoring modules.

⚙️ Kit Manager: Your Kit's Identity

This is the high-level control panel for your project.

  • Kit Name: Give your Kit a clear title. This will appear on all your printed materials.
  • Master Image: Upload a custom cover image for your Kit. This is essential for giving your content a professional visual identity, and it's used as the main graphic when you export your Kit as an interactive game.
  • Topics: Create the structure for your lesson. Add topics like "Chapter 1," "Vocabulary," or "Key Formulas." All flashcards and questions will be organized under these topics.

🃏 Flashcard Author: Building the Knowledge Blocks

Flashcards are the fundamental concepts of your Kit. Create them here to define terms, list facts, or pose simple questions.

  • Click "➕ Add New Flashcard" to open the editor.
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Create a bank of questions to test knowledge. These questions are the engine for your worksheets and exams.

  • Click "➕ Add New Question".
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  • The Explanation field is a powerful tool: the text you enter here will automatically appear on the teacher's answer key and on the Smart Study Guide, providing instant feedback.

🔗 Intelligent Mapper: The Smart Connection

This is the secret sauce of the Studio. The Mapper transforms your content from a simple list into an interconnected web of knowledge, automating the creation of amazing study guides.

  • Step 1: Select a question from the list on the left.
  • Step 2: In the right panel, click on every flashcard that contains a concept required to answer that question. They will turn green, indicating a successful link.
  • The Payoff: When you generate a Smart Study Guide, these linked flashcards will automatically appear under each question as "Related Concepts."

Step 2: The Magic (The Generator Suite)

You've built your content. Now, with a few clicks, turn it into a full suite of professional, ready-to-use materials. What used to take hours of formatting and copying-and-pasting can now be done in seconds.

🎓 Smart Study Guide Maker

Instantly create the ultimate review document. It combines your questions, the correct answers, your detailed explanations, and all the "Related Concepts" you linked in the Mapper into one cohesive, printable guide.

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Generate unique assessments every time. The questions and multiple-choice options are randomized automatically. Simply select your topics, choose how many questions you need, and generate:

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Step 3: Saving and Collaborating

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Study Guide: The Scandinavian Hird: Warrior Retinues and Royal Courts

Study Guide: The Scandinavian Hird: Warrior Retinues and Royal Courts

Origins and Etymology of the Hird

The 'hird' in Scandinavian history originally referred to an informal retinue of personal armed companions.

Answer: True

The source indicates that the 'hird' initially constituted an informal retinue of personal armed companions.

Related Concepts:

  • What does the term 'hird' mean in the context of Scandinavian history?: In the context of Scandinavian history, the 'hird' referred to an informal retinue of personal armed companions, which later evolved to become the nucleus of the royal army and a formal royal court household.
  • What was the original nature of the 'hird' in Scandinavian history?: In Scandinavian history, the hird was originally an informal retinue composed of personal armed companions, also referred to as hirdmen or housecarls.
  • What does the term 'lið' or 'hlid' signify in Danish sources regarding warrior followings?: In Danish sources, the term 'lið' or 'hlid' is used to denote the warrior following of figures like Canute the Great, suggesting a similar concept to the hird in other Scandinavian contexts.

The term 'hird' originates from Old Norse hirð, meaning 'king'.

Answer: False

The Old Norse term 'hirð', the root of 'hird', primarily meant 'Herd', not 'king'.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the role of the sagas and law codices in documenting the hird?: Sagas and law codices are historical sources where the term 'hird' is frequently found, providing insights into its usage and context, with the sagas primarily written down in the 12th century.
  • What is the etymological origin of the term 'hird'?: The term 'hird' originates from Old Norse hirð, which meant 'Herd.' This word is believed to stem from either Old English hir(e)d, meaning 'household, family, retinue, court,' or possibly from the old German cognate heirat, meaning 'marriage.'
  • What is the primary meaning of the Old Norse word 'hirð'?: The primary meaning of the Old Norse word 'hirð' is 'Herd,' and it is the root from which the term 'hird' is derived.

The etymological roots of 'hird' suggest meanings such as 'body of men' or 'hearthguard'.

Answer: True

Etymological analysis of 'hird' points to meanings like 'body of men' or 'hearthguard,' reflecting its connection to household and protection.

Related Concepts:

  • What meanings are associated with the etymological roots of 'hird'?: The etymological roots of 'hird' suggest meanings such as 'body of men' or, more directly, 'hearthguard,' referring to men of one's own home and hearth.
  • What does the term 'hird' imply about its connection to a lord's household?: The term 'hird' implies a strong connection to a lord's household, supported by its etymological roots in Old English 'hir(e)d,' meaning 'household, family, retinue, court.'

The etymology from Old German 'heirat' suggests a potential origin for 'hird' related to the concept of a bonded group or union.

Answer: True

The etymology from Old German 'heirat' suggests a potential origin for 'hird' related to the concept of a bonded group or union, emphasizing commitment.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the etymological origin of the term 'hird'?: The term 'hird' originates from Old Norse hirð, which meant 'Herd.' This word is believed to stem from either Old English hir(e)d, meaning 'household, family, retinue, court,' or possibly from the old German cognate heirat, meaning 'marriage.'
  • What are the potential linguistic connections for the term 'hird'?: The term 'hird' has potential linguistic connections to Old English 'hir(e)d,' meaning 'household, family, retinue, court,' and possibly to the old German cognate 'heirat,' meaning 'marriage.'

The primary meaning of the Old Norse word 'hirð' is 'Herd'.

Answer: True

The primary meaning of the Old Norse word 'hirð', from which 'hird' is derived, is 'Herd'.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the primary meaning of the Old Norse word 'hirð'?: The primary meaning of the Old Norse word 'hirð' is 'Herd,' and it is the root from which the term 'hird' is derived.
  • What is the etymological origin of the term 'hird'?: The term 'hird' originates from Old Norse hirð, which meant 'Herd.' This word is believed to stem from either Old English hir(e)d, meaning 'household, family, retinue, court,' or possibly from the old German cognate heirat, meaning 'marriage.'
  • What does the term 'lið' or 'hlid' signify in Danish sources regarding warrior followings?: In Danish sources, the term 'lið' or 'hlid' is used to denote the warrior following of figures like Canute the Great, suggesting a similar concept to the hird in other Scandinavian contexts.

The term 'hird' implies a strong connection to a lord's household, as suggested by its etymological roots.

Answer: True

The term 'hird' implies a strong connection to a lord's household, supported by its etymological roots related to 'household' or 'family.'

Related Concepts:

  • What does the term 'hird' imply about its connection to a lord's household?: The term 'hird' implies a strong connection to a lord's household, supported by its etymological roots in Old English 'hir(e)d,' meaning 'household, family, retinue, court.'
  • What are the potential linguistic connections for the term 'hird'?: The term 'hird' has potential linguistic connections to Old English 'hir(e)d,' meaning 'household, family, retinue, court,' and possibly to the old German cognate 'heirat,' meaning 'marriage.'
  • What is the etymological origin of the term 'hird'?: The term 'hird' originates from Old Norse hirð, which meant 'Herd.' This word is believed to stem from either Old English hir(e)d, meaning 'household, family, retinue, court,' or possibly from the old German cognate heirat, meaning 'marriage.'

What was the original nature of the 'hird' in Scandinavian history?

Answer: An informal retinue composed of personal armed companions.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the role of the sagas and law codices in documenting the hird?: Sagas and law codices are historical sources where the term 'hird' is frequently found, providing insights into its usage and context, with the sagas primarily written down in the 12th century.
  • What does the term 'hird' mean in the context of Scandinavian history?: In the context of Scandinavian history, the 'hird' referred to an informal retinue of personal armed companions, which later evolved to become the nucleus of the royal army and a formal royal court household.
  • What does the term 'lið' or 'hlid' signify in Danish sources regarding warrior followings?: In Danish sources, the term 'lið' or 'hlid' is used to denote the warrior following of figures like Canute the Great, suggesting a similar concept to the hird in other Scandinavian contexts.

The term 'hird' originates from Old Norse hirð, which primarily meant:

Answer: Herd

Related Concepts:

  • What is the primary meaning of the Old Norse word 'hirð'?: The primary meaning of the Old Norse word 'hirð' is 'Herd,' and it is the root from which the term 'hird' is derived.
  • What is the etymological origin of the term 'hird'?: The term 'hird' originates from Old Norse hirð, which meant 'Herd.' This word is believed to stem from either Old English hir(e)d, meaning 'household, family, retinue, court,' or possibly from the old German cognate heirat, meaning 'marriage.'
  • What was the role of the sagas and law codices in documenting the hird?: Sagas and law codices are historical sources where the term 'hird' is frequently found, providing insights into its usage and context, with the sagas primarily written down in the 12th century.

Which of the following is NOT a meaning associated with the etymological roots of 'hird'?

Answer: Royal decree

Related Concepts:

  • What meanings are associated with the etymological roots of 'hird'?: The etymological roots of 'hird' suggest meanings such as 'body of men' or, more directly, 'hearthguard,' referring to men of one's own home and hearth.
  • What is the etymological origin of the term 'hird'?: The term 'hird' originates from Old Norse hirð, which meant 'Herd.' This word is believed to stem from either Old English hir(e)d, meaning 'household, family, retinue, court,' or possibly from the old German cognate heirat, meaning 'marriage.'

The etymology from Old German 'heirat' suggests a potential origin for the term 'hird' related to the concept of:

Answer: Marriage and union.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the potential linguistic connections for the term 'hird'?: The term 'hird' has potential linguistic connections to Old English 'hir(e)d,' meaning 'household, family, retinue, court,' and possibly to the old German cognate 'heirat,' meaning 'marriage.'
  • What is the etymological origin of the term 'hird'?: The term 'hird' originates from Old Norse hirð, which meant 'Herd.' This word is believed to stem from either Old English hir(e)d, meaning 'household, family, retinue, court,' or possibly from the old German cognate heirat, meaning 'marriage.'

What does the term 'hird' imply about its connection to a lord's household?

Answer: It implies a strong connection to a lord's household.

Related Concepts:

  • What does the term 'hird' imply about its connection to a lord's household?: The term 'hird' implies a strong connection to a lord's household, supported by its etymological roots in Old English 'hir(e)d,' meaning 'household, family, retinue, court.'
  • What are the potential linguistic connections for the term 'hird'?: The term 'hird' has potential linguistic connections to Old English 'hir(e)d,' meaning 'household, family, retinue, court,' and possibly to the old German cognate 'heirat,' meaning 'marriage.'
  • What is the etymological origin of the term 'hird'?: The term 'hird' originates from Old Norse hirð, which meant 'Herd.' This word is believed to stem from either Old English hir(e)d, meaning 'household, family, retinue, court,' or possibly from the old German cognate heirat, meaning 'marriage.'

Evolution and Organization of the Hird

The term 'hird' is primarily documented in modern academic journals discussing Viking warfare.

Answer: False

The term 'hird' is primarily documented in historical sources such as Norse sagas and law codices, not exclusively modern academic journals.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the role of the sagas and law codices in documenting the hird?: Sagas and law codices are historical sources where the term 'hird' is frequently found, providing insights into its usage and context, with the sagas primarily written down in the 12th century.
  • In what historical contexts is the term 'hird' primarily found?: The term 'hird' is frequently encountered in Norse sagas and law codices, which were predominantly written down in the 12th century.
  • What does the term 'hird' mean in the context of Scandinavian history?: In the context of Scandinavian history, the 'hird' referred to an informal retinue of personal armed companions, which later evolved to become the nucleus of the royal army and a formal royal court household.

Over time, the hird evolved to encompass the core of the royal army and a formal royal court household.

Answer: True

The hird's function expanded over time, transitioning from a personal retinue to becoming the nucleus of the royal army and developing into a formal royal court household.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the concept of the 'hird' evolve over time in Scandinavian history?: Over time, the hird evolved from being just a personal retinue to encompassing the core of the royal army, and eventually, it came to signify a more formal royal court household.
  • What was the primary characteristic of the hird's evolution from an informal retinue to a formal court?: The primary characteristic of the hird's evolution was its transition from an informal group of personal armed companions to a more structured and formalized royal court household, incorporating military, administrative, and ceremonial functions.
  • What does the term 'hird' mean in the context of Scandinavian history?: In the context of Scandinavian history, the 'hird' referred to an informal retinue of personal armed companions, which later evolved to become the nucleus of the royal army and a formal royal court household.

The upper levels of the hird served as a recruitment ground for royal officials, and external officials were also incorporated into the hird structure.

Answer: True

The upper echelons of the hird functioned as a source for recruiting royal officials, and the hird structure also integrated external officials.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the relationship between the hird and royal officials?: The upper levels of the hird served as a recruitment ground for numerous royal officials. Furthermore, most external officials were also incorporated into the hird structure.
  • What was the primary characteristic of the hird's evolution from an informal retinue to a formal court?: The primary characteristic of the hird's evolution was its transition from an informal group of personal armed companions to a more structured and formalized royal court household, incorporating military, administrative, and ceremonial functions.
  • How did the concept of the 'hird' evolve over time in Scandinavian history?: Over time, the hird evolved from being just a personal retinue to encompassing the core of the royal army, and eventually, it came to signify a more formal royal court household.

The Norwegian name associated with the hird mentioned in the text is 'De Håndgangne Menn'.

Answer: True

The Norwegian name 'De Håndgangne Menn' is indeed associated with the hird as mentioned in the text.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the Norwegian name associated with the hird mentioned in the text?: The Norwegian name associated with the hird mentioned in the text is 'De Håndgangne Menn'.
  • What does the term 'lið' or 'hlid' signify in Danish sources regarding warrior followings?: In Danish sources, the term 'lið' or 'hlid' is used to denote the warrior following of figures like Canute the Great, suggesting a similar concept to the hird in other Scandinavian contexts.
  • In what historical contexts is the term 'hird' primarily found?: The term 'hird' is frequently encountered in Norse sagas and law codices, which were predominantly written down in the 12th century.

In what historical contexts is the term 'hird' most frequently encountered?

Answer: Norse sagas and law codices.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the role of the sagas and law codices in documenting the hird?: Sagas and law codices are historical sources where the term 'hird' is frequently found, providing insights into its usage and context, with the sagas primarily written down in the 12th century.
  • In what historical contexts is the term 'hird' primarily found?: The term 'hird' is frequently encountered in Norse sagas and law codices, which were predominantly written down in the 12th century.
  • What are the potential linguistic connections for the term 'hird'?: The term 'hird' has potential linguistic connections to Old English 'hir(e)d,' meaning 'household, family, retinue, court,' and possibly to the old German cognate 'heirat,' meaning 'marriage.'

How did the concept of the 'hird' evolve over time?

Answer: From a personal retinue to the core of the royal army and a formal court.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the role of the sagas and law codices in documenting the hird?: Sagas and law codices are historical sources where the term 'hird' is frequently found, providing insights into its usage and context, with the sagas primarily written down in the 12th century.
  • What does the 'See also' section suggest are related concepts or groups to the hird?: The 'See also' section suggests that 'Thingmen' and 'Druzhina' are related concepts or groups to the hird, indicating similar organizational structures or roles in different historical contexts.

The Norwegian name 'De Håndgangne Menn' is associated with which historical entity?

Answer: The hird.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the Norwegian name associated with the hird mentioned in the text?: The Norwegian name associated with the hird mentioned in the text is 'De Håndgangne Menn'.

Roles, Titles, and Hierarchy within the Hird

'Kertilsveinr' were known as 'table-men' and served as knights within the Norwegian hird.

Answer: False

'Kertilsveinr' were known as 'candle-men' and served as squires, while 'skutilsveinr' were the 'table-men' who served as knights.

Related Concepts:

  • What does the term 'skutilsveinr' imply about the status of knights in the hird?: The term 'skutilsveinr,' meaning 'table-men,' implies that knights within the hird held a privileged position, likely associated with dining at the king's table and participating in courtly life.
  • What were the subdivisions of the Norwegian hird during Håkon IV's reign?: During Håkon IV's reign, the Norwegian hird included subdivisions such as squires, known as kertilsveinr (literally 'candle-men'), men-at-arms, referred to as hirdmenn, and knights, called skutilsveinr (literally 'table-men').
  • What were the literal meanings of the Norse titles 'kertilsveinr' and 'skutilsveinr'?: The Norse title kertilsveinr literally meant 'candle-men,' referring to squires who were ceremonially required to hold candles at hird ceremonies. The title skutilsveinr literally meant 'table-men,' referring to knights.

'Skutilsveinr' was a Norse title literally meaning 'table-men' and referred to knights.

Answer: True

The Norse title 'skutilsveinr' literally meant 'table-men' and referred to knights within the hird.

Related Concepts:

  • What does the term 'skutilsveinr' imply about the status of knights in the hird?: The term 'skutilsveinr,' meaning 'table-men,' implies that knights within the hird held a privileged position, likely associated with dining at the king's table and participating in courtly life.
  • What were the literal meanings of the Norse titles 'kertilsveinr' and 'skutilsveinr'?: The Norse title kertilsveinr literally meant 'candle-men,' referring to squires who were ceremonially required to hold candles at hird ceremonies. The title skutilsveinr literally meant 'table-men,' referring to knights.
  • What were the subdivisions of the Norwegian hird during Håkon IV's reign?: During Håkon IV's reign, the Norwegian hird included subdivisions such as squires, known as kertilsveinr (literally 'candle-men'), men-at-arms, referred to as hirdmenn, and knights, called skutilsveinr (literally 'table-men').

'Gestir' were part of the Norwegian hird and served exclusively as ceremonial attendants.

Answer: False

'Gestir' were part of the Norwegian hird but served as a type of intelligence service, not exclusively as ceremonial attendants.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the role of 'gestir' within the Norwegian hird?: Gestir were part of the Norwegian hird, receiving only half pay and serving as a type of intelligence service. They were generally not permitted to sit at the king's table for supper, except on Christmas Day and Easter Day when the entire hird assembled.
  • What was the function of the 'gestir' as an intelligence service?: The 'gestir' served as a type of intelligence service within the hird, suggesting roles such as gathering information or acting as scouts, distinct from direct combat or courtly duties.
  • What was the primary function of 'gestir' within the hird?: The primary function of gestir within the hird was to serve as a sort of intelligence service. They received half pay and had restricted access to the king's table.

The term 'Hirdman' literally means 'royal scribe' in Scandinavian languages.

Answer: False

The term 'Hirdman' literally means a member of a Hird, signifying a member of a 'household' or 'family,' not a 'royal scribe.'

Related Concepts:

  • What does the term 'Hirdman' literally mean?: The term 'Hirdman' (plural: Hirdmen) is derived from Scandinavian languages, notably Norwegian and Swedish, and literally means a member of a Hird, signifying a member of a 'household' or 'family.'
  • What was the original use of the title 'Hirdman'?: Originally, 'Hirdman' was used as a title for informal companions or retainers of powerful individuals, especially as companions in arms during the often unruly and pagan old times.
  • What status did a 'Hirdman' hold in a formal Norwegian royal court?: When the Norwegian royal hird developed into a formal court, 'hirdman' became the title for the highest of its four ranks. These individuals were magnates permitted to sit in the royal council, thus having a voice in governmental and other significant matters.

The role of a 'Hirdman' evolved to become more refined, akin to courtiers, comparable to the Roman 'comes'.

Answer: True

Over time, the role of a 'Hirdman' became more refined, akin to courtiers, comparable to the evolution of the English 'thegn' or the Roman 'comes.'

Related Concepts:

  • How did the role of a 'Hirdman' evolve over time?: Over time, the role of a 'Hirdman' became more refined, akin to courtiers. This development is comparable to the evolution of the English 'thegn' or the Roman 'comes.'
  • What does the evolution of 'hirdman' from retainer to courtier signify?: The evolution of 'hirdman' from an informal retainer or companion in arms to a more refined courtier signifies a progression in status and function, mirroring similar developments in other historical military and courtly structures.
  • What was the original use of the title 'Hirdman'?: Originally, 'Hirdman' was used as a title for informal companions or retainers of powerful individuals, especially as companions in arms during the often unruly and pagan old times.

In a formal Norwegian royal court, 'hirdman' was the title for the lowest of its four ranks.

Answer: False

In a formal Norwegian royal court, 'hirdman' was the title for the highest of its four ranks, signifying magnates permitted to sit in the royal council.

Related Concepts:

  • What status did a 'Hirdman' hold in a formal Norwegian royal court?: When the Norwegian royal hird developed into a formal court, 'hirdman' became the title for the highest of its four ranks. These individuals were magnates permitted to sit in the royal council, thus having a voice in governmental and other significant matters.
  • What were the subdivisions of the Norwegian hird during Håkon IV's reign?: During Håkon IV's reign, the Norwegian hird included subdivisions such as squires, known as kertilsveinr (literally 'candle-men'), men-at-arms, referred to as hirdmenn, and knights, called skutilsveinr (literally 'table-men').
  • What does the term 'hird' mean in the context of Scandinavian history?: In the context of Scandinavian history, the 'hird' referred to an informal retinue of personal armed companions, which later evolved to become the nucleus of the royal army and a formal royal court household.

Which of the following were subdivisions of the Norwegian hird during Håkon IV's reign?

Answer: Kertilsveinr, Hirdmenn, and Skutilsveinr.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the Norwegian hird change by the reign of Håkon IV?: By the reign of Håkon IV (1204–1263), the Norwegian hird had transitioned from being solely military in function. It had developed several subdivisions, structured along continental patterns.
  • How did the hird's organization change under continental influence by the reign of Håkon IV?: By the reign of Håkon IV, the Norwegian hird had acquired several subdivisions structured along continental patterns, indicating an adoption of external organizational models.
  • What were the subdivisions of the Norwegian hird during Håkon IV's reign?: During Håkon IV's reign, the Norwegian hird included subdivisions such as squires, known as kertilsveinr (literally 'candle-men'), men-at-arms, referred to as hirdmenn, and knights, called skutilsveinr (literally 'table-men').

What was the literal meaning of the Norse title 'kertilsveinr'?

Answer: Candle-men

Related Concepts:

  • What were the literal meanings of the Norse titles 'kertilsveinr' and 'skutilsveinr'?: The Norse title kertilsveinr literally meant 'candle-men,' referring to squires who were ceremonially required to hold candles at hird ceremonies. The title skutilsveinr literally meant 'table-men,' referring to knights.
  • What does the term 'hirdmen' signify in the context of the hird's subdivisions?: In the context of the hird's subdivisions, 'hirdmen' specifically referred to the men-at-arms, distinguishing them from squires (kertilsveinr) and knights (skutilsveinr).

What was the primary function of 'gestir' within the Norwegian hird?

Answer: To act as a type of intelligence service.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the function of the 'gestir' as an intelligence service?: The 'gestir' served as a type of intelligence service within the hird, suggesting roles such as gathering information or acting as scouts, distinct from direct combat or courtly duties.
  • What was the role of 'gestir' within the Norwegian hird?: Gestir were part of the Norwegian hird, receiving only half pay and serving as a type of intelligence service. They were generally not permitted to sit at the king's table for supper, except on Christmas Day and Easter Day when the entire hird assembled.
  • What was the primary function of 'gestir' within the hird?: The primary function of gestir within the hird was to serve as a sort of intelligence service. They received half pay and had restricted access to the king's table.

What does the term 'Hirdman' literally mean?

Answer: Member of a Hird (household/family)

Related Concepts:

  • What was the original use of the title 'Hirdman'?: Originally, 'Hirdman' was used as a title for informal companions or retainers of powerful individuals, especially as companions in arms during the often unruly and pagan old times.
  • What does the term 'Hirdman' literally mean?: The term 'Hirdman' (plural: Hirdmen) is derived from Scandinavian languages, notably Norwegian and Swedish, and literally means a member of a Hird, signifying a member of a 'household' or 'family.'
  • What meanings are associated with the etymological roots of 'hird'?: The etymological roots of 'hird' suggest meanings such as 'body of men' or, more directly, 'hearthguard,' referring to men of one's own home and hearth.

How did the role of a 'Hirdman' evolve over time?

Answer: From companion in arms to courtier.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the role of a 'Hirdman' evolve over time?: Over time, the role of a 'Hirdman' became more refined, akin to courtiers. This development is comparable to the evolution of the English 'thegn' or the Roman 'comes.'
  • What was the original use of the title 'Hirdman'?: Originally, 'Hirdman' was used as a title for informal companions or retainers of powerful individuals, especially as companions in arms during the often unruly and pagan old times.
  • What does the evolution of 'hirdman' from retainer to courtier signify?: The evolution of 'hirdman' from an informal retainer or companion in arms to a more refined courtier signifies a progression in status and function, mirroring similar developments in other historical military and courtly structures.

In a formal Norwegian royal court, what status did a 'hirdman' hold?

Answer: The highest of the four ranks, permitted to sit in the royal council.

Related Concepts:

  • What status did a 'Hirdman' hold in a formal Norwegian royal court?: When the Norwegian royal hird developed into a formal court, 'hirdman' became the title for the highest of its four ranks. These individuals were magnates permitted to sit in the royal council, thus having a voice in governmental and other significant matters.
  • What does the term 'hird' mean in the context of Scandinavian history?: In the context of Scandinavian history, the 'hird' referred to an informal retinue of personal armed companions, which later evolved to become the nucleus of the royal army and a formal royal court household.
  • What were the subdivisions of the Norwegian hird during Håkon IV's reign?: During Håkon IV's reign, the Norwegian hird included subdivisions such as squires, known as kertilsveinr (literally 'candle-men'), men-at-arms, referred to as hirdmenn, and knights, called skutilsveinr (literally 'table-men').

In the context of the hird's subdivisions, 'hirdmen' specifically referred to which group?

Answer: Men-at-arms

Related Concepts:

  • What does the term 'hirdmen' signify in the context of the hird's subdivisions?: In the context of the hird's subdivisions, 'hirdmen' specifically referred to the men-at-arms, distinguishing them from squires (kertilsveinr) and knights (skutilsveinr).
  • What does the 'See also' section suggest are related concepts or groups to the hird?: The 'See also' section suggests that 'Thingmen' and 'Druzhina' are related concepts or groups to the hird, indicating similar organizational structures or roles in different historical contexts.
  • What does the term 'hird' imply about its connection to a lord's household?: The term 'hird' implies a strong connection to a lord's household, supported by its etymological roots in Old English 'hir(e)d,' meaning 'household, family, retinue, court.'

The evolution of 'hirdman' from retainer to courtier is comparable to the evolution of which other historical roles?

Answer: English thegn and Roman comes.

Related Concepts:

  • What does the evolution of 'hirdman' from retainer to courtier signify?: The evolution of 'hirdman' from an informal retainer or companion in arms to a more refined courtier signifies a progression in status and function, mirroring similar developments in other historical military and courtly structures.
  • How did the role of a 'Hirdman' evolve over time?: Over time, the role of a 'Hirdman' became more refined, akin to courtiers. This development is comparable to the evolution of the English 'thegn' or the Roman 'comes.'
  • What status did a 'Hirdman' hold in a formal Norwegian royal court?: When the Norwegian royal hird developed into a formal court, 'hirdman' became the title for the highest of its four ranks. These individuals were magnates permitted to sit in the royal council, thus having a voice in governmental and other significant matters.

Legal Framework and Royal Governance

The Hirdskraa was a law code that incorporated the older laws of the Hird during the reign of Magnus VI.

Answer: True

The Hirdskraa served as the law code for the hird, and during the reign of Magnus VI, the older laws pertaining to the hird were formally incorporated into this code.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the Hirdskraa in relation to the hird's legal framework?: The Hirdskraa served as the law code for the hird, and during the reign of Magnus VI, the older laws pertaining to the hird were formally incorporated into this code.
  • What legal code governed the hird, and when were its older laws incorporated?: The law code governing the hird was known as the Hirdskraa. During the reign of Magnus VI, the older laws of the Hird were incorporated into this specific law code.
  • What is the Hirdskraa?: The Hirdskraa is a law code that incorporated the older laws of the Hird. It was a significant legal document related to the organization and regulations of the hird.

The Hirdskraa served as the law code for the hird, with older laws incorporated into it during Magnus VI's reign.

Answer: True

The Hirdskraa served as the law code for the hird, and during the reign of Magnus VI, the older laws pertaining to the hird were formally incorporated into this code.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the Hirdskraa in relation to the hird's legal framework?: The Hirdskraa served as the law code for the hird, and during the reign of Magnus VI, the older laws pertaining to the hird were formally incorporated into this code.
  • What legal code governed the hird, and when were its older laws incorporated?: The law code governing the hird was known as the Hirdskraa. During the reign of Magnus VI, the older laws of the Hird were incorporated into this specific law code.
  • What is the Hirdskraa?: The Hirdskraa is a law code that incorporated the older laws of the Hird. It was a significant legal document related to the organization and regulations of the hird.

The phrase 'king was the first among equals' implies the king had no ultimate authority within the hird.

Answer: False

The phrase 'king was the first among equals' suggests a hierarchical structure where the king held ultimate authority but was also conceptually part of a brotherhood or corporation of warriors.

Related Concepts:

  • What does the phrase 'king was the first among equals' suggest about the hird's internal hierarchy?: The phrase 'king was the first among equals' suggests a hierarchical structure within the hird where the king held ultimate authority but was also conceptually part of a brotherhood or corporation of warriors, fostering a sense of shared purpose and mutual respect among its members.
  • What was the conceptualization of the king's hird during Håkon V's reign?: During Håkon V's reign, the king's hird was emphasized as a community of equals and a chivalresque corporation of warriors, where the king was technically considered the first among equals.
  • How did the emphasis on the hird as a 'community of equals' manifest under Håkon V?: Under Håkon V, the emphasis on the hird as a 'community of equals' and a 'chivalresque corporation of warriors' reflected an ideal of shared purpose and loyalty, with the king positioned as the foremost member.

The purpose of incorporating older hird laws into the Hirdskraa was to formalize and codify the hird's regulations.

Answer: True

The incorporation of older hird laws into the Hirdskraa served the purpose of formalizing and codifying the hird's regulations and traditions.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the purpose of incorporating older hird laws into the Hirdskraa?: The purpose of incorporating older hird laws into the Hirdskraa was to formalize and codify the regulations and traditions of the hird, consolidating its legal standing and administrative structure.
  • What is the Hirdskraa?: The Hirdskraa is a law code that incorporated the older laws of the Hird. It was a significant legal document related to the organization and regulations of the hird.
  • What is the significance of the Hirdskraa in relation to the hird's legal framework?: The Hirdskraa served as the law code for the hird, and during the reign of Magnus VI, the older laws pertaining to the hird were formally incorporated into this code.

The law code that incorporated the older laws of the Hird during the reign of Magnus VI was known as the:

Answer: Hirdskraa

Related Concepts:

  • What legal code governed the hird, and when were its older laws incorporated?: The law code governing the hird was known as the Hirdskraa. During the reign of Magnus VI, the older laws of the Hird were incorporated into this specific law code.
  • What is the significance of the Hirdskraa in relation to the hird's legal framework?: The Hirdskraa served as the law code for the hird, and during the reign of Magnus VI, the older laws pertaining to the hird were formally incorporated into this code.
  • What is the Hirdskraa?: The Hirdskraa is a law code that incorporated the older laws of the Hird. It was a significant legal document related to the organization and regulations of the hird.

The Hirdskraa served as the law code for the hird, and its older laws were incorporated during the reign of which Norwegian monarch?

Answer: Magnus VI

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the Hirdskraa in relation to the hird's legal framework?: The Hirdskraa served as the law code for the hird, and during the reign of Magnus VI, the older laws pertaining to the hird were formally incorporated into this code.
  • What legal code governed the hird, and when were its older laws incorporated?: The law code governing the hird was known as the Hirdskraa. During the reign of Magnus VI, the older laws of the Hird were incorporated into this specific law code.
  • How did the Norwegian hird change by the reign of Håkon IV?: By the reign of Håkon IV (1204–1263), the Norwegian hird had transitioned from being solely military in function. It had developed several subdivisions, structured along continental patterns.

The phrase 'king was the first among equals' suggests a conceptualization of the king as:

Answer: The foremost member of a brotherhood or corporation.

Related Concepts:

  • What does the phrase 'king was the first among equals' suggest about the hird's internal hierarchy?: The phrase 'king was the first among equals' suggests a hierarchical structure within the hird where the king held ultimate authority but was also conceptually part of a brotherhood or corporation of warriors, fostering a sense of shared purpose and mutual respect among its members.

What was the purpose of incorporating older hird laws into the Hirdskraa?

Answer: To formalize and codify the hird's regulations and traditions.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the purpose of incorporating older hird laws into the Hirdskraa?: The purpose of incorporating older hird laws into the Hirdskraa was to formalize and codify the regulations and traditions of the hird, consolidating its legal standing and administrative structure.
  • What is the Hirdskraa?: The Hirdskraa is a law code that incorporated the older laws of the Hird. It was a significant legal document related to the organization and regulations of the hird.
  • What is the significance of the Hirdskraa in relation to the hird's legal framework?: The Hirdskraa served as the law code for the hird, and during the reign of Magnus VI, the older laws pertaining to the hird were formally incorporated into this code.

Later Developments and Continental Influence

By the reign of Håkon IV, the Norwegian hird had developed subdivisions structured along continental patterns.

Answer: True

By the reign of Håkon IV, the Norwegian hird had developed subdivisions that were structured according to continental patterns.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the hird's organization change under continental influence by the reign of Håkon IV?: By the reign of Håkon IV, the Norwegian hird had acquired several subdivisions structured along continental patterns, indicating an adoption of external organizational models.
  • How did the Norwegian hird change by the reign of Håkon IV?: By the reign of Håkon IV (1204–1263), the Norwegian hird had transitioned from being solely military in function. It had developed several subdivisions, structured along continental patterns.
  • How did the hird's organization change under continental influence by the reign of Håkon IV?: By the reign of Håkon IV, the Norwegian hird had acquired several subdivisions structured along continental patterns, indicating an adoption of external organizational models.

During Håkon V's reign, traditional Norse titles within the hird were retained and emphasized over continental ones.

Answer: False

During Håkon V's reign, traditional Norse titles were dropped in favor of continental titles, indicating a shift away from purely Norse nomenclature.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the hird's structure and titles change during the reign of Håkon V?: During the reign of Håkon V (1299–1319), the traditional Norse titles within the hird were dropped entirely in favor of continental titles. The emphasis shifted to viewing the king's hird as a community of equals and a chivalresque corporation of warriors.
  • How did the hird's organization change under continental influence by the reign of Håkon IV?: By the reign of Håkon IV, the Norwegian hird had acquired several subdivisions structured along continental patterns, indicating an adoption of external organizational models.
  • How did the hird's organization change under continental influence by the reign of Håkon IV?: By the reign of Håkon IV, the Norwegian hird had acquired several subdivisions structured along continental patterns, indicating an adoption of external organizational models.

Under Håkon V, the king's hird was conceptualized as a community of equals and a chivalresque corporation of warriors.

Answer: True

Under Håkon V, the king's hird was conceptualized as both a community of equals and a chivalresque corporation of warriors.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the emphasis on the hird as a 'community of equals' manifest under Håkon V?: Under Håkon V, the emphasis on the hird as a 'community of equals' and a 'chivalresque corporation of warriors' reflected an ideal of shared purpose and loyalty, with the king positioned as the foremost member.
  • What was the conceptualization of the king's hird during Håkon V's reign?: During Håkon V's reign, the king's hird was emphasized as a community of equals and a chivalresque corporation of warriors, where the king was technically considered the first among equals.
  • How did the hird's structure and titles change during the reign of Håkon V?: During the reign of Håkon V (1299–1319), the traditional Norse titles within the hird were dropped entirely in favor of continental titles. The emphasis shifted to viewing the king's hird as a community of equals and a chivalresque corporation of warriors.

The shift to continental titles during Håkon V's reign aimed to isolate the Norwegian court from broader European practices.

Answer: False

The shift to continental titles during Håkon V's reign likely aimed to align the Norwegian court with broader European practices, not isolate it.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the hird's organization change under continental influence by the reign of Håkon IV?: By the reign of Håkon IV, the Norwegian hird had acquired several subdivisions structured along continental patterns, indicating an adoption of external organizational models.
  • How did the hird's organization change under continental influence by the reign of Håkon IV?: By the reign of Håkon IV, the Norwegian hird had acquired several subdivisions structured along continental patterns, indicating an adoption of external organizational models.

Describing the hird as a 'chivalresque corporation of warriors' means it was solely a ceremonial body.

Answer: False

Describing the hird as a 'chivalresque corporation of warriors' highlights its dual nature as a military unit and a structured organization, not solely ceremonial.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the hird being described as a 'chivalresque corporation of warriors'?: Describing the hird as a 'chivalresque corporation of warriors' highlights its dual nature: it was a military unit bound by codes of honor and loyalty (chivalresque) and also a structured organization with defined roles and membership (corporation).
  • What does the term 'hird' mean in the context of Scandinavian history?: In the context of Scandinavian history, the 'hird' referred to an informal retinue of personal armed companions, which later evolved to become the nucleus of the royal army and a formal royal court household.
  • How did the emphasis on the hird as a 'community of equals' manifest under Håkon V?: Under Håkon V, the emphasis on the hird as a 'community of equals' and a 'chivalresque corporation of warriors' reflected an ideal of shared purpose and loyalty, with the king positioned as the foremost member.

By the reign of Håkon IV, the Norwegian hird had developed subdivisions structured along what patterns?

Answer: Continental patterns.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the hird's organization change under continental influence by the reign of Håkon IV?: By the reign of Håkon IV, the Norwegian hird had acquired several subdivisions structured along continental patterns, indicating an adoption of external organizational models.
  • How did the Norwegian hird change by the reign of Håkon IV?: By the reign of Håkon IV (1204–1263), the Norwegian hird had transitioned from being solely military in function. It had developed several subdivisions, structured along continental patterns.
  • What was the conceptualization of the king's hird during Håkon V's reign?: During Håkon V's reign, the king's hird was emphasized as a community of equals and a chivalresque corporation of warriors, where the king was technically considered the first among equals.

During the reign of Håkon V, what change occurred regarding the titles within the hird?

Answer: Continental titles were adopted, replacing Norse ones.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the hird's structure and titles change during the reign of Håkon V?: During the reign of Håkon V (1299–1319), the traditional Norse titles within the hird were dropped entirely in favor of continental titles. The emphasis shifted to viewing the king's hird as a community of equals and a chivalresque corporation of warriors.
  • What was the conceptualization of the king's hird during Håkon V's reign?: During Håkon V's reign, the king's hird was emphasized as a community of equals and a chivalresque corporation of warriors, where the king was technically considered the first among equals.
  • How did the Norwegian hird change by the reign of Håkon IV?: By the reign of Håkon IV (1204–1263), the Norwegian hird had transitioned from being solely military in function. It had developed several subdivisions, structured along continental patterns.

Under Håkon V, the king's hird was conceptualized as a community of equals and a:

Answer: Chivalresque corporation of warriors

Related Concepts:

  • How did the emphasis on the hird as a 'community of equals' manifest under Håkon V?: Under Håkon V, the emphasis on the hird as a 'community of equals' and a 'chivalresque corporation of warriors' reflected an ideal of shared purpose and loyalty, with the king positioned as the foremost member.
  • What was the conceptualization of the king's hird during Håkon V's reign?: During Håkon V's reign, the king's hird was emphasized as a community of equals and a chivalresque corporation of warriors, where the king was technically considered the first among equals.
  • How did the hird's structure and titles change during the reign of Håkon V?: During the reign of Håkon V (1299–1319), the traditional Norse titles within the hird were dropped entirely in favor of continental titles. The emphasis shifted to viewing the king's hird as a community of equals and a chivalresque corporation of warriors.

The shift to continental titles during Håkon V's reign likely aimed to:

Answer: Align the court with broader European practices.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the hird's organization change under continental influence by the reign of Håkon IV?: By the reign of Håkon IV, the Norwegian hird had acquired several subdivisions structured along continental patterns, indicating an adoption of external organizational models.

Describing the hird as a 'chivalresque corporation of warriors' highlights its dual nature as a military unit and a:

Answer: Structured organization.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the hird being described as a 'chivalresque corporation of warriors'?: Describing the hird as a 'chivalresque corporation of warriors' highlights its dual nature: it was a military unit bound by codes of honor and loyalty (chivalresque) and also a structured organization with defined roles and membership (corporation).
  • What does the term 'hird' mean in the context of Scandinavian history?: In the context of Scandinavian history, the 'hird' referred to an informal retinue of personal armed companions, which later evolved to become the nucleus of the royal army and a formal royal court household.
  • How did the concept of the 'hird' evolve over time in Scandinavian history?: Over time, the hird evolved from being just a personal retinue to encompassing the core of the royal army, and eventually, it came to signify a more formal royal court household.

Related Concepts and Terminology

Danish sources use the term 'lið' or 'hlid' to refer to the warrior following of Canute the Great.

Answer: True

Danish sources employ the terms 'lið' or 'hlid' to denote the warrior following associated with figures like Canute the Great.

Related Concepts:

  • Is there any uncertainty regarding the term that 'hird' might have replaced?: Yes, there is some uncertainty about the term that 'hird' replaced. However, Danish sources use the term hlid or lið to refer to the warrior following of Canute the Great.
  • What does the term 'lið' or 'hlid' signify in Danish sources regarding warrior followings?: In Danish sources, the term 'lið' or 'hlid' is used to denote the warrior following of figures like Canute the Great, suggesting a similar concept to the hird in other Scandinavian contexts.
  • In what historical contexts is the term 'hird' primarily found?: The term 'hird' is frequently encountered in Norse sagas and law codices, which were predominantly written down in the 12th century.

'Gefolgschaft' is a Latin term used to describe Germanic warrior followings.

Answer: False

'Gefolgschaft' is a German term, not Latin, used to describe a 'body of followers' in the Germanic tradition.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the term 'Gefolgschaft' in relation to the hird?: Gefolgschaft is a German generic term used in modern literature for a 'body of followers,' which is also applied to the Germanic tradition that the hird represents. This concept was even adopted by powerful Romans in the late empire under Latin names like bucellarii or the more common comitatus.
  • What does the term 'comitatus' represent in the context of Germanic military traditions?: The term 'comitatus' is a Latin designation, similar to 'bucellarii,' used by Romans to describe the Germanic tradition of a 'body of followers,' which is conceptually akin to the hird.

The term 'lið' or 'lithsmen' is consistently understood to mean 'warrior' in both Anglo-Saxon and Danish literature.

Answer: False

The term 'lið' or 'lithsmen' is ambiguous, possibly meaning 'sailor' in Anglo-Saxon but 'warrior' in Danish literature.

Related Concepts:

  • What does the note about 'lið' or 'lithsmen' suggest about their role?: The note suggests that lið or lithsmen is an ambiguous term, possibly meaning 'sailor' in Anglo-Saxon but 'warrior' in Danish literature. They are thought to have been some form of standing mercenary force.
  • What does the term 'lið' or 'hlid' signify in Danish sources regarding warrior followings?: In Danish sources, the term 'lið' or 'hlid' is used to denote the warrior following of figures like Canute the Great, suggesting a similar concept to the hird in other Scandinavian contexts.

The 'See also' section indicates that 'Thingmen' and 'Druzhina' are unrelated concepts to the hird.

Answer: False

The 'See also' section suggests that 'Thingmen' and 'Druzhina' are related concepts to the hird, indicating similar organizational structures or roles.

Related Concepts:

  • What does the 'See also' section suggest are related concepts or groups to the hird?: The 'See also' section suggests that 'Thingmen' and 'Druzhina' are related concepts or groups to the hird, indicating similar organizational structures or roles in different historical contexts.

The term 'housecarls' is presented as a term unrelated to the initial description of the hird.

Answer: False

The term 'housecarls' is presented as a term synonymous with or closely related to the initial description of the hird.

Related Concepts:

  • What does the term 'housecarl' imply in relation to the hird?: The term 'housecarl' is presented as an alternative or related term for the personal armed companions within the hird, often translated as a loyal retainer or guard.
  • What does the term 'housecarl' signify in relation to the hird?: The term 'housecarl' is presented as an alternative or related term for the personal armed companions within the hird, often translated as a loyal retainer or guard.
  • What was the original nature of the 'hird' in Scandinavian history?: In Scandinavian history, the hird was originally an informal retinue composed of personal armed companions, also referred to as hirdmen or housecarls.

'Gefolgschaft' is a term used in modern literature to describe what in the Germanic tradition?

Answer: A body of followers.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the term 'Gefolgschaft' in relation to the hird?: Gefolgschaft is a German generic term used in modern literature for a 'body of followers,' which is also applied to the Germanic tradition that the hird represents. This concept was even adopted by powerful Romans in the late empire under Latin names like bucellarii or the more common comitatus.

The term 'lið' or 'lithsmen' is ambiguous, possibly meaning 'sailor' in Anglo-Saxon but what in Danish literature?

Answer: Warrior

Related Concepts:

  • What does the note about 'lið' or 'lithsmen' suggest about their role?: The note suggests that lið or lithsmen is an ambiguous term, possibly meaning 'sailor' in Anglo-Saxon but 'warrior' in Danish literature. They are thought to have been some form of standing mercenary force.

What does the 'See also' section suggest are related concepts or groups to the hird?

Answer: Thingmen and Druzhina.

Related Concepts:

  • What does the 'See also' section suggest are related concepts or groups to the hird?: The 'See also' section suggests that 'Thingmen' and 'Druzhina' are related concepts or groups to the hird, indicating similar organizational structures or roles in different historical contexts.
  • What was the role of the sagas and law codices in documenting the hird?: Sagas and law codices are historical sources where the term 'hird' is frequently found, providing insights into its usage and context, with the sagas primarily written down in the 12th century.
  • What are the potential linguistic connections for the term 'hird'?: The term 'hird' has potential linguistic connections to Old English 'hir(e)d,' meaning 'household, family, retinue, court,' and possibly to the old German cognate 'heirat,' meaning 'marriage.'

What does the term 'housecarl' imply in relation to the hird?

Answer: It was used synonymously with 'hirdmen' in the initial description.

Related Concepts:

  • What does the term 'housecarl' signify in relation to the hird?: The term 'housecarl' is presented as an alternative or related term for the personal armed companions within the hird, often translated as a loyal retainer or guard.
  • What does the term 'housecarl' imply in relation to the hird?: The term 'housecarl' is presented as an alternative or related term for the personal armed companions within the hird, often translated as a loyal retainer or guard.
  • What was the original nature of the 'hird' in Scandinavian history?: In Scandinavian history, the hird was originally an informal retinue composed of personal armed companions, also referred to as hirdmen or housecarls.

Which of the following terms is a Latin designation for a Germanic tradition of a 'body of followers', similar to the hird?

Answer: Comitatus

Related Concepts:

  • What does the term 'comitatus' represent in the context of Germanic military traditions?: The term 'comitatus' is a Latin designation, similar to 'bucellarii,' used by Romans to describe the Germanic tradition of a 'body of followers,' which is conceptually akin to the hird.
  • What is the significance of the term 'Gefolgschaft' in relation to the hird?: Gefolgschaft is a German generic term used in modern literature for a 'body of followers,' which is also applied to the Germanic tradition that the hird represents. This concept was even adopted by powerful Romans in the late empire under Latin names like bucellarii or the more common comitatus.
  • What does the term 'lið' or 'hlid' signify in Danish sources regarding warrior followings?: In Danish sources, the term 'lið' or 'hlid' is used to denote the warrior following of figures like Canute the Great, suggesting a similar concept to the hird in other Scandinavian contexts.

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