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The Roman Historian Livy and His *History of Rome*

At a Glance

Title: The Roman Historian Livy and His *History of Rome*

Total Categories: 6

Category Stats

  • Livy's Life and Historical Context: 4 flashcards, 7 questions
  • Structure and Scope of *Ab Urbe Condita*: 8 flashcards, 9 questions
  • Content of Surviving and Lost Books: 18 flashcards, 22 questions
  • Manuscript Tradition and Textual Issues: 6 flashcards, 6 questions
  • Historical Methodology and Sources: 10 flashcards, 10 questions
  • Reception and Legacy: 5 flashcards, 6 questions

Total Stats

  • Total Flashcards: 51
  • True/False Questions: 30
  • Multiple Choice Questions: 30
  • Total Questions: 60

Instructions

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Study Guide: The Roman Historian Livy and His *History of Rome*

Study Guide: The Roman Historian Livy and His *History of Rome*

Livy's Life and Historical Context

Titus Livius, commonly known as Livy, wrote his monumental *History of Rome* primarily in Latin.

Answer: False

The source material indicates that Livy wrote his monumental *History of Rome* in Latin, not Greek.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the primary work attributed to Titus Livius, and what are its alternative titles?: The primary work attributed to Titus Livius, commonly known as Livy, is the *History of Rome*. This monumental work may have originally been titled *Annales*, and it is also frequently referred to by the Latin phrase *Ab Urbe Condita*, meaning "From the Founding of the City."
  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.
  • How much of Livy's original *History of Rome* survives today, and what periods do the surviving books cover?: Only about a quarter of Livy's original 142-book *History of Rome* survives today. The extant portions include Books 1-10, covering events down to 293 BC, and Books 21-45, which detail events from 219 BC to 166 BC.

The first five books of Livy's *History of Rome* were published after 27 BC, as indicated by Livy's use of the title 'Augustus'.

Answer: True

The first five books of Livy's *History of Rome* are generally dated to between 27 and 25 BC, a period indicated by his use of the title 'Augustus' for the emperor.

Related Concepts:

  • When were the first five books of Livy's *History of Rome* published?: The first five books of Livy's *History of Rome* were published between 27 and 25 BC. This timeframe is suggested by Livy's use of the title 'Augustus' for the emperor, which was granted in 27 BC, and his omission of the closing of the Temple of Janus in 25 BC, implying the work was written before that event.
  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.
  • What is the primary work attributed to Titus Livius, and what are its alternative titles?: The primary work attributed to Titus Livius, commonly known as Livy, is the *History of Rome*. This monumental work may have originally been titled *Annales*, and it is also frequently referred to by the Latin phrase *Ab Urbe Condita*, meaning "From the Founding of the City."

Livy's stated purpose for writing his history was to provide moral examples for his audience.

Answer: True

Livy explicitly stated his purpose was to preserve a memory that would offer moral examples for his readers.

Related Concepts:

  • What was Livy's stated purpose in writing his *History of Rome*?: Livy's stated purpose was not merely to catalog or understand the past, but rather to preserve a "memory" that would equip readers with a sense of "wrong and right" as exemplified by the actions of their predecessors. He aimed to provide moral examples for his audience.
  • What role did the annalistic tradition play in Livy's work?: Livy's work was part of the long-standing Roman "annalistic tradition," which involved writing history year by year. He adopted this structure, including regular announcements of elections, prodigies, and triumphs, to associate his history with traditional Roman historiography and imbue it with an aura of continuity and authority.
  • How did the political climate under Emperor Augustus potentially influence Livy's *History of Rome*?: Livy's work was written "under the shadow of the new emperor," Augustus. A key goal was to support the idea that the Augustan principate represented the culmination of Roman history, thus aligning his narrative with the prevailing political ideology of the time.

Livy's *History of Rome* was written to undermine the political ideology of Emperor Augustus.

Answer: False

Livy's work was written under Augustus and aimed to support the idea that the Augustan principate was the culmination of Roman history.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the political climate under Emperor Augustus potentially influence Livy's *History of Rome*?: Livy's work was written "under the shadow of the new emperor," Augustus. A key goal was to support the idea that the Augustan principate represented the culmination of Roman history, thus aligning his narrative with the prevailing political ideology of the time.
  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.
  • What role did the annalistic tradition play in Livy's work?: Livy's work was part of the long-standing Roman "annalistic tradition," which involved writing history year by year. He adopted this structure, including regular announcements of elections, prodigies, and triumphs, to associate his history with traditional Roman historiography and imbue it with an aura of continuity and authority.

During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its intended final scope?

Answer: Between 27 BC and 9 BC, intended to cover the entire history of Rome up to the reign of Emperor Augustus.

Livy wrote his *History of Rome* between 27 BC and 9 BC, intending to cover the entire span of Roman history up to the reign of Emperor Augustus.

Related Concepts:

  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.
  • How much of Livy's original *History of Rome* survives today, and what periods do the surviving books cover?: Only about a quarter of Livy's original 142-book *History of Rome* survives today. The extant portions include Books 1-10, covering events down to 293 BC, and Books 21-45, which detail events from 219 BC to 166 BC.
  • What are the specific time periods covered by the surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome*?: The surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome* cover two main periods: Books 1-10 detail events from the legendary founding of Rome and the period of the Roman Kingdom up to 293 BC. Books 21-45 cover the Second Punic War (218-202 BC) and the Macedonian and other eastern wars from 201 BC to 167 BC.

What is the stated purpose of Livy in writing his *History of Rome*?

Answer: To preserve a memory that would offer moral examples for readers.

Livy stated his purpose was to preserve a memory that would provide moral examples for his audience.

Related Concepts:

  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.
  • What was Livy's stated purpose in writing his *History of Rome*?: Livy's stated purpose was not merely to catalog or understand the past, but rather to preserve a "memory" that would equip readers with a sense of "wrong and right" as exemplified by the actions of their predecessors. He aimed to provide moral examples for his audience.
  • What role did the annalistic tradition play in Livy's work?: Livy's work was part of the long-standing Roman "annalistic tradition," which involved writing history year by year. He adopted this structure, including regular announcements of elections, prodigies, and triumphs, to associate his history with traditional Roman historiography and imbue it with an aura of continuity and authority.

How did the political climate under Emperor Augustus potentially influence Livy's work?

Answer: Livy's work supported the idea that the Augustan principate was the culmination of Roman history.

Livy's work, written during Augustus's reign, supported the notion that the Augustan principate represented the culmination of Roman history.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the political climate under Emperor Augustus potentially influence Livy's *History of Rome*?: Livy's work was written "under the shadow of the new emperor," Augustus. A key goal was to support the idea that the Augustan principate represented the culmination of Roman history, thus aligning his narrative with the prevailing political ideology of the time.
  • What role did the annalistic tradition play in Livy's work?: Livy's work was part of the long-standing Roman "annalistic tradition," which involved writing history year by year. He adopted this structure, including regular announcements of elections, prodigies, and triumphs, to associate his history with traditional Roman historiography and imbue it with an aura of continuity and authority.

Structure and Scope of *Ab Urbe Condita*

Livy's *History of Rome* was originally intended to cover the entire history of Rome up to the reign of Emperor Augustus.

Answer: True

The source indicates Livy's original intention was to chronicle the entire history of Rome up to the reign of Emperor Augustus.

Related Concepts:

  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.
  • How much of Livy's original *History of Rome* survives today, and what periods do the surviving books cover?: Only about a quarter of Livy's original 142-book *History of Rome* survives today. The extant portions include Books 1-10, covering events down to 293 BC, and Books 21-45, which detail events from 219 BC to 166 BC.
  • When were the first five books of Livy's *History of Rome* published?: The first five books of Livy's *History of Rome* were published between 27 and 25 BC. This timeframe is suggested by Livy's use of the title 'Augustus' for the emperor, which was granted in 27 BC, and his omission of the closing of the Temple of Janus in 25 BC, implying the work was written before that event.

Livy originally organized his work strictly into decades, a system universally adopted by all ancient copyists.

Answer: False

While Livy's work was often published in decades, the source suggests this was not his original strict organizational principle and was a later innovation by copyists.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Livy structure his *History of Rome*, and how was this structure later modified?: Livy originally organized his work into 'packets,' often groups of ten books known as decades, and sometimes groups of five books called pentads. The later innovation by copyists was to divide the entire work strictly into decades, a system that doesn't perfectly align with Livy's original publication and organizational intent.
  • What role did the annalistic tradition play in Livy's work?: Livy's work was part of the long-standing Roman "annalistic tradition," which involved writing history year by year. He adopted this structure, including regular announcements of elections, prodigies, and triumphs, to associate his history with traditional Roman historiography and imbue it with an aura of continuity and authority.
  • What is the meaning of 'annalistic history' as used in relation to Livy's work?: Annalistic history refers to a style of historical writing that organizes events chronologically, year by year. Livy employed this approach, which involved regular announcements of elections, religious observances, and military events, to align with traditional Roman historical writing practices.

The annalistic tradition, which Livy followed, involved writing history based on philosophical treatises.

Answer: False

The annalistic tradition involves writing history chronologically, year by year, not based on philosophical treatises.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the meaning of 'annalistic history' as used in relation to Livy's work?: Annalistic history refers to a style of historical writing that organizes events chronologically, year by year. Livy employed this approach, which involved regular announcements of elections, religious observances, and military events, to align with traditional Roman historical writing practices.
  • What role did the annalistic tradition play in Livy's work?: Livy's work was part of the long-standing Roman "annalistic tradition," which involved writing history year by year. He adopted this structure, including regular announcements of elections, prodigies, and triumphs, to associate his history with traditional Roman historiography and imbue it with an aura of continuity and authority.
  • What is the significance of the *Annales* as a potential original title for Livy's work?: The *Annales* refers to a style of Roman history that recorded events year by year. If *Annales* was the original title of Livy's work, it would emphasize his adherence to this annalistic tradition, which structured his narrative around annual cycles of events.

The title *Ab Urbe Condita* translates to 'The History of the Emperors'.

Answer: False

The title *Ab Urbe Condita* translates to 'From the Founding of the City', not 'The History of the Emperors'.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the *Ab Urbe Condita* title?: The *Ab Urbe Condita* is a Latin phrase meaning "From the Founding of the City." It is frequently used to refer to Livy's *History of Rome*, indicating the work's chronological starting point and its focus on the city's origins and development.
  • What is the significance of the *Ab Urbe Condita* dating convention mentioned in the article?: The *Ab Urbe Condita* (AUC) dating convention, meaning 'from the founding of the city,' is a method of numbering years starting from Rome's legendary foundation in 753 BC. While it was possible to use this system, Roman historians often dated events by the consuls of the year, making the AUC convention a specific choice for historical reference.
  • What is the primary work attributed to Titus Livius, and what are its alternative titles?: The primary work attributed to Titus Livius, commonly known as Livy, is the *History of Rome*. This monumental work may have originally been titled *Annales*, and it is also frequently referred to by the Latin phrase *Ab Urbe Condita*, meaning "From the Founding of the City."

What is the primary work attributed to Titus Livius, and what is one of its alternative titles?

Answer: The *History of Rome*, also referred to as *Ab Urbe Condita*

The primary work attributed to Titus Livius is the *History of Rome*, also known by the Latin phrase *Ab Urbe Condita*.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the primary work attributed to Titus Livius, and what are its alternative titles?: The primary work attributed to Titus Livius, commonly known as Livy, is the *History of Rome*. This monumental work may have originally been titled *Annales*, and it is also frequently referred to by the Latin phrase *Ab Urbe Condita*, meaning "From the Founding of the City."

What does the phrase *Ab Urbe Condita* mean in the context of Livy's work?

Answer: From the Founding of the City

The Latin phrase *Ab Urbe Condita* translates to 'From the Founding of the City,' referring to the chronological starting point of Livy's history.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the *Ab Urbe Condita* title?: The *Ab Urbe Condita* is a Latin phrase meaning "From the Founding of the City." It is frequently used to refer to Livy's *History of Rome*, indicating the work's chronological starting point and its focus on the city's origins and development.
  • What is the primary work attributed to Titus Livius, and what are its alternative titles?: The primary work attributed to Titus Livius, commonly known as Livy, is the *History of Rome*. This monumental work may have originally been titled *Annales*, and it is also frequently referred to by the Latin phrase *Ab Urbe Condita*, meaning "From the Founding of the City."
  • What is the significance of the *Ab Urbe Condita* manuscript dated 1493?: The *Ab Urbe Condita* manuscript dated 1493 is an example of a printed edition of Livy's work from the late 15th century. Such early printed editions were crucial for disseminating classical texts after the invention of the printing press.

What is the significance of the *Annales* as a potential original title for Livy's work?

Answer: It indicates Livy's adherence to the tradition of writing history year by year.

The potential original title *Annales* signifies Livy's adherence to the tradition of writing history year by year.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the *Annales* as a potential original title for Livy's work?: The *Annales* refers to a style of Roman history that recorded events year by year. If *Annales* was the original title of Livy's work, it would emphasize his adherence to this annalistic tradition, which structured his narrative around annual cycles of events.
  • What role did the annalistic tradition play in Livy's work?: Livy's work was part of the long-standing Roman "annalistic tradition," which involved writing history year by year. He adopted this structure, including regular announcements of elections, prodigies, and triumphs, to associate his history with traditional Roman historiography and imbue it with an aura of continuity and authority.
  • What is the meaning of 'annalistic history' as used in relation to Livy's work?: Annalistic history refers to a style of historical writing that organizes events chronologically, year by year. Livy employed this approach, which involved regular announcements of elections, religious observances, and military events, to align with traditional Roman historical writing practices.

What is the significance of the *Ab Urbe Condita* dating convention mentioned in the article?

Answer: It is a method of numbering years starting from Rome's legendary foundation in 753 BC.

The *Ab Urbe Condita* dating convention refers to numbering years from Rome's legendary foundation in 753 BC.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the *Ab Urbe Condita* dating convention mentioned in the article?: The *Ab Urbe Condita* (AUC) dating convention, meaning 'from the founding of the city,' is a method of numbering years starting from Rome's legendary foundation in 753 BC. While it was possible to use this system, Roman historians often dated events by the consuls of the year, making the AUC convention a specific choice for historical reference.
  • What is the significance of the *Ab Urbe Condita* title?: The *Ab Urbe Condita* is a Latin phrase meaning "From the Founding of the City." It is frequently used to refer to Livy's *History of Rome*, indicating the work's chronological starting point and its focus on the city's origins and development.

What does the term 'annalistic history' refer to in the context of Livy's work?

Answer: History organized chronologically, year by year.

Annalistic history refers to the practice of organizing historical accounts chronologically, year by year.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the meaning of 'annalistic history' as used in relation to Livy's work?: Annalistic history refers to a style of historical writing that organizes events chronologically, year by year. Livy employed this approach, which involved regular announcements of elections, religious observances, and military events, to align with traditional Roman historical writing practices.
  • What role did the annalistic tradition play in Livy's work?: Livy's work was part of the long-standing Roman "annalistic tradition," which involved writing history year by year. He adopted this structure, including regular announcements of elections, prodigies, and triumphs, to associate his history with traditional Roman historiography and imbue it with an aura of continuity and authority.
  • What is the significance of the *Annales* as a potential original title for Livy's work?: The *Annales* refers to a style of Roman history that recorded events year by year. If *Annales* was the original title of Livy's work, it would emphasize his adherence to this annalistic tradition, which structured his narrative around annual cycles of events.

Content of Surviving and Lost Books

Approximately three-quarters of Livy's original 142-book *History of Rome* survives today.

Answer: False

The source states that only approximately one-quarter of Livy's original 142-book *History of Rome* survives today.

Related Concepts:

  • How much of Livy's original *History of Rome* survives today, and what periods do the surviving books cover?: Only about a quarter of Livy's original 142-book *History of Rome* survives today. The extant portions include Books 1-10, covering events down to 293 BC, and Books 21-45, which detail events from 219 BC to 166 BC.
  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.
  • What information is provided by the table of contents regarding the status of Livy's books?: The table of contents categorizes each book of Livy's *History of Rome* by its status: 'Complete,' 'Almost complete,' 'Fragments,' or 'Lost.' This classification helps scholars understand the extent of the surviving text and the gaps in our knowledge of Livy's work.

The surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome* include Books 1-10, which cover events up to 293 BC.

Answer: True

The surviving portions of Livy's work include Books 1-10, which detail events up to 293 BC.

Related Concepts:

  • How much of Livy's original *History of Rome* survives today, and what periods do the surviving books cover?: Only about a quarter of Livy's original 142-book *History of Rome* survives today. The extant portions include Books 1-10, covering events down to 293 BC, and Books 21-45, which detail events from 219 BC to 166 BC.
  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.
  • What are the specific time periods covered by the surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome*?: The surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome* cover two main periods: Books 1-10 detail events from the legendary founding of Rome and the period of the Roman Kingdom up to 293 BC. Books 21-45 cover the Second Punic War (218-202 BC) and the Macedonian and other eastern wars from 201 BC to 167 BC.

The *Periochae* are detailed historical accounts written by Livy himself to summarize his larger work.

Answer: False

The *Periochae* are summaries of Livy's history created in antiquity, not by Livy himself, and they are significant for providing content for the lost books.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the *Periochae*, and what is its significance for understanding Livy's work?: The *Periochae* are summaries of Livy's *History of Rome* created in antiquity, likely in the fourth century. They serve as a valuable resource because they provide a list of the contents for the entire work, including books that are now lost, thus offering insight into the original scope and narrative progression.
  • What is the purpose of the 'Periochae' in relation to Livy's lost books?: The *Periochae* are summaries of Livy's *History of Rome* that were created in antiquity. Their purpose is to provide a concise overview of the content of the books that are now lost, offering readers a glimpse into the full scope of Livy's original work.

Livy's surviving work details the Roman Republic's early history, including the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus in 510 BC.

Answer: True

The surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome*, particularly Books 1-5, cover the early Roman Republic and include the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus in 510 BC.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the earliest periods of Roman history covered in Livy's surviving work?: The earliest periods of Roman history covered in Livy's surviving work are found in Books 1-5. These books detail the foundation myths, including the stories of Aeneas, Romulus and Remus, the period of the Roman Kingdom, and the early Republic up to the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus in 510 BC.
  • What specific events are mentioned in the chronology for Books 1-5 of Livy's work?: Books 1-5 of Livy's work cover the legendary founding of Rome, including the arrival of Aeneas, the story of Romulus and Remus, the period of the Roman Kingdom, and the establishment of the Republic with the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC. They also detail early republican wars and events like the Decemvirate and the Conflict of the Orders.
  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.

The surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome* extensively cover the First Punic War.

Answer: False

The surviving books detailing major wars focus on the Second Punic War and the Macedonian Wars, not extensively on the First Punic War.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the specific time periods covered by the surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome*?: The surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome* cover two main periods: Books 1-10 detail events from the legendary founding of Rome and the period of the Roman Kingdom up to 293 BC. Books 21-45 cover the Second Punic War (218-202 BC) and the Macedonian and other eastern wars from 201 BC to 167 BC.
  • Which major wars are detailed in the surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome*?: The surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome* detail several major conflicts. Books 1-10 cover wars against the Aequi, Volsci, Etruscans, and Samnites, as well as the Gallic sack of Rome. Books 21-45 cover the Second Punic War and the Macedonian Wars.
  • How much of Livy's original *History of Rome* survives today, and what periods do the surviving books cover?: Only about a quarter of Livy's original 142-book *History of Rome* survives today. The extant portions include Books 1-10, covering events down to 293 BC, and Books 21-45, which detail events from 219 BC to 166 BC.

In Book 9 of his *History of Rome*, Livy presents a hypothetical scenario where Romans would have defeated Alexander the Great.

Answer: True

Book 9 of Livy's *History of Rome* includes a digression where Livy speculates on how Romans would have fared against Alexander the Great.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the digression in Book 9 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: The digression in Book 9, Sections 17-19, is significant because it presents an early example of alternate history. In this section, Livy speculates that the Romans would have defeated Alexander the Great had he turned his attention westward towards Italy.

The *Periochae* are significant because they provide summaries for books of Livy's history that are now lost.

Answer: True

The *Periochae* are significant as they offer summaries of Livy's history, including for books that are no longer extant.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the *Periochae*, and what is its significance for understanding Livy's work?: The *Periochae* are summaries of Livy's *History of Rome* created in antiquity, likely in the fourth century. They serve as a valuable resource because they provide a list of the contents for the entire work, including books that are now lost, thus offering insight into the original scope and narrative progression.
  • What is the purpose of the 'Periochae' in relation to Livy's lost books?: The *Periochae* are summaries of Livy's *History of Rome* that were created in antiquity. Their purpose is to provide a concise overview of the content of the books that are now lost, offering readers a glimpse into the full scope of Livy's original work.

Books 31-45 of Livy's *History of Rome* primarily detail the Roman conquest of Britain.

Answer: False

Books 31-45 of Livy's *History of Rome* primarily detail the Second Punic War and the Macedonian Wars, not the conquest of Britain.

Related Concepts:

  • What historical events are covered in Books 31-45 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Books 31-45 of Livy's *History of Rome* cover the period from 201 BC to 167 BC. This section primarily details the Second Macedonian War and other conflicts in the East, including the Roman-Seleucid War and the Third Macedonian War.

The table of contents for Livy's work categorizes books only as 'Complete' or 'Lost'.

Answer: False

The table of contents categorizes books as 'Complete', 'Almost complete', 'Fragments', or 'Lost'.

Related Concepts:

  • What information is provided by the table of contents regarding the status of Livy's books?: The table of contents categorizes each book of Livy's *History of Rome* by its status: 'Complete,' 'Almost complete,' 'Fragments,' or 'Lost.' This classification helps scholars understand the extent of the surviving text and the gaps in our knowledge of Livy's work.
  • How did Livy structure his *History of Rome*, and how was this structure later modified?: Livy originally organized his work into 'packets,' often groups of ten books known as decades, and sometimes groups of five books called pentads. The later innovation by copyists was to divide the entire work strictly into decades, a system that doesn't perfectly align with Livy's original publication and organizational intent.
  • How much of Livy's original *History of Rome* survives today, and what periods do the surviving books cover?: Only about a quarter of Livy's original 142-book *History of Rome* survives today. The extant portions include Books 1-10, covering events down to 293 BC, and Books 21-45, which detail events from 219 BC to 166 BC.

Book 5 of Livy's *History of Rome* covers the period including the Sack of Rome by Brennus.

Answer: True

Book 5 of Livy's *History of Rome* covers events including the war against Veii and the Sack of Rome by Brennus.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific events are covered in Book 5 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Book 5 of Livy's *History of Rome*, which is complete, covers the period from 403 to 387 BC. The main events detailed include the war against Veii and the Sack of Rome by Brennus.
  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.
  • What specific events are mentioned in the chronology for Books 1-5 of Livy's work?: Books 1-5 of Livy's work cover the legendary founding of Rome, including the arrival of Aeneas, the story of Romulus and Remus, the period of the Roman Kingdom, and the establishment of the Republic with the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC. They also detail early republican wars and events like the Decemvirate and the Conflict of the Orders.

Book 22 of Livy's *History of Rome* details the Roman defeat at the Battle of Cannae.

Answer: True

Book 22 of Livy's *History of Rome* covers the period of the Second Punic War and includes accounts of the Battle of Cannae.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific events are detailed in Book 22 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Book 22 of Livy's *History of Rome*, which is complete, covers the period from 217 to 216 BC during the Second Punic War. It notably includes accounts of the Roman defeats at the Battle of Lake Trasimene and the Battle of Cannae.
  • What are the specific time periods covered by the surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome*?: The surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome* cover two main periods: Books 1-10 detail events from the legendary founding of Rome and the period of the Roman Kingdom up to 293 BC. Books 21-45 cover the Second Punic War (218-202 BC) and the Macedonian and other eastern wars from 201 BC to 167 BC.
  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.

What proportion of Livy's original *History of Rome* survives today, and what periods do the surviving books cover?

Answer: About a quarter, covering events from the founding to 293 BC and from 219 BC to 166 BC.

Approximately a quarter of Livy's original 142 books survive, covering events from Rome's founding to 293 BC and from 219 BC to 166 BC.

Related Concepts:

  • How much of Livy's original *History of Rome* survives today, and what periods do the surviving books cover?: Only about a quarter of Livy's original 142-book *History of Rome* survives today. The extant portions include Books 1-10, covering events down to 293 BC, and Books 21-45, which detail events from 219 BC to 166 BC.
  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.
  • What are the specific time periods covered by the surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome*?: The surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome* cover two main periods: Books 1-10 detail events from the legendary founding of Rome and the period of the Roman Kingdom up to 293 BC. Books 21-45 cover the Second Punic War (218-202 BC) and the Macedonian and other eastern wars from 201 BC to 167 BC.

What is the significance of the *Periochae* in relation to Livy's work?

Answer: They are summaries of Livy's history created in antiquity, including for lost books.

The *Periochae* are ancient summaries of Livy's history that are significant for providing content for the books that are now lost.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the purpose of the 'Periochae' in relation to Livy's lost books?: The *Periochae* are summaries of Livy's *History of Rome* that were created in antiquity. Their purpose is to provide a concise overview of the content of the books that are now lost, offering readers a glimpse into the full scope of Livy's original work.
  • What is the *Periochae*, and what is its significance for understanding Livy's work?: The *Periochae* are summaries of Livy's *History of Rome* created in antiquity, likely in the fourth century. They serve as a valuable resource because they provide a list of the contents for the entire work, including books that are now lost, thus offering insight into the original scope and narrative progression.

Which major wars are extensively detailed in the surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome*?

Answer: The Punic Wars and the Macedonian Wars.

The surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome* extensively detail the Punic Wars and the Macedonian Wars.

Related Concepts:

  • Which major wars are detailed in the surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome*?: The surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome* detail several major conflicts. Books 1-10 cover wars against the Aequi, Volsci, Etruscans, and Samnites, as well as the Gallic sack of Rome. Books 21-45 cover the Second Punic War and the Macedonian Wars.
  • What are the specific time periods covered by the surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome*?: The surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome* cover two main periods: Books 1-10 detail events from the legendary founding of Rome and the period of the Roman Kingdom up to 293 BC. Books 21-45 cover the Second Punic War (218-202 BC) and the Macedonian and other eastern wars from 201 BC to 167 BC.
  • What historical events are covered in Books 31-45 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Books 31-45 of Livy's *History of Rome* cover the period from 201 BC to 167 BC. This section primarily details the Second Macedonian War and other conflicts in the East, including the Roman-Seleucid War and the Third Macedonian War.

What historical events are primarily detailed in Books 31-45 of Livy's *History of Rome*?

Answer: The Second Punic War and the Macedonian Wars.

Books 31-45 of Livy's *History of Rome* primarily detail the Second Punic War and the Macedonian Wars.

Related Concepts:

  • What historical events are covered in Books 31-45 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Books 31-45 of Livy's *History of Rome* cover the period from 201 BC to 167 BC. This section primarily details the Second Macedonian War and other conflicts in the East, including the Roman-Seleucid War and the Third Macedonian War.
  • What specific events are covered in Book 45 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Book 45 of Livy's *History of Rome*, described as 'almost complete,' covers the period from 168 to 166 BC. Key events include the conclusion of the Third Macedonian War, the capture of Perseus of Macedon, the Sixth Syrian War, and the triumph of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus.
  • What specific events are covered in Book 5 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Book 5 of Livy's *History of Rome*, which is complete, covers the period from 403 to 387 BC. The main events detailed include the war against Veii and the Sack of Rome by Brennus.

What specific events are detailed in Book 22 of Livy's *History of Rome*?

Answer: The Battle of Lake Trasimene and the Battle of Cannae.

Book 22 of Livy's *History of Rome* details events such as the Battle of Lake Trasimene and the Battle of Cannae.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific events are detailed in Book 22 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Book 22 of Livy's *History of Rome*, which is complete, covers the period from 217 to 216 BC during the Second Punic War. It notably includes accounts of the Roman defeats at the Battle of Lake Trasimene and the Battle of Cannae.
  • What are the specific time periods covered by the surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome*?: The surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome* cover two main periods: Books 1-10 detail events from the legendary founding of Rome and the period of the Roman Kingdom up to 293 BC. Books 21-45 cover the Second Punic War (218-202 BC) and the Macedonian and other eastern wars from 201 BC to 167 BC.
  • What specific events are covered in Book 45 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Book 45 of Livy's *History of Rome*, described as 'almost complete,' covers the period from 168 to 166 BC. Key events include the conclusion of the Third Macedonian War, the capture of Perseus of Macedon, the Sixth Syrian War, and the triumph of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus.

What does the table of contents categorize regarding the status of Livy's books?

Answer: 'Complete', 'Almost complete', 'Fragments', or 'Lost'.

The table of contents categorizes Livy's books by their status: 'Complete', 'Almost complete', 'Fragments', or 'Lost'.

Related Concepts:

  • What information is provided by the table of contents regarding the status of Livy's books?: The table of contents categorizes each book of Livy's *History of Rome* by its status: 'Complete,' 'Almost complete,' 'Fragments,' or 'Lost.' This classification helps scholars understand the extent of the surviving text and the gaps in our knowledge of Livy's work.
  • How did Livy structure his *History of Rome*, and how was this structure later modified?: Livy originally organized his work into 'packets,' often groups of ten books known as decades, and sometimes groups of five books called pentads. The later innovation by copyists was to divide the entire work strictly into decades, a system that doesn't perfectly align with Livy's original publication and organizational intent.
  • How much of Livy's original *History of Rome* survives today, and what periods do the surviving books cover?: Only about a quarter of Livy's original 142-book *History of Rome* survives today. The extant portions include Books 1-10, covering events down to 293 BC, and Books 21-45, which detail events from 219 BC to 166 BC.

What specific events are covered in Book 5 of Livy's *History of Rome*?

Answer: The war against Veii and the Sack of Rome by Brennus.

Book 5 of Livy's *History of Rome* covers the war against Veii and the Sack of Rome by Brennus.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific events are covered in Book 5 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Book 5 of Livy's *History of Rome*, which is complete, covers the period from 403 to 387 BC. The main events detailed include the war against Veii and the Sack of Rome by Brennus.
  • What specific events are mentioned in the chronology for Books 1-5 of Livy's work?: Books 1-5 of Livy's work cover the legendary founding of Rome, including the arrival of Aeneas, the story of Romulus and Remus, the period of the Roman Kingdom, and the establishment of the Republic with the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC. They also detail early republican wars and events like the Decemvirate and the Conflict of the Orders.
  • What specific events are covered in Book 45 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Book 45 of Livy's *History of Rome*, described as 'almost complete,' covers the period from 168 to 166 BC. Key events include the conclusion of the Third Macedonian War, the capture of Perseus of Macedon, the Sixth Syrian War, and the triumph of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus.

What is the historical context for Livy's mention of the Hercynian Forest?

Answer: It was first opened up by Roman generals Nero Claudius Drusus and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.

Livy mentions the Hercynian Forest in the context of its exploration by Roman generals Nero Claudius Drusus and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the historical context for Livy's mention of the Hercynian Forest?: Livy mentions the Hercynian Forest (modern Black Forest) in Book 9 when comparing its difficulty to the Ciminian Forest in Italy. He notes that the Hercynian Forest was first opened up by the Roman generals Nero Claudius Drusus and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, placing it within the context of Roman expansion into Germania.

What specific events are covered in Book 10 of Livy's *History of Rome*?

Answer: The Third Samnite War and the sacrifice of Publius Decius Mus.

Book 10 of Livy's *History of Rome* covers the Third Samnite War and includes the sacrifice of Publius Decius Mus.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific events are covered in Book 10 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Book 10 of Livy's *History of Rome*, which is complete, covers the period from 303 to 293 BC. It details the Third Samnite War and includes the notable sacrifice of Publius Decius Mus.
  • What specific events are covered in Book 5 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Book 5 of Livy's *History of Rome*, which is complete, covers the period from 403 to 387 BC. The main events detailed include the war against Veii and the Sack of Rome by Brennus.
  • Which major wars are detailed in the surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome*?: The surviving books of Livy's *History of Rome* detail several major conflicts. Books 1-10 cover wars against the Aequi, Volsci, Etruscans, and Samnites, as well as the Gallic sack of Rome. Books 21-45 cover the Second Punic War and the Macedonian Wars.

What is the historical context of the *Lex Oppia* mentioned in Book 34?

Answer: A law restricting the rights of women, passed in 215 BC and repealed in 193 BC.

The *Lex Oppia*, mentioned in Book 34, was a sumptuary law restricting women's rights, passed in 215 BC and repealed in 193 BC.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the historical context of the *Lex Oppia* mentioned in Book 34?: The *Lex Oppia*, mentioned as being repealed in Book 34, was a Roman sumptuary law passed in 215 BC that restricted the display of wealth, particularly by women. Its repeal in 193 BC, as described by Livy, reflects changing social attitudes and economic conditions in the Republic.

What specific events are covered in Book 45 of Livy's *History of Rome*?

Answer: The conclusion of the Third Macedonian War and the triumph of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus.

Book 45 of Livy's *History of Rome* covers the conclusion of the Third Macedonian War and the triumph of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific events are covered in Book 45 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Book 45 of Livy's *History of Rome*, described as 'almost complete,' covers the period from 168 to 166 BC. Key events include the conclusion of the Third Macedonian War, the capture of Perseus of Macedon, the Sixth Syrian War, and the triumph of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus.
  • What specific events are covered in Book 5 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Book 5 of Livy's *History of Rome*, which is complete, covers the period from 403 to 387 BC. The main events detailed include the war against Veii and the Sack of Rome by Brennus.
  • What historical events are covered in Books 31-45 of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Books 31-45 of Livy's *History of Rome* cover the period from 201 BC to 167 BC. This section primarily details the Second Macedonian War and other conflicts in the East, including the Roman-Seleucid War and the Third Macedonian War.

Manuscript Tradition and Textual Issues

Manuscripts of Livy's work are generally free from damage and present a uniform system for classification.

Answer: False

The source indicates that manuscripts of Livy's work often suffer from damage, resulting in significant gaps (*lacunae*), and lack a uniform system for classification.

Related Concepts:

  • What challenges exist regarding the manuscripts of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Manuscripts of Livy's work present challenges due to damage, resulting in significant gaps or *lacunae* in certain books, such as Books 41 and 43-45. Additionally, there is no uniform system for classifying and naming these manuscripts, and their relationships to each other can be complex and subject to change as scholarly understanding evolves.
  • How did Livy structure his *History of Rome*, and how was this structure later modified?: Livy originally organized his work into 'packets,' often groups of ten books known as decades, and sometimes groups of five books called pentads. The later innovation by copyists was to divide the entire work strictly into decades, a system that doesn't perfectly align with Livy's original publication and organizational intent.
  • What role did the annalistic tradition play in Livy's work?: Livy's work was part of the long-standing Roman "annalistic tradition," which involved writing history year by year. He adopted this structure, including regular announcements of elections, prodigies, and triumphs, to associate his history with traditional Roman historiography and imbue it with an aura of continuity and authority.

The Nicomachean family of manuscripts is crucial because it represents a recension commissioned by Emperor Nero.

Answer: False

The Nicomachean family of manuscripts is crucial because it represents a recension commissioned by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, not Emperor Nero.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the Nicomachean family of manuscripts, and why is it important?: The Nicomachean family of manuscripts refers to a group of manuscripts of the first ten books of Livy's *History of Rome* that descend from a recension commissioned by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus. This recension, involving figures like Tascius Victorianus and Nicomachus Flavianus, is crucial as it forms the basis for most surviving copies of the early books of Livy's work.
  • What was the nature of the 'Nicomachean' recension's influence on Livy's manuscript tradition?: The Nicomachean recension, commissioned by Symmachus and involving figures like Nicomachus Flavianus, established a specific lineage for the manuscripts of the first ten books of Livy's work. Most surviving copies of these early books are derived from this particular recension, making it a critical point in the transmission of the text.
  • What is the 'Nicomachean' recension of Livy's text?: The 'Nicomachean' recension refers to a version of the first ten books of Livy's *History of Rome* that was prepared by Tascius Victorianus under the patronage of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus. It is named after Nicomachus Flavianus, who also contributed to its emendation, and it forms the basis for many later manuscripts.

The Verona Palimpsest contains parts of Livy's Books VII-X, dated to the 4th century.

Answer: False

The Verona Palimpsest contains parts of Livy's Books III-VI, not VII-X, and is dated to the 4th century.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the Verona Palimpsest in relation to Livy's manuscripts?: The Verona Palimpsest is significant because it contains about 60 leaves of Livy's text covering parts of Books III-VI, with handwriting dated to the 4th century. It represents a second family of manuscripts for the first decade and was reconstructed and published by Theodore Mommsen.

Which of the following is a challenge mentioned regarding the manuscripts of Livy's *History of Rome*?

Answer: They suffer from damage, resulting in significant gaps (*lacunae*).

Manuscripts of Livy's work are noted to suffer from damage, leading to significant gaps or *lacunae*.

Related Concepts:

  • What challenges exist regarding the manuscripts of Livy's *History of Rome*?: Manuscripts of Livy's work present challenges due to damage, resulting in significant gaps or *lacunae* in certain books, such as Books 41 and 43-45. Additionally, there is no uniform system for classifying and naming these manuscripts, and their relationships to each other can be complex and subject to change as scholarly understanding evolves.
  • What were Livy's potential sources for the later parts of his history?: For the later parts of his history, which are now lost, Livy would likely have needed to conduct his own research using contemporary testimonies from eyewitnesses, senate records, and speeches of orators. This contrasts with his approach to earlier periods, where he relied more heavily on existing historical accounts.
  • How did Livy approach the early, legendary periods of Roman history in his work?: Livy acknowledged the difficulties in interpreting and reconciling sources for the early history of Rome, stating in his preface that traditions from before the city's foundation were more suited for poetry than historical records. While he included the legendary accounts, such as the story of Romulus and Remus, he also showed skepticism, omitting stories he found improbable, making the early books important for understanding these legends.

What is the significance of the Verona Palimpsest in relation to Livy's manuscript tradition?

Answer: It contains parts of Books III-VI and represents a second family of manuscripts.

The Verona Palimpsest is significant as it contains parts of Livy's Books III-VI and represents a distinct family of manuscripts.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the Verona Palimpsest in relation to Livy's manuscripts?: The Verona Palimpsest is significant because it contains about 60 leaves of Livy's text covering parts of Books III-VI, with handwriting dated to the 4th century. It represents a second family of manuscripts for the first decade and was reconstructed and published by Theodore Mommsen.

What is the significance of the Nicomachean recension of Livy's text?

Answer: It represents a version prepared by Nicomachus Flavianus, forming the basis for many later manuscripts.

The Nicomachean recension, prepared by Nicomachus Flavianus, is significant as it forms the basis for many later manuscripts of Livy's work.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the nature of the 'Nicomachean' recension's influence on Livy's manuscript tradition?: The Nicomachean recension, commissioned by Symmachus and involving figures like Nicomachus Flavianus, established a specific lineage for the manuscripts of the first ten books of Livy's work. Most surviving copies of these early books are derived from this particular recension, making it a critical point in the transmission of the text.
  • What is the 'Nicomachean' recension of Livy's text?: The 'Nicomachean' recension refers to a version of the first ten books of Livy's *History of Rome* that was prepared by Tascius Victorianus under the patronage of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus. It is named after Nicomachus Flavianus, who also contributed to its emendation, and it forms the basis for many later manuscripts.
  • What is the Nicomachean family of manuscripts, and why is it important?: The Nicomachean family of manuscripts refers to a group of manuscripts of the first ten books of Livy's *History of Rome* that descend from a recension commissioned by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus. This recension, involving figures like Tascius Victorianus and Nicomachus Flavianus, is crucial as it forms the basis for most surviving copies of the early books of Livy's work.

Historical Methodology and Sources

The orthodox view considers Livy a highly original historian who conducted extensive primary research.

Answer: False

The orthodox view, as presented, considers Livy a 'very poor historian indeed,' relying on earlier histories without extensive primary research.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the orthodox view regarding Livy's historical methodology?: The orthodox view, as stated in the text, is that Livy was a "very poor historian indeed, whether by ancient or modern standards." This assessment stems from his reliance solely on earlier histories without conducting primary research, his perceived poor understanding of his sources, and potential deficiencies in his knowledge of Greek, which impacted his use of sources like Polybius.
  • Did Livy conduct original research using contemporary documents for his *History of Rome*?: The text suggests Livy did not substantially engage in original research using contemporary documents like inscriptions or senate records, especially for the earlier periods. His approach was more focused on arranging and synthesizing existing narratives, relying heavily on earlier historians and annalists rather than extensive primary source investigation.
  • What was the nature of Livy's engagement with his sources for the early Roman period?: For the early periods, Livy's engagement with sources involved reconciling discrepancies and choosing between conflicting accounts, often using arguments from probability. He generally preferred to maintain the narrative he chose, even if he later identified errors, and rarely cited his sources by name.

Criticisms of Livy's writing include the accuracy of his battle accounts and the rhetorical nature of his speeches.

Answer: True

Criticisms leveled against Livy include the accuracy of his battle accounts and the rhetorical style of his speeches.

Related Concepts:

  • What criticisms have been leveled against Livy's historical writing, beyond his methodology?: Beyond methodological criticisms, Livy has been criticized for the inaccuracy of his battle accounts, the vagueness of his geography, excessive partiality towards certain figures, and the highly rhetorical nature of his speeches and dramatic narrations. These aspects contribute to the view that his work prioritized literary style over strict historical accuracy.
  • What is the orthodox view regarding Livy's historical methodology?: The orthodox view, as stated in the text, is that Livy was a "very poor historian indeed, whether by ancient or modern standards." This assessment stems from his reliance solely on earlier histories without conducting primary research, his perceived poor understanding of his sources, and potential deficiencies in his knowledge of Greek, which impacted his use of sources like Polybius.
  • What was the nature of Livy's engagement with his sources for the early Roman period?: For the early periods, Livy's engagement with sources involved reconciling discrepancies and choosing between conflicting accounts, often using arguments from probability. He generally preferred to maintain the narrative he chose, even if he later identified errors, and rarely cited his sources by name.

Livy treated the early, legendary periods of Roman history with complete skepticism, omitting all traditional accounts.

Answer: False

Livy acknowledged difficulties and showed skepticism towards early legends but did not omit all traditional accounts; he included them while noting their improbable nature.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Livy approach the early, legendary periods of Roman history in his work?: Livy acknowledged the difficulties in interpreting and reconciling sources for the early history of Rome, stating in his preface that traditions from before the city's foundation were more suited for poetry than historical records. While he included the legendary accounts, such as the story of Romulus and Remus, he also showed skepticism, omitting stories he found improbable, making the early books important for understanding these legends.
  • What was Livy's perspective on the reliability of early Roman historical traditions?: Livy himself acknowledged the unreliability of early Roman historical traditions, stating in his preface that accounts from before the city's foundation or during its construction were more fitting for poets than historians. He noted the chronological errors and conflicting accounts found in contemporary sources.
  • What was the nature of Livy's engagement with his sources for the early Roman period?: For the early periods, Livy's engagement with sources involved reconciling discrepancies and choosing between conflicting accounts, often using arguments from probability. He generally preferred to maintain the narrative he chose, even if he later identified errors, and rarely cited his sources by name.

Livy extensively utilized contemporary documents like inscriptions and senate records for his *History of Rome*.

Answer: False

The source suggests Livy did not extensively utilize contemporary documents like inscriptions or senate records, focusing instead on synthesizing existing narratives.

Related Concepts:

  • Did Livy conduct original research using contemporary documents for his *History of Rome*?: The text suggests Livy did not substantially engage in original research using contemporary documents like inscriptions or senate records, especially for the earlier periods. His approach was more focused on arranging and synthesizing existing narratives, relying heavily on earlier historians and annalists rather than extensive primary source investigation.
  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.
  • What were Livy's potential sources for the later parts of his history?: For the later parts of his history, which are now lost, Livy would likely have needed to conduct his own research using contemporary testimonies from eyewitnesses, senate records, and speeches of orators. This contrasts with his approach to earlier periods, where he relied more heavily on existing historical accounts.

Quintus Fabius Pictor and Quintus Ennius were among the historians Livy drew upon for his work.

Answer: True

Livy drew upon earlier Roman historians, including Quintus Fabius Pictor and Quintus Ennius, among others.

Related Concepts:

  • Who were some of the key Roman historians Livy drew upon as sources?: Livy drew upon a tradition of Roman historians, including early figures like Quintus Fabius Pictor and Quintus Ennius, as well as later annalists such as Marcius Porcius Cato, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, and Valerius Antias. However, some of these later annalists are believed to have been less scrupulous and may have invented stories.

Which of the following is a criticism leveled against Livy's historical writing?

Answer: The inaccuracy of his battle accounts and rhetorical speeches.

Criticisms of Livy's writing include the accuracy of his battle accounts and the rhetorical nature of his speeches.

Related Concepts:

  • What criticisms have been leveled against Livy's historical writing, beyond his methodology?: Beyond methodological criticisms, Livy has been criticized for the inaccuracy of his battle accounts, the vagueness of his geography, excessive partiality towards certain figures, and the highly rhetorical nature of his speeches and dramatic narrations. These aspects contribute to the view that his work prioritized literary style over strict historical accuracy.
  • What is the orthodox view regarding Livy's historical methodology?: The orthodox view, as stated in the text, is that Livy was a "very poor historian indeed, whether by ancient or modern standards." This assessment stems from his reliance solely on earlier histories without conducting primary research, his perceived poor understanding of his sources, and potential deficiencies in his knowledge of Greek, which impacted his use of sources like Polybius.
  • Did Livy conduct original research using contemporary documents for his *History of Rome*?: The text suggests Livy did not substantially engage in original research using contemporary documents like inscriptions or senate records, especially for the earlier periods. His approach was more focused on arranging and synthesizing existing narratives, relying heavily on earlier historians and annalists rather than extensive primary source investigation.

What was Livy's approach to the early, legendary periods of Roman history?

Answer: He acknowledged difficulties and showed skepticism, omitting improbable stories while including legends.

Livy acknowledged difficulties with early legends, showing skepticism and omitting improbable stories while still including traditional accounts.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Livy approach the early, legendary periods of Roman history in his work?: Livy acknowledged the difficulties in interpreting and reconciling sources for the early history of Rome, stating in his preface that traditions from before the city's foundation were more suited for poetry than historical records. While he included the legendary accounts, such as the story of Romulus and Remus, he also showed skepticism, omitting stories he found improbable, making the early books important for understanding these legends.
  • What are the earliest periods of Roman history covered in Livy's surviving work?: The earliest periods of Roman history covered in Livy's surviving work are found in Books 1-5. These books detail the foundation myths, including the stories of Aeneas, Romulus and Remus, the period of the Roman Kingdom, and the early Republic up to the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus in 510 BC.
  • What specific events are mentioned in the chronology for Books 1-5 of Livy's work?: Books 1-5 of Livy's work cover the legendary founding of Rome, including the arrival of Aeneas, the story of Romulus and Remus, the period of the Roman Kingdom, and the establishment of the Republic with the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC. They also detail early republican wars and events like the Decemvirate and the Conflict of the Orders.

Did Livy conduct extensive original research using contemporary documents like inscriptions for his *History of Rome*?

Answer: No, he primarily relied on synthesizing existing narratives and earlier historians.

The source suggests Livy primarily relied on synthesizing existing narratives and earlier historians rather than conducting extensive original research using contemporary documents.

Related Concepts:

  • Did Livy conduct original research using contemporary documents for his *History of Rome*?: The text suggests Livy did not substantially engage in original research using contemporary documents like inscriptions or senate records, especially for the earlier periods. His approach was more focused on arranging and synthesizing existing narratives, relying heavily on earlier historians and annalists rather than extensive primary source investigation.
  • What were Livy's potential sources for the later parts of his history?: For the later parts of his history, which are now lost, Livy would likely have needed to conduct his own research using contemporary testimonies from eyewitnesses, senate records, and speeches of orators. This contrasts with his approach to earlier periods, where he relied more heavily on existing historical accounts.
  • What was the nature of Livy's engagement with his sources for the early Roman period?: For the early periods, Livy's engagement with sources involved reconciling discrepancies and choosing between conflicting accounts, often using arguments from probability. He generally preferred to maintain the narrative he chose, even if he later identified errors, and rarely cited his sources by name.

According to the source, what was the orthodox view regarding Livy's historical methodology?

Answer: He was considered a 'very poor historian indeed' due to his reliance on earlier histories without primary research.

The orthodox view presented considers Livy a 'very poor historian indeed' due to his reliance on earlier histories without primary research.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the orthodox view regarding Livy's historical methodology?: The orthodox view, as stated in the text, is that Livy was a "very poor historian indeed, whether by ancient or modern standards." This assessment stems from his reliance solely on earlier histories without conducting primary research, his perceived poor understanding of his sources, and potential deficiencies in his knowledge of Greek, which impacted his use of sources like Polybius.
  • Did Livy conduct original research using contemporary documents for his *History of Rome*?: The text suggests Livy did not substantially engage in original research using contemporary documents like inscriptions or senate records, especially for the earlier periods. His approach was more focused on arranging and synthesizing existing narratives, relying heavily on earlier historians and annalists rather than extensive primary source investigation.
  • What was the nature of Livy's engagement with his sources for the early Roman period?: For the early periods, Livy's engagement with sources involved reconciling discrepancies and choosing between conflicting accounts, often using arguments from probability. He generally preferred to maintain the narrative he chose, even if he later identified errors, and rarely cited his sources by name.

What is the significance of the *Annales maximi* in relation to Livy's sources?

Answer: They were official records kept by the Pontifex Maximus, which Livy did not use.

The *Annales maximi* were official records kept by the Pontifex Maximus, and the source indicates Livy did not utilize them.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the *Annales maximi* in relation to Livy's sources?: The *Annales maximi* were official records kept by the Pontifex Maximus in ancient Rome. The text indicates that Livy did not use these records, nor did he actively seek out inscriptions or other primary documents, suggesting a reliance on secondary sources rather than direct archival research.
  • What role did the annalistic tradition play in Livy's work?: Livy's work was part of the long-standing Roman "annalistic tradition," which involved writing history year by year. He adopted this structure, including regular announcements of elections, prodigies, and triumphs, to associate his history with traditional Roman historiography and imbue it with an aura of continuity and authority.
  • What is the significance of the *Annales* as a potential original title for Livy's work?: The *Annales* refers to a style of Roman history that recorded events year by year. If *Annales* was the original title of Livy's work, it would emphasize his adherence to this annalistic tradition, which structured his narrative around annual cycles of events.

Reception and Legacy

Niccolò Machiavelli's *Discourses on Livy* is a primary source used by Livy for his own historical accounts.

Answer: False

Machiavelli's *Discourses on Livy* is a commentary on Livy's work, not a source used by Livy himself.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the relationship between Livy's *History of Rome* and Machiavelli's *Discourses on Livy*?: Niccolò Machiavelli's work, *Discourses on Livy*, is presented as a commentary on Livy's *History of Rome*. Machiavelli uses Livy's account of Roman history as a basis for his own political philosophy regarding republics.

Philemon Holland completed the first complete English translation of Livy's work in the 17th century.

Answer: True

Philemon Holland completed the first complete English translation of Livy's work, which was published in 1600, at the very beginning of the 17th century.

Related Concepts:

  • Who produced the first complete English translation of Livy's *History of Rome*, and when?: The first complete rendering of Livy's *Ab Urbe Condita* into English was completed by Philemon Holland and published in 1600. This significant translation was presented in a large folio volume and dedicated to Queen Elizabeth I.

Livy's writing is considered a *sine qua non* for Latin curricula due to its simple, unadorned style.

Answer: False

Livy's writing is considered a *sine qua non* for Latin curricula due to its well-crafted prose in the Golden Age style, not its simple, unadorned nature.

Related Concepts:

  • What does the phrase 'sine qua non' mean in relation to Livy's writing in Golden Age Latin curricula?: The phrase *sine qua non* means 'an essential condition' or something indispensable. Livy's writing is considered a *sine qua non* for Latin curricula because his prose in the first and third decades is exceptionally well-crafted and considered essential for studying Golden Age Latin.

Which of the following is a notable modern translation of Livy's *History of Rome*?

Answer: The translation by B.O. Foster for the Loeb Classical Library.

A notable modern translation of Livy's *History of Rome* is the one by B.O. Foster for the Loeb Classical Library.

Related Concepts:

  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.
  • What is the primary work attributed to Titus Livius, and what are its alternative titles?: The primary work attributed to Titus Livius, commonly known as Livy, is the *History of Rome*. This monumental work may have originally been titled *Annales*, and it is also frequently referred to by the Latin phrase *Ab Urbe Condita*, meaning "From the Founding of the City."

What does the phrase *sine qua non* mean in the context of Latin curricula regarding Livy's writing?

Answer: An essential condition or something indispensable.

In the context of Latin curricula, *sine qua non* means an essential condition or something indispensable.

Related Concepts:

  • What does the phrase 'sine qua non' mean in relation to Livy's writing in Golden Age Latin curricula?: The phrase *sine qua non* means 'an essential condition' or something indispensable. Livy's writing is considered a *sine qua non* for Latin curricula because his prose in the first and third decades is exceptionally well-crafted and considered essential for studying Golden Age Latin.

Who produced the first complete English translation of Livy's *History of Rome*, and when?

Answer: Philemon Holland in 1600.

Philemon Holland produced the first complete English translation of Livy's *History of Rome*, published in 1600.

Related Concepts:

  • Who produced the first complete English translation of Livy's *History of Rome*, and when?: The first complete rendering of Livy's *Ab Urbe Condita* into English was completed by Philemon Holland and published in 1600. This significant translation was presented in a large folio volume and dedicated to Queen Elizabeth I.
  • During what period did Livy write his *History of Rome*, and what was its original scope?: Livy wrote his *History of Rome* in Latin between 27 and 9 BC. The original work was intended to cover the entire history of Rome, starting from the legends of Aeneas and the fall of Troy, through the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC, and continuing up to Livy's own time during the reign of Emperor Augustus, with the last event documented being the death of Drusus in 9 BC.

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