Export your learner materials as an interactive game, a webpage, or FAQ style cheatsheet.
Unsaved Work Found!
It looks like you have unsaved work from a previous session. Would you like to restore it?
Total Categories: 6
The period commonly designated as 'Dengist China' spans from the death of Mao Zedong in 1976 up to the Tiananmen Square protests and subsequent massacre in 1989.
Answer: True
The era of Deng Xiaoping's paramount influence, often termed 'Dengist China,' is generally understood to encompass the period from Mao Zedong's death in 1976 until the Tiananmen Square protests and massacre in 1989.
Following Mao Zedong's death, Hua Guofeng immediately consolidated power and successfully implemented Deng Xiaoping's reform policies.
Answer: False
Following Mao Zedong's death, Hua Guofeng initially consolidated power and attempted to continue Maoist policies. Deng Xiaoping's reformist agenda gained prominence later, after a period of political maneuvering.
The 'Two Whatevers' policy, championed by Deng Xiaoping, advocated for pragmatic reforms based on empirical evidence.
Answer: False
The 'Two Whatevers' policy, which stated 'Whatever Chairman Mao said, we will say, and whatever Chairman Mao did, we will do,' was championed by Hua Guofeng, not Deng Xiaoping. It represented adherence to Maoist orthodoxy, contrasting with Deng's later emphasis on pragmatic reforms.
China's economy and society were significantly weakened and isolated in the aftermath of the Cultural Revolution and Mao's death.
Answer: True
The period immediately following the Cultural Revolution and Mao Zedong's death was characterized by a severely weakened and isolated Chinese economy and society, a direct consequence of years of political turmoil and ideological campaigns.
In 1979, the Chinese government officially praised the Cultural Revolution as a period of great progress.
Answer: False
In 1979, the Chinese government officially condemned the Cultural Revolution, characterizing it as an 'appalling catastrophe' and a severe setback, marking a significant repudiation of the Maoist era's tumultuous decade.
Jiang Qing, a member of the Gang of Four, was sentenced to life imprisonment and later released.
Answer: False
Jiang Qing, a prominent member of the Gang of Four, was sentenced to life imprisonment following the trial of the Gang of Four. She did not receive a release and died by suicide in 1991.
The Third Plenum of the 11th CCP Congress in December 1978 shifted the party's focus from class struggle to economic construction.
Answer: True
The Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held in December 1978, marked a critical turning point by officially shifting the party's primary focus from continuous class struggle to the imperative of economic construction and modernization.
What period is commonly referred to as Dengist China?
Answer: 1976 to 1989
The period commonly designated as 'Dengist China' spans from the death of Mao Zedong in 1976 up to the Tiananmen Square protests and massacre in 1989.
Who initially sought to continue Maoist policies after Mao Zedong's death?
Answer: Hua Guofeng
Following Mao Zedong's death, Hua Guofeng, who assumed leadership, initially advocated for the continuation of Maoist policies, encapsulated in the 'Two Whatevers' doctrine.
Which policy, proclaimed by Hua Guofeng, aimed to uphold Mao's directives without deviation?
Answer: Two Whatevers
The 'Two Whatevers' policy, proclaimed by Hua Guofeng, represented a commitment to uphold all of Mao Zedong's directives and principles without deviation.
What was the state of China's economy and society immediately after the Cultural Revolution?
Answer: Weakened, impoverished, and isolated
In the immediate aftermath of the Cultural Revolution and Mao's death, China's economy and society were severely weakened, impoverished, and largely isolated from the international community due to prolonged political turmoil.
Who eventually emerged to lead China after a period of political maneuvering following Mao's death?
Answer: Deng Xiaoping
Following a complex period of political maneuvering after Mao Zedong's death, Deng Xiaoping gradually consolidated power and emerged as the paramount leader of China.
What was the significance of the Third Plenum of the 11th CCP Congress in December 1978?
Answer: It endorsed economic reform and shifted focus to economic construction.
The Third Plenum of the 11th CCP Congress in December 1978 was a pivotal event that officially sanctioned economic reforms and reoriented the party's priorities towards modernization and economic construction.
The 'Four Modernizations' program focused solely on advancing China's military capabilities.
Answer: False
The 'Four Modernizations' program, initiated under Deng Xiaoping, encompassed advancements in agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense, not solely military capabilities.
The 'Reform and Opening Up' policy involved reducing central planning and attracting foreign investment.
Answer: True
The 'Reform and Opening Up' policy marked a fundamental shift in China's economic strategy, characterized by a gradual reduction in centralized economic planning and a concerted effort to attract foreign investment and technology.
Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms were primarily top-down, initiated by central government decrees.
Answer: False
Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms were notably characterized by a bottom-up approach, where successful local experiments were often adopted nationally, contrasting with a purely top-down, centrally dictated model.
The One Child Policy was instituted in 1979 primarily to encourage population growth for economic expansion.
Answer: False
The One Child Policy, instituted in 1979, was primarily implemented to control China's rapidly growing population, which was seen as a significant impediment to economic development and resource management.
The initial rationale for the One Child Policy was to address resource scarcity caused by overpopulation.
Answer: True
The primary rationale behind the institution of the One Child Policy in 1979 was to mitigate the severe strain on resources and infrastructure caused by China's rapidly expanding population.
Deng's reforms allowed peasants to sell surplus produce on the free market, boosting domestic consumption.
Answer: True
A key aspect of Deng Xiaoping's rural reforms involved permitting peasants to sell surplus agricultural produce in free markets, which stimulated domestic consumption and contributed to increased agricultural output.
Which of the following was NOT one of the 'Four Modernizations' initiated by Deng Xiaoping?
Answer: Political Reform
The 'Four Modernizations' program focused on agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense. Political reform was not explicitly included as one of the four core modernizations.
What was a key characteristic of the 'Reform and Opening Up' policy?
Answer: Attracting foreign investment
A cornerstone of the 'Reform and Opening Up' policy was the active effort to attract foreign investment and integrate China into the global economy, moving away from previous isolationist policies.
How did Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms differ fundamentally from Mikhail Gorbachev's Perestroika?
Answer: Deng's reforms were largely bottom-up; Gorbachev's were primarily top-down.
A critical distinction lies in their implementation: Deng Xiaoping's reforms often originated from successful local experiments that were subsequently adopted nationally (bottom-up), whereas Gorbachev's Perestroika was largely driven by central directives from the top down.
What was the primary objective of China's One Child Policy, instituted in 1979?
Answer: To control the rapidly increasing population
The principal objective behind the implementation of the One Child Policy in 1979 was to curb the rapid growth of China's population, thereby alleviating pressure on resources and economic development.
The 1982 Chinese constitution, still in effect, officially denounced personality cults and emphasized foreign assistance for modernization.
Answer: True
The 1982 Constitution of the People's Republic of China, which remains the foundational legal document, formally repudiated personality cults and underscored the importance of seeking foreign assistance to achieve modernization goals.
The Democracy Wall movement in 1978 primarily focused on celebrating Mao Zedong's achievements.
Answer: False
The Democracy Wall movement, emerging in late 1978, was largely characterized by public criticism of the Cultural Revolution, Mao Zedong's legacy, and the existing political system, rather than celebration.
The 'Strike Hard' campaigns initiated in 1983 involved extensive use of capital punishment for crimes.
Answer: True
Initiated in 1983, the 'Strike Hard' campaigns represented a severe crackdown on crime, distinguished by the widespread application of capital punishment and mass executions.
The 'Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign' of 1983 aimed to confiscate Western technology and promote Maoist self-reliance.
Answer: False
The 'Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign' of 1983 targeted perceived Western cultural influences and moral decay, not the confiscation of technology or the promotion of Maoist self-reliance.
Religious freedom was suppressed during the 1980s, similar to the Cultural Revolution period.
Answer: False
In contrast to the Cultural Revolution, the 1980s saw a restoration of religious freedom, with five major faiths officially recognized and permitted to practice under party supervision.
At the 13th Party Congress in 1987, Deng Xiaoping and other elderly leaders fully relinquished all political influence.
Answer: False
While the 13th Party Congress in 1987 saw a formal transition to younger leadership, Deng Xiaoping and other senior figures retained significant, albeit informal, political influence.
Deng Xiaoping significantly elevated the status of intellectuals, recognizing them as crucial for socialist construction.
Answer: True
A key reform under Deng Xiaoping was the elevation of intellectuals' social status, acknowledging their vital role in socialist construction, a marked departure from their persecution during the Cultural Revolution.
The 'New Enlightenment' movement encouraged adherence to strict Marxist-Leninist dogma.
Answer: False
The 'New Enlightenment' movement, emerging in the early 1980s, represented an intellectual trend that encouraged critical thinking and challenged rigid ideological adherence, rather than promoting strict Marxist-Leninist dogma.
The 'Boluan Fanzheng' policy aimed to consolidate the gains of the Cultural Revolution.
Answer: False
'Boluan Fanzheng,' meaning 'correcting chaos and restoring order,' was a policy enacted to repudiate the Cultural Revolution and rectify its negative consequences, not to consolidate its gains.
The 1982 Constitution explicitly rejected the use of foreign assistance for modernization.
Answer: False
Contrary to rejecting foreign assistance, the 1982 Chinese Constitution explicitly emphasized the utilization of foreign aid and investment as crucial components for achieving national modernization.
The 'Campaign against spiritual pollution' was quickly halted because it successfully eliminated Western influences.
Answer: False
The 'Campaign against spiritual pollution' was rapidly halted not due to its success, but because Deng Xiaoping recognized it threatened to undermine the economic reforms and the 'opening up' policy, potentially stifling economic progress.
The 1986 student demonstrations led to the resignation of CCP General Secretary Hu Yaobang.
Answer: True
The student demonstrations in December 1986, which called for greater political liberalization, contributed significantly to the downfall of CCP General Secretary Hu Yaobang, who was subsequently forced to resign.
Portraits of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin were permanently displayed in Tiananmen Square throughout the Dengist era.
Answer: False
While portraits of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin were historically displayed, they were removed from permanent display in Tiananmen Square in 1988, leaving only portraits of Mao Zedong and Sun Yat-sen.
Deng Xiaoping believed that immediate implementation of democracy was essential for China's stability.
Answer: False
Deng Xiaoping maintained that China was not yet ready for immediate democratic implementation, believing it could lead to instability and civil war, and emphasized the necessity of Communist Party leadership for national stability and development.
The 'Four Olds' campaign was a policy implemented during Dengist China to encourage Western cultural practices.
Answer: False
The 'Four Olds' campaign, which aimed to destroy 'old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits,' was a movement associated with the Cultural Revolution, not Dengist China, and sought to eradicate traditional and foreign influences, not encourage them.
What was the initial focus of the 'Democracy Wall' movement that emerged in late 1978?
Answer: Criticizing the Cultural Revolution and Mao
The 'Democracy Wall' movement initially gained momentum through public postings that criticized the excesses of the Cultural Revolution and questioned Mao Zedong's legacy, although it later evolved to include broader political demands.
The 'Strike Hard' campaigns, initiated in 1983, were characterized by:
Answer: Liberal use of capital punishment
The 'Strike Hard' campaigns, launched in 1983, were known for their severity and the extensive use of capital punishment as a deterrent against crime.
Why was the 'Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign' of 1983 quickly halted?
Answer: It threatened to undermine Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms.
Deng Xiaoping abruptly halted the 'Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign' because its broad scope and ideological fervor risked disrupting the economic reforms and the 'opening up' policies that were central to his agenda.
During the 1980s, religious freedom in China:
Answer: Was restored for five official faiths under party supervision.
Following the Cultural Revolution, the 1980s saw a relaxation of restrictions on religious practice, with five major faiths being officially recognized and permitted to operate under the supervision of the Communist Party.
What was a primary reason for the student protests in December 1986?
Answer: Demands for faster economic reforms and less government control.
The student demonstrations in December 1986 primarily stemmed from dissatisfaction with the pace of reform and a desire for greater political liberalization and reduced government control over academic and social life.
At the 13th Party Congress in 1987, what significant change occurred regarding leadership?
Answer: Elderly leaders formally stepped down, but retained influence.
The 13th Party Congress in 1987 marked a formal leadership transition where Deng Xiaoping and other senior figures relinquished their official posts, though they continued to exert considerable behind-the-scenes influence.
How did Deng Xiaoping change the standing of intellectuals in China?
Answer: He elevated their social status, recognizing their importance.
Deng Xiaoping's reforms included a significant elevation of the social standing of intellectuals, acknowledging their crucial contribution to China's modernization efforts, a stark contrast to their treatment during the Cultural Revolution.
The 'Boluan Fanzheng' policy was primarily aimed at:
Answer: Correcting the chaos and restoring order after the Cultural Revolution
The 'Boluan Fanzheng' policy was instituted to systematically correct the political and social chaos resulting from the Cultural Revolution and to restore order and normalcy to the nation.
What did the 1982 Constitution emphasize regarding foreign involvement?
Answer: The utilization of foreign assistance for modernization
The 1982 Constitution explicitly recognized the necessity of foreign assistance and investment as integral components for achieving China's modernization objectives.
The 'Four Olds' campaign is associated with which period of Chinese history?
Answer: The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
The 'Four Olds' campaign, aimed at eradicating traditional elements, is a characteristic movement of the Cultural Revolution period (1966-1976).
During Deng Xiaoping's era, China improved relations with the Soviet Union but severed ties with the United States.
Answer: False
Deng Xiaoping's era saw a significant shift in foreign policy, characterized by the establishment of full diplomatic relations with the United States in 1979, while relations with the Soviet Union remained strained due to ideological and geopolitical differences.
The establishment of full diplomatic relations between the US and China occurred on January 1, 1979.
Answer: True
A pivotal moment in Sino-American relations, the normalization of diplomatic ties and the establishment of full diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States officially took place on January 1, 1979.
The 'one country, two systems' framework was initially proposed for the reunification of mainland China and Taiwan.
Answer: False
While the 'one country, two systems' framework was later proposed as a model for potential reunification with Taiwan, its initial and primary application was in the context of the handover of Hong Kong from British to Chinese sovereignty.
Deng Xiaoping's visit to Japan in 1978 resulted in the conclusion of a peace treaty, ending the state of war.
Answer: True
Deng Xiaoping's landmark visit to Japan in October 1978 culminated in the signing of a peace and friendship treaty, formally concluding the state of war that had persisted since the 1930s.
China's foreign policy under Deng continued the Maoist alliance with the Soviet Union.
Answer: False
Under Deng Xiaoping, China's foreign policy shifted away from the Maoist era's alignment. Instead of continuing an alliance, China viewed the Soviet Union as a hegemonic threat and maintained a stance of strategic distance.
The stated reason for China's 1979 incursion into Vietnam included Vietnam's mistreatment of ethnic Chinese residents.
Answer: True
Among the justifications cited by China for its 1979 incursion into Vietnam were Vietnam's alleged mistreatment of ethnic Chinese residents, its close ties with the Soviet Union, and its regional policies.
The Sino-British Joint Declaration guaranteed the transfer of Hong Kong to China with minimal changes to its system.
Answer: False
The Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984 stipulated the transfer of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty in 1997, with provisions for a high degree of autonomy under the 'one country, two systems' framework, but it did not guarantee 'minimal changes' as systems were expected to adapt over time.
Which of the following was a key foreign policy shift during Deng Xiaoping's era?
Answer: Establishing full diplomatic relations with the United States
A significant foreign policy shift under Deng Xiaoping was the normalization of relations with the West, most notably the establishment of full diplomatic relations with the United States in 1979.
When were full diplomatic relations established between the People's Republic of China and the United States?
Answer: 1979
The normalization of relations and the establishment of full diplomatic ties between the People's Republic of China and the United States occurred on January 1, 1979.
The 'one country, two systems' framework was proposed in the context of which territory's handover?
Answer: Hong Kong
The 'one country, two systems' framework was primarily developed and proposed in anticipation of the handover of Hong Kong from British to Chinese administration in 1997.
What was the outcome of Deng Xiaoping's 1978 visit to Japan?
Answer: Conclusion of a peace treaty ending the state of war
Deng Xiaoping's 1978 visit to Japan resulted in the signing of a Treaty of Peace and Friendship, formally concluding the state of war that had existed between the two nations.
How did China's foreign policy under Deng address the Soviet Union?
Answer: Viewed the Soviet Union as a hegemonistic threat.
China's foreign policy under Deng Xiaoping maintained a critical stance towards the Soviet Union, viewing it as a hegemonic power and a strategic threat, thus eschewing any restoration of the former alliance.
Which of the following was cited as a reason for China's 1979 incursion into Vietnam?
Answer: Vietnam's close ties with the Soviet Union
Among the stated justifications for China's 1979 military action against Vietnam was Vietnam's alignment with the Soviet Union, which China perceived as a regional threat.
What did the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984 stipulate regarding Hong Kong?
Answer: Hong Kong would be transferred to PRC control in 1997 with guaranteed autonomy.
The Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984 established that Hong Kong would be returned to the People's Republic of China in 1997, with provisions for a high degree of autonomy under the 'one country, two systems' framework.
The death of reform-minded Hu Yaobang was the immediate trigger for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.
Answer: True
The death of Hu Yaobang in April 1989, a figure associated with reform, served as the immediate catalyst that mobilized students and intellectuals, leading to the large-scale protests in Tiananmen Square.
The Chinese government declared martial law on May 20, 1989, in response to the Tiananmen Square protests.
Answer: True
On May 20, 1989, the Chinese government imposed martial law in Beijing in an effort to quell the escalating Tiananmen Square protests.
Official PRC estimates placed the death toll from the Tiananmen Square crackdown between two and three thousand.
Answer: False
Official People's Republic of China estimates for the death toll during the Tiananmen Square crackdown were significantly lower, typically cited as between two and three hundred, not two to three thousand.
Zhao Ziyang was rehabilitated politically shortly after the Tiananmen Square protests.
Answer: False
Zhao Ziyang, who opposed the military crackdown, was purged and placed under house arrest following the Tiananmen Square protests, remaining under strict surveillance until his death and never receiving political rehabilitation.
The '4-26 Editorial' published in the People's Daily supported the 1989 protesters and called for dialogue.
Answer: False
The '4-26 Editorial' published in the People's Daily denounced the 1989 protests as 'turmoil,' signaling the government's hardline stance and escalating the political crisis, rather than supporting the protesters or calling for dialogue.
Which event served as the immediate catalyst for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests?
Answer: The death of Hu Yaobang
The death of Hu Yaobang in April 1989, a reformist figure who had been purged, provided the immediate impetus for widespread public mourning and subsequent large-scale protests that culminated in the Tiananmen Square demonstrations.
What action did the Chinese government take on May 20, 1989, regarding the Tiananmen Square protests?
Answer: Declared martial law
On May 20, 1989, the Chinese government declared martial law in Beijing in response to the persistent Tiananmen Square protests, signaling an escalation of its efforts to suppress the movement.
What was the official PRC estimate for the death toll during the Tiananmen Square crackdown?
Answer: Between 200 and 300
Official estimates provided by the People's Republic of China regarding the death toll from the Tiananmen Square crackdown typically range between two and three hundred individuals.
What happened to Zhao Ziyang after the Tiananmen Square protests?
Answer: He was placed under house arrest until his death.
Zhao Ziyang, who had advocated for a more conciliatory approach to the Tiananmen protesters, was removed from his positions and subsequently placed under house arrest, where he remained until his death.
The '1978 Truth Criterion Controversy' supported Hua Guofeng's 'Two Whatevers' policy.
Answer: False
The '1978 Truth Criterion Controversy,' particularly the influential article 'Practice is the Sole Criterion for Testing Truth,' fundamentally challenged and undermined Hua Guofeng's 'Two Whatevers' policy by advocating for empirical evidence and pragmatic assessment over dogmatic adherence.
Deng Xiaoping believed that effective economic ideas should be adopted regardless of their origin, reducing the emphasis on strict ideology.
Answer: True
Deng Xiaoping's pragmatic philosophy emphasized 'seeking truth from facts,' advocating for the adoption of effective economic policies irrespective of their ideological origins, thereby reducing the primacy of strict Marxist ideology in economic decision-making.
Deng Xiaoping's pragmatic approach to economic decision-making is best summarized by which principle?
Answer: Seek truth from facts
Deng Xiaoping's pragmatic philosophy was encapsulated in the principle 'seek truth from facts,' which guided his approach to economic policy and reform, prioritizing empirical results over rigid ideological dogma.