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The Hukou system in the People's Republic of China is exclusively a modern construct designed solely for population management during periods of rapid industrialization.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. The Hukou system has historical antecedents dating back to ancient China. While its current form was established in 1958 and it has been instrumental in managing population during industrialization, it is not solely a modern invention, nor was its purpose exclusively industrial management.
The Hukou system was established in its current form by the 'People's Republic of China Hukou Registration Regulation' of 1958.
Answer: True
The current iteration of the Hukou system was formally established by the 'People's Republic of China Hukou Registration Regulation' enacted in 1958, building upon earlier administrative practices and historical precedents.
According to its original legislation, the Hukou system was intended to facilitate socialist construction and protect citizen rights.
Answer: True
The original legislation for the Hukou system stated its purposes included maintaining social order, protecting citizens' rights and interests, and serving the broader objective of socialist construction.
Early Chinese household registration systems like 'xiangsui' and 'baojia' were mainly used for population counts for census purposes.
Answer: False
Early Chinese registration systems such as 'xiangsui' and 'baojia' served broader administrative purposes including taxation, conscription, and migration regulation, not solely population counts for census purposes. The 'baojia' system, in particular, emphasized mutual accountability.
The 1958 Hukou Registration Regulation primarily aimed to grant equal benefits to both rural and urban residents.
Answer: False
The 1958 Hukou Registration Regulation formally established the distinction between agricultural and non-agricultural hukou statuses, which resulted in unequal access to state benefits, favoring urban residents over rural ones.
Luo Ruiqing, as Minister of Public Security, played a role in outlining the vision for the Hukou system in 1950.
Answer: True
In 1950, Luo Ruiqing, serving as the Minister of Public Security, published a statement that articulated the foundational vision for the implementation of the Hukou system within the People's Republic of China.
The 'baojia' system, used in ancient China, created a system where individuals were held accountable for the actions of their neighbors.
Answer: True
The 'baojia' system, a form of collective responsibility implemented in ancient China, established groups of citizens wherein members were held accountable for the transgressions of others within their group.
The current form of the Hukou system was formally established by which regulation?
Answer: The 1958 People's Republic of China Hukou Registration Regulation.
The current iteration of the Hukou system was formally codified by the 'People's Republic of China Hukou Registration Regulation' enacted in 1958, which established the foundational structure and distinctions that persist today.
What were the primary uses of early Chinese registration systems like 'xiangsui' and 'baojia'?
Answer: Taxation, conscription, and migration regulation.
Early Chinese household registration systems, such as 'xiangsui' and 'baojia,' were primarily utilized for administrative functions including taxation, military conscription, and the regulation of population movement.
The 1958 Hukou Registration Regulation was significant because it:
Answer: Formally established the current system, dividing the population into agricultural and non-agricultural statuses.
The 1958 Hukou Registration Regulation was pivotal as it formally instituted the current system, establishing the critical distinction between agricultural and non-agricultural hukou statuses, which profoundly impacted access to state resources.
Who published a statement outlining the vision for the Hukou system's implementation in the PRC in 1950?
Answer: Luo Ruiqing, Minister of Public Security.
In 1950, Luo Ruiqing, who held the position of Minister of Public Security, issued a statement that delineated the initial vision for the implementation of the Hukou system within the People's Republic of China.
What was a key feature of the 'baojia' system in ancient China?
Answer: It established groups of citizens for mutual accountability and rule enforcement.
The 'baojia' system, prevalent in ancient China, organized citizens into groups for the purpose of mutual accountability, ensuring adherence to rules and collective responsibility for transgressions within the group.
The term 'huji' refers specifically to an individual's registered residency status, while 'hukou' denotes the overall household registration system.
Answer: False
The terminology is reversed: 'huji' is the formal name for the overall household registration system, while 'hukou' refers to an individual's specific registered residency status within that system, though the terms are often used interchangeably in common parlance.
A standard Hukou record primarily contains information about an individual's political affiliations and social credit score.
Answer: False
A standard Hukou record primarily contains identifying demographic information such as name, parents, spouse, and date of birth, serving as proof of permanent residency. It does not typically include details on political affiliations or social credit scores.
The primary stated rationale for implementing the Hukou system in the mid-20th century was to encourage rapid urbanization and industrial growth.
Answer: False
The primary rationale for implementing the Hukou system in the mid-20th century was to manage mass migration and maintain social order, given concerns about food security and limited industrial capacity, rather than to encourage rapid, uncontrolled urbanization.
The literal translation of 'hukou' in Chinese means 'family record book'.
Answer: False
The literal translation of 'hukou' is 'household individual' or 'household mouth,' referencing the historical practice of counting individuals as 'mouths to feed.' It does not translate to 'family record book'.
The Hukou system functioned as a tool of the command economy by controlling labor distribution and population placement.
Answer: True
The Hukou system served as a critical instrument within China's command economy by enabling the state to control the allocation of labor and the distribution of the population, thereby supporting national industrialization objectives.
What is the fundamental administrative purpose of the Hukou system within the People's Republic of China?
Answer: To identify permanent residents and link them to social services and benefits.
The Hukou system serves as a household registration mechanism that officially identifies individuals as permanent residents of a specific locality. This registration is intrinsically linked to the allocation of social services, welfare benefits, and other rights contingent upon residency.
Which of the following best describes the distinction between the terms 'huji' and 'hukou' in the context of the Chinese registration system?
Answer: 'Huji' is the formal system name, and 'hukou' refers to the individual's registered residency status, though often used interchangeably.
Formally, 'huji' denotes the entire household registration system, while 'hukou' specifically refers to an individual's registered residency status within that system. However, 'hukou' is commonly employed colloquially to encompass both the system and the individual record.
What type of information is typically contained within a standard Hukou registration record?
Answer: Name, parents, spouse, and date of birth.
A typical Hukou registration record primarily includes fundamental identifying demographic information such as a person's name, details about their parents and spouse, and their date of birth, serving as official proof of permanent residency.
What was a primary reason for implementing the Hukou system in the mid-20th century?
Answer: To manage mass migration and maintain social order amid concerns about food security and industrial capacity.
The Hukou system was implemented to control mass migration, address concerns regarding food security, and manage social order in urban areas with limited employment opportunities, thereby supporting stability during a period of industrial development.
Which of the following was stated as a purpose of the Hukou system in its original legislation?
Answer: To maintain social order and serve the establishment of socialism.
The original legislative framework for the Hukou system articulated its objectives as maintaining social order, safeguarding citizens' rights, and contributing to the broader goal of establishing socialism.
What is the literal meaning of the Chinese term 'hukou'?
Answer: Household individual or household mouth.
The literal translation of the Chinese term 'hukou' is 'household individual' or 'household mouth.' The character 'kou' (mouth) historically referred to counting individuals within a household, akin to a per capita measure.
How did the Hukou system serve as an instrument of China's command economy?
Answer: By controlling the labor force and population distribution to support state industrialization plans.
Within the command economy framework, the Hukou system enabled the state to meticulously control the labor force and population distribution, thereby directing resources and manpower towards achieving state-mandated industrialization objectives.
The Hukou system is often compared to a caste system due to its rigid division between agricultural and non-agricultural statuses, which created lasting inequalities.
Answer: True
The Hukou system is frequently likened to a caste system because its classification of residents into agricultural (rural) and non-agricultural (urban) categories, tied to distinct social programs and benefits, engendered significant and enduring inequalities between these groups over decades.
Historically, rural hukou holders received preferential access to government benefits like pensions and healthcare compared to urban hukou holders.
Answer: False
Historically, the opposite was true: individuals with non-agricultural (urban) hukou status typically received preferential access to government benefits such as pensions, education, and healthcare, while rural hukou holders often lacked these provisions.
Having an urban hukou during the Great Chinese Famine significantly reduced an individual's chances of survival due to better food access.
Answer: True
During the Great Chinese Famine, possessing an urban hukou significantly enhanced survival prospects due to guaranteed access to government-provided food rations, whereas rural hukou holders faced severe food shortages and disproportionately higher mortality rates.
The Hukou system has ensured that elderly individuals in rural areas receive robust government retirement programs similar to those in urban areas.
Answer: False
The Hukou system has historically resulted in rural elderly individuals receiving less robust government retirement programs and social support compared to their urban counterparts, often relying more heavily on family support.
The Hukou system contributed to social stratification by creating advantages for urban residents in accessing services and opportunities.
Answer: True
The Hukou system fostered social stratification by establishing a distinct divide between rural and urban populations, granting urban residents superior access to essential services, educational opportunities, and employment prospects.
The Hukou system's classification of rural vs. urban residents played a role in the differential mortality rates during the Great Leap Forward famine.
Answer: True
The Hukou system's categorization of residents into rural and urban groups significantly influenced the differential impact of the Great Leap Forward famine, with rural hukou holders experiencing substantially higher mortality rates due to restricted access to food rations.
The Hukou system is primarily criticized for promoting social stratification and limiting opportunities for rural migrants.
Answer: True
The Hukou system faces significant criticism for its role in perpetuating social stratification and restricting access to essential services and opportunities for individuals migrating from rural to urban areas.
Converting to an urban hukou typically guarantees rural residents retention of their agricultural land rights.
Answer: False
Conversion to an urban hukou often entails the forfeiture of agricultural land rights, which are typically tied to rural hukou status. This potential loss of rights can be a significant deterrent for rural residents considering conversion.
Why is the Hukou system sometimes compared to a caste system?
Answer: Because it rigidly classifies residents into agricultural and non-agricultural statuses, creating persistent inequalities.
The comparison to a caste system arises from the Hukou system's rigid classification of residents into agricultural and non-agricultural categories, which has historically resulted in significant and enduring disparities in access to resources and opportunities.
What historical disparity existed in government benefits between urban and rural hukou holders?
Answer: Urban holders historically received preferential access to benefits like pensions and healthcare.
Historically, individuals possessing non-agricultural (urban) hukou status were granted preferential access to state-provided benefits, including pensions, education, and healthcare, which were often less accessible or unavailable to rural hukou holders.
What was the impact of having an urban hukou during the Great Chinese Famine (1958-1962)?
Answer: It significantly increased the chances of survival due to access to government-provided food rations.
Possessing an urban hukou during the Great Chinese Famine substantially improved an individual's likelihood of survival, primarily because urban residents were entitled to state-allocated food rations, a provision largely unavailable to rural populations.
How has the Hukou system impacted the elderly in rural areas?
Answer: They often lack direct family support due to migration and rely more on family than government programs.
The migration of working-age adults to cities often leaves elderly individuals in rural areas without direct family support. While urban elderly may receive more comprehensive government retirement programs, rural elderly frequently depend more heavily on family resources.
How did the Hukou system contribute to social stratification in China?
Answer: By creating a divide between rural and urban populations with unequal access to services and opportunities.
The Hukou system contributed to social stratification by establishing a clear division between rural and urban populations, granting urban residents privileged access to social services, education, and employment opportunities, thereby creating a system of inherited advantage and disadvantage.
The Hukou system's classification of rural vs. urban residents influenced which major historical event's impact?
Answer: The Great Leap Forward famine.
The Hukou system's classification of residents into rural and urban categories played a significant role in determining the differential mortality rates and overall impact of the Great Leap Forward famine.
The Hukou system is primarily criticized today for:
Answer: Creating social stratification and limiting opportunities for rural migrants.
Contemporary criticism of the Hukou system predominantly focuses on its role in fostering social stratification and restricting access to opportunities and services for individuals migrating from rural areas.
The Hukou system's restriction on internal migration is credited with preventing the development of urban slums and public health issues during China's development.
Answer: True
By restricting internal migration, particularly from rural to urban areas, the Hukou system is credited with helping to prevent the emergence of widespread urban slums and associated public health crises that often accompany rapid urbanization in developing nations.
During the Maoist era, the Hukou system was instrumental in controlling population movement to support industrialization goals.
Answer: True
During the Maoist era, the Hukou system was a key instrument for controlling population movement, particularly from rural to urban areas, to facilitate state-directed industrialization and manage resource allocation.
Migrant workers in China since the 1980s have generally experienced equal job priority and career growth opportunities compared to urban workers.
Answer: False
Migrant workers in China since the 1980s have typically faced disadvantages, including lower job priority, limited career advancement, and fewer employment benefits compared to urban residents, often due to their non-urban hukou status.
The Hukou system has resulted in millions of children being 'left behind' in rural areas while their parents work in cities.
Answer: True
A significant consequence of the Hukou system's restrictions on migration is the phenomenon of millions of children remaining in rural areas, cared for by relatives, while their parents migrate to urban centers for employment.
Children of migrant workers typically face no barriers accessing urban public education due to their parents' employment.
Answer: False
Children of migrant workers often encounter significant barriers to accessing urban public education, including higher fees, enrollment difficulties, and limited availability of spots in desirable schools, due to their non-urban hukou status.
Psychological studies show 'left-behind' children are less likely to experience loneliness and depression compared to children living with both parents.
Answer: False
Research indicates that 'left-behind' children are more susceptible to experiencing loneliness, depression, and other mental health challenges, as well as behavioral difficulties, compared to children who live with both parents.
Rural residents are generally eager to convert their hukou to urban status immediately, regardless of property rights.
Answer: False
Many rural residents may hesitate to convert their hukou to urban status immediately, particularly if it entails forfeiting valuable property rights to their agricultural land, which has become increasingly valuable.
How did the Hukou system contribute positively to China's economic development according to the source?
Answer: By preventing the emergence of urban slums and public health issues through migration control.
By regulating internal migration, the Hukou system is credited with mitigating the development of urban slums and public health challenges commonly associated with rapid urbanization, thereby contributing to a more stable environment for economic growth.
During the Maoist era, how was the Hukou system primarily used?
Answer: To control population movement, especially rural-to-urban, supporting industrialization.
In the Maoist era, the Hukou system was predominantly employed to regulate population mobility, particularly restricting rural-to-urban migration, in order to support state-led industrialization efforts and manage resource distribution.
Which challenge have migrant workers in China commonly faced since the 1980s due to the Hukou system?
Answer: Lower wages and fewer employment benefits compared to urban workers.
Migrant workers, often rural residents seeking urban employment, have frequently encountered disadvantages such as lower wages, reduced employment benefits, and limited legal protections compared to urban residents, largely attributable to their non-urban hukou status.
What is a major consequence of the Hukou system for the children of migrant workers?
Answer: Many become 'left-behind' children in rural areas, or face barriers to urban services if they migrate with parents.
The Hukou system contributes to the phenomenon of 'left-behind' children in rural areas and creates obstacles for children migrating with their parents, limiting their access to urban public services, particularly education.
What psychological and social impacts are reported for 'left-behind' children?
Answer: Higher rates of loneliness, depression, and difficulties interacting with peers.
Studies indicate that 'left-behind' children exhibit a greater propensity for experiencing loneliness, depression, behavioral challenges, and difficulties in peer interactions compared to children residing with both parents.
Why might some rural residents be hesitant to convert their hukou to urban status?
Answer: They may lose property rights to their land, which has become valuable.
Rural residents may exhibit reluctance to convert their hukou to urban status due to the potential forfeiture of property rights associated with their agricultural land, rights that are typically not extended to urban hukou holders.
What issue did the Hukou system create regarding the education of migrant workers' children?
Answer: They faced limited access to urban education, higher fees, and often had to take exams in their rural hometowns.
Children of migrant workers frequently encountered barriers to urban education, including elevated fees, enrollment challenges, and the requirement to take standardized examinations in their rural hometowns, thereby potentially limiting their educational trajectory.
What potential drawback might rural residents face when converting their hukou to urban status, concerning property?
Answer: They might forfeit their property rights to agricultural land.
A significant potential drawback for rural residents converting their hukou to urban status is the possible forfeiture of their property rights to agricultural land, which are typically tied to their rural registration.
The Chinese Hukou system served as a model for similar household registration systems in countries like South Korea and Vietnam.
Answer: True
The Chinese Hukou system influenced the development of comparable household registration systems in neighboring East Asian nations, including South Korea (hoju) and Vietnam (hộ khẩu), which served analogous administrative functions.
Deng Xiaoping's reforms after 1978 led to stricter controls on migration from rural areas to major cities.
Answer: False
Deng Xiaoping's reforms initiated after 1978 led to a gradual easing of restrictions on migration from rural areas, particularly to smaller cities, and introduced temporary permits, rather than imposing stricter controls on movement to major urban centers.
The 2014 reforms aimed to eliminate the distinction between agricultural and non-agricultural hukou statuses.
Answer: True
A key component of the Hukou reforms announced in 2014 was the stated intention to eliminate the formal distinction between agricultural and non-agricultural hukou statuses, aiming to reduce disparities.
The 'blue stamp' hukou policy offered urban residency to skilled workers and investors in specific cities starting in the late 1980s.
Answer: True
The 'blue stamp' hukou policy, introduced in the late 1980s and widely adopted later, was designed to grant urban residency and associated welfare benefits to skilled laborers and investors in designated cities.
The Hukou system is actively used in both mainland China and the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong.
Answer: False
The Hukou system is actively used in mainland China but is not employed in the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau, which utilize different residency and registration frameworks, such as the 'right of abode'.
Mainland Chinese individuals moving to Hong Kong or Macau must relinquish their mainland hukou to obtain residency in the SARs.
Answer: True
Individuals migrating from mainland China to Hong Kong or Macau typically must relinquish their mainland hukou to be eligible for permanent residency in those Special Administrative Regions after a qualifying period of residence.
The PRC and ROC (Taiwan) legally recognize each other's household registration systems and grant full citizenship rights based on them.
Answer: False
Neither the People's Republic of China (PRC) nor the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan legally recognizes the other's household registration system for granting full citizenship rights. Each government claims sovereignty over the other's territory but typically bases rights on registration within their own controlled areas.
The 'Great Firewall' is a component of the Hukou system designed to manage internal migration.
Answer: False
The 'Great Firewall' is China's internet censorship and surveillance system. It is distinct from the Hukou system, which manages household registration and population movement, although both represent forms of state control.
The 'Beijing Consensus' describes China's state-led development model, which is supported by administrative systems like Hukou.
Answer: True
The 'Beijing Consensus' refers to China's state-driven development model. Administrative systems like the Hukou, which facilitate state control over population and resources, are integral to the functioning of this model.
'Panda Diplomacy' involves the administrative registration of citizens, similar to the Hukou system.
Answer: False
'Panda Diplomacy' is a practice of sending giant pandas as gifts to other nations for goodwill. It is a form of cultural diplomacy and bears no relation to the administrative registration of citizens inherent in the Hukou system.
The 'National New-Type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020)' aimed to grant urban hukou to millions and reduce urban-rural disparities.
Answer: True
The 'National New-Type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020)' set objectives to grant urban hukou status to millions of individuals and to mitigate the disparities between urban and rural populations.
The 'One Country, Two Systems' principle applies the Hukou system uniformly across mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau.
Answer: False
The 'One Country, Two Systems' principle explains why Hong Kong and Macau have distinct residency and registration systems (e.g., 'right of abode') that differ from the mainland Hukou system; it does not apply the Hukou uniformly across these regions.
The 'Anti-Secession Law' is directly related to the regulation of internal migration within the Hukou system.
Answer: False
The 'Anti-Secession Law' pertains to cross-strait relations concerning Taiwan's potential secession from the PRC. It is not directly related to the regulation of internal migration managed by the Hukou system.
The 'Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence' guide China's domestic Hukou policy.
Answer: False
The 'Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence' are foundational principles of China's foreign policy, guiding its international relations. They do not directly guide domestic policy matters such as the Hukou system.
The 'Belt and Road Initiative' focuses on domestic population management, similar to the Hukou system's goals.
Answer: False
The 'Belt and Road Initiative' is a global strategy focused on international infrastructure development and economic cooperation. It is distinct from the Hukou system's primary objective of domestic population management and registration.
The concept of a 'Community of Common Destiny' relates to the administrative structure of the Hukou system.
Answer: False
The 'Community of Common Destiny' is a foreign policy concept advocating for shared global development and cooperation. It is unrelated to the administrative structure or function of the domestic Hukou system.
The 'United Front' strategy is primarily concerned with managing household registration data.
Answer: False
The 'United Front' is a political strategy employed by the Chinese Communist Party to unite various social and political groups under its leadership. It is not primarily concerned with managing household registration data.
China's 'democratic parties' operate independently of the CCP and manage their own registration systems.
Answer: False
China's 'democratic parties' operate under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) within a system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation. They do not manage independent registration systems.
The 'System of multi-party cooperation and political consultation' is directly managed through the Hukou registration process.
Answer: False
The 'System of multi-party cooperation and political consultation' describes the relationship between the CCP and other legally recognized parties. This political framework is separate from and not directly managed through the Hukou registration process.
The 'Chinese Dream' concept, promoted by Xi Jinping, is intrinsically linked to the Hukou system's function of controlling rural-to-urban migration.
Answer: False
The 'Chinese Dream' is an ideological concept symbolizing national rejuvenation and prosperity. While the Hukou system influences migration patterns, its function is not intrinsically linked to the 'Chinese Dream' concept itself.
'Whole-process people's democracy' refers to the administrative procedures involved in Hukou conversion.
Answer: False
'Whole-process people's democracy' is a political concept describing the CCP's approach to governance and participation. It is not related to the administrative procedures of Hukou conversion.
The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) is responsible for enforcing Hukou registration laws.
Answer: False
The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) is the CCP's highest body for enforcing party discipline and combating corruption. Enforcement of Hukou registration laws falls under the purview of public security and household registration authorities, not the CCDI.
The National Supervisory Commission (NSC) works with the Hukou system to track citizen movements.
Answer: False
The National Supervisory Commission (NSC) is a state supervisory body focused on preventing and investigating corruption among public officials. It does not directly work with the Hukou system to track general citizen movements.
The China International Development Cooperation Agency (CIDCA) manages the Hukou registration process for foreign nationals.
Answer: False
The China International Development Cooperation Agency (CIDCA) is responsible for managing China's foreign aid programs. The Hukou registration process, particularly for foreign nationals, is handled by immigration and public security authorities, not CIDCA.
The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is involved in regulating internal population movement within China.
Answer: False
The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a multilateral development bank focused on financing infrastructure projects. It is not involved in regulating internal population movement within China.
Which neighboring countries' registration systems were influenced by the Chinese Hukou system?
Answer: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.
The Chinese Hukou system served as an influential model for the development of similar household registration systems in neighboring East Asian countries, notably Japan (koseki), South Korea (hoju), and Vietnam (hộ khẩu).
What change occurred regarding migration controls after Deng Xiaoping's reforms initiated in 1978?
Answer: Migration to smaller cities was eased, but major cities remained regulated, and temporary permits were introduced.
Following Deng Xiaoping's reforms starting in 1978, migration controls were relaxed, particularly for movement to smaller cities. While restrictions persisted for major urban centers, temporary residency permits became common for migrant laborers.
Which key change was part of the Hukou reforms announced in 2014?
Answer: The elimination of the distinction between agricultural and non-agricultural hukou status.
A significant reform announced in 2014 involved the intention to eliminate the formal distinction between agricultural and non-agricultural hukou statuses, aiming to reduce the systemic inequalities associated with this classification.
What was the purpose of the 'blue stamp' hukou policy?
Answer: To offer urban hukou status and welfare entitlements to skilled individuals or investors.
The 'blue stamp' hukou policy was designed to grant urban residency and associated welfare benefits to individuals possessing specific professional skills or making substantial investments in designated cities.
Does the Hukou system apply in Hong Kong and Macau?
Answer: No, these regions use a different system ('right of abode').
The Hukou system is not implemented in the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau. These regions maintain distinct residency frameworks, such as the 'right of abode,' rather than the mainland's household registration system.
What must a mainland Chinese person do regarding their hukou when settling in Hong Kong or Macau?
Answer: Relinquish their mainland hukou to become eligible for SAR permanent residency after seven years.
Individuals migrating from mainland China to Hong Kong or Macau typically must relinquish their mainland hukou to qualify for permanent residency in the respective Special Administrative Region after fulfilling a seven-year residency requirement.
How do the PRC and ROC (Taiwan) view each other's populations regarding citizenship and registration?
Answer: Each claims the other's territory but typically grants rights only based on their own controlled area's registration.
Both the PRC and ROC (Taiwan) assert sovereignty over the other's territory. However, they generally grant citizenship rights based on household registration within their respective jurisdictions, rather than mutual recognition of the other's system.
The 'Great Firewall' is related to the Hukou system in that both are tools of:
Answer: State control over population and information.
While distinct in function, both the 'Great Firewall' (internet control) and the Hukou system (population registration and movement control) represent mechanisms employed by the state for exercising control over its population and the information accessible to them.
The 'National New-Type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020)' primarily aimed to:
Answer: Grant urban hukou to millions and manage urbanization challenges.
The 'National New-Type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020)' focused on managing China's rapid urbanization by facilitating the granting of urban hukou status to a significant portion of the population and addressing the associated challenges.
What is the significance of the 'One Country, Two Systems' principle in relation to Hukou?
Answer: It explains why Hong Kong and Macau have different residency rules and do not use the mainland Hukou system.
The 'One Country, Two Systems' principle provides the constitutional basis for Hong Kong and Macau maintaining distinct legal and residency systems, which is why they do not operate under the mainland Chinese Hukou system.