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Historically, the primary goal of population control was to reduce population growth, a focus that intensified from the 1950s to the 1980s due to concerns about overpopulation.
Answer: False
Historically, population control primarily aimed to increase population growth. The focus shifted to reduction from the 1950s to the 1980s due to concerns about overpopulation.
Positive eugenics aims to reduce the relative growth rates of specific subgroups, such as those with low intelligence or disabilities.
Answer: False
Positive eugenics aims to *boost* the relative growth rates of specific subgroups, such as those considered to have high intelligence. The reduction of growth rates for subgroups with low intelligence or disabilities is characteristic of negative eugenics.
Around 300 BC, the Indian political philosopher Chanakya considered too many people to be a greater evil than too few, advocating for policies to curb population growth.
Answer: False
Chanakya, around 300 BC, viewed population as a source of strength and considered too few people a greater evil than too many, advocating policies to *increase* population, such as the remarriage of widows.
Plato and Aristotle believed that ancient Greek city-states should maintain a population large enough for efficient administration and direct citizen participation, but small enough to defend themselves.
Answer: False
Plato and Aristotle advocated for a population small enough for efficient administration and direct citizen participation, yet large enough for defense, not the reverse.
Ancient Rome, under Augustus, implemented laws like Lex Julia and Lex Papia Poppaea to encourage early marriage and frequent childbirth, offering tax breaks and preferential treatment.
Answer: True
Under Augustus, Ancient Rome enacted laws such as Lex Julia and Lex Papia Poppaea to promote early marriage and frequent childbirth, providing tax breaks and preferential treatment for compliance.
Tertullian, an early Christian author, was one of the first to describe famine and war as beneficial factors preventing overpopulation, viewing them as a 'blessing to overcrowded nations'.
Answer: True
Tertullian, an early Christian author, was among the first to describe famine and war as beneficial checks on overpopulation, referring to them as a 'blessing to overcrowded nations' that 'prune away the luxuriant growth of the human race'.
Ibn Khaldun believed that low population density was desirable for efficient labor division and cheap administration, linking it to economic upswings.
Answer: False
Ibn Khaldun believed that *high* population density, not low, was desirable for efficient labor division and cheap administration, correlating it with economic upswings.
During the Middle Ages in Christian Europe, population issues were frequently discussed in isolation, with a general pro-natalist stance.
Answer: False
During the Middle Ages in Christian Europe, population issues were *rarely* discussed in isolation, though there was a general pro-natalist stance.
Otto von Kotzebue observed Marshallese families practicing infanticide after the birth of a second child due to frequent famines in 1817.
Answer: False
Otto von Kotzebue observed Marshallese families practicing infanticide after the birth of a *third* child, not a second, in 1817 due to frequent famines.
Sir Francis Galton, around 1900, stated that 'The unfit could become enemies to the State if they continue to propagate,' reflecting a eugenicist view.
Answer: True
Sir Francis Galton, around 1900, expressed a eugenicist view in *Hereditary Improvement*, stating that 'The unfit could become enemies to the State if they continue to propagate.'
What is the fundamental definition of human population planning?
Answer: The practice of managing the growth rate of a human population.
Human population planning is fundamentally defined as the practice of managing the growth rate of a human population, which can involve strategies to either increase or decrease population numbers.
From the 1950s to the 1980s, what was the primary focus of population control efforts in many countries?
Answer: Reducing population growth rates due to concerns about overpopulation.
From the 1950s to the 1980s, population control efforts primarily focused on reducing growth rates, driven by widespread concerns regarding overpopulation's impact on global resources and stability.
What are the three main types of population planning policies identified by governments?
Answer: Increasing/decreasing overall growth, positive/negative eugenics, and equalizing growth rates among subgroups.
Governments identify three main types of population planning policies: adjusting overall growth, implementing positive or negative eugenics, and aiming to equalize growth rates among different subgroups within society.
According to the source, what did Aristotle advocate to control rapid population increase in ancient Greek city-states?
Answer: The use of abortion and the exposure of newborns.
Aristotle, to control rapid population increase in ancient Greek city-states, advocated for the use of abortion and the exposure of newborns (infanticide).
Who was one of the first authors to describe famine and war as factors preventing overpopulation, calling them a 'blessing to overcrowded nations'?
Answer: Tertullian
Tertullian, an early Christian author, was among the first to describe famine and war as factors preventing overpopulation, referring to them as a 'blessing to overcrowded nations'.
What was Ibn Khaldun's perspective on high population density?
Answer: It was desirable for efficient labor division and cheap administration.
Ibn Khaldun viewed high population density as desirable for efficient labor division and cost-effective administration, linking it to economic upswings.
What population planning practice did Otto von Kotzebue observe in the Marshall Islands in 1817?
Answer: Infanticide after the birth of a third child.
In 1817, Otto von Kotzebue observed Marshallese families practicing infanticide after the birth of a third child as a form of population planning, driven by frequent famines.
Who stated around 1900 that 'The unfit could become enemies to the State if they continue to propagate,' reflecting a eugenicist view?
Answer: Sir Francis Galton
Sir Francis Galton, around 1900, articulated a eugenicist view in *Hereditary Improvement*, stating that 'The unfit could become enemies to the State if they continue to propagate.'
Which of the following is NOT listed as a prominent historical figure who advocated for population planning?
Answer: Adam Smith
The source lists Bertrand Russell, Margaret Sanger, John D. Rockefeller, Frederick Osborn, and Isaac Asimov as prominent historical figures who advocated for population planning. Adam Smith is not mentioned in this context.
Han Fei, a Chinese writer, observed the conflict between exponentially growing population and arithmetically growing food supply, predating Thomas Malthus's similar observations.
Answer: True
Han Fei, a Chinese writer from 281-233 BC, observed the conflict between a population growing exponentially and a food supply growing arithmetically, an insight that predated Thomas Malthus.
Jean Bodin argued that smaller populations led to more production and exports, thereby increasing the wealth of a country.
Answer: False
Jean Bodin argued that *larger* populations, not smaller, led to more production and exports, thereby increasing the wealth of a country.
Giovanni Botero emphasized that a city's greatness rests on its inhabitants' multitude and power, but also recognized that population growth is limited by food supply.
Answer: True
Giovanni Botero emphasized that a city's greatness is tied to its population's multitude and power, while also acknowledging that population growth is fundamentally constrained by the available food supply.
Thomas Malthus argued that population increases arithmetically while food supply increases geometrically, leading to human misery.
Answer: False
Thomas Malthus argued the opposite: that population increases *geometrically* while food supply increases *arithmetically*, leading to human misery.
Malthus identified 'preventative checks' as factors that increase the death rate, such as diseases and wars.
Answer: False
Malthus identified 'positive checks' as factors that increase the death rate (e.g., diseases, wars). 'Preventative checks' were factors affecting the birth rate, such as moral restraint and birth control.
According to Giovanni Botero, what was a key limit to population growth?
Answer: The food supply.
Giovanni Botero, while emphasizing the importance of population size, also identified the food supply as a critical limit to population growth.
In his 1798 essay, Thomas Malthus argued that population increases in a geometrical ratio, while subsistence increases in what ratio?
Answer: An arithmetical ratio
Thomas Malthus argued that population increases geometrically, while subsistence (food supply) increases only arithmetically.
What did Malthus identify as 'positive checks' on population growth?
Answer: Diseases, wars, disasters, famines, and genocides.
Malthus identified 'positive checks' as factors that increase the death rate, including diseases, wars, disasters, famines, and genocides.
What did Han Fei observe regarding population growth and food supply, predating Malthus?
Answer: That population grows exponentially while food supply grows arithmetically.
Han Fei observed that population grows exponentially while food supply grows arithmetically, an insight that predated Malthus's similar observations.
The Chinese government's 'one-child policy' is an example of population planning that involved coercive measures, including allegations of forced abortions and sterilizations.
Answer: True
The Chinese 'one-child policy' is a documented instance of population planning that included coercive measures, with allegations of forced abortions and sterilizations.
Paul R. Ehrlich's book *The Population Bomb* likened population explosion to a 'cancer' and advocated for 'radical surgery' to address it.
Answer: True
In *The Population Bomb*, Paul R. Ehrlich indeed likened the population explosion to a 'cancer' and called for 'radical surgery' to address this uncontrolled multiplication of people.
Paul Ehrlich proposed compulsory birth regulation through the addition of temporary sterilants to water supplies or staple food, with antidote doses rationed by the government.
Answer: True
Paul Ehrlich controversially proposed compulsory birth regulation by adding temporary sterilants to water supplies or staple food, with antidote doses rationed by the government to control family size.
Paige Whaley Eager argued that the shift in population planning perception in the 1960s was partly due to the world population reaching its third billion, with most of the increase in developing countries.
Answer: True
Paige Whaley Eager attributed the shift in population planning perception in the 1960s to the world population reaching its third billion, with 90 percent of this increase occurring in developing countries, prompting warnings of a 'population explosion'.
In the 1980s, traditional population planning advocates and women's health activists found common ground, leading to unified policy changes in the early 1990s.
Answer: False
In the 1980s, *tension* grew between traditional population planning advocates and women's health activists, leading to significant changes in policies in the early 1990s, but not necessarily unified common ground.
Garrett Hardin, in *Tragedy of the commons*, proposed that society must embrace the 'freedom to breed' to avoid societal collapse.
Answer: False
Garrett Hardin, in *Tragedy of the Commons*, proposed that society must *relinquish* the 'freedom to breed' through 'mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon' to avoid societal collapse, not embrace it.
Jeffrey Sachs proposed that ensuring child survival is one of the most powerful ways to achieve fertility reduction, as it encourages poor families to have fewer children.
Answer: True
Jeffrey Sachs argued that ensuring child survival is a highly effective method for fertility reduction, as it empowers poor families to choose to have fewer children, knowing their existing children are more likely to survive.
A major criticism of attempts to curb human population growth is that they have led to human rights violations, such as forced sterilization, particularly in China and India.
Answer: True
A significant criticism of population control efforts is the documented occurrence of human rights violations, including forced sterilization, particularly in countries like China and India.
The Catholic Church supports artificial contraception as a means of population planning, aligning with its pro-natalist views.
Answer: False
The Catholic Church generally opposes artificial contraception, sterilization, and abortion, especially in the context of population planning policies, which does not align with supporting artificial contraception.
Title X of the Public Health Service Act in the United States, enacted in 1970, provides access to contraceptive services primarily for high-income individuals.
Answer: False
Title X of the Public Health Service Act, enacted in 1970, provides access to contraceptive services, supplies, and information, *prioritizing individuals with low incomes*, not high-income individuals.
The US Commission on Population Growth and the American Future recommended promoting contraceptives and liberalizing abortion regulations in 1972.
Answer: True
The US Commission on Population Growth and the American Future, in its 1972 recommendations, indeed advocated for promoting contraceptives and liberalizing abortion regulations to address population growth.
What radical solution did Paul Ehrlich propose in *The Population Bomb* for compulsory birth regulation?
Answer: Adding temporary sterilants to water supplies or staple food.
Paul Ehrlich controversially proposed compulsory birth regulation by adding temporary sterilants to water supplies or staple food, with antidote doses rationed by the government.
According to Paige Whaley Eager, what significant demographic change influenced the shift in perception regarding population planning in the 1960s?
Answer: The world population reaching its third billion, with 90 percent of the increase in developing countries.
Paige Whaley Eager noted that the world population reaching its third billion in the 1960s, with most of this growth in developing countries, significantly influenced the shift in population planning perception.
What tension emerged in the 1980s regarding population planning?
Answer: Between traditional population planning advocates and women's health activists.
In the 1980s, a tension arose between traditional population planning advocates and women's health activists, who championed reproductive rights within a human rights framework.
What did Garrett Hardin propose in his 1968 essay *Tragedy of the commons* regarding the 'freedom to breed'?
Answer: Society must relinquish it through 'mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon'.
In *Tragedy of the Commons*, Garrett Hardin proposed that society must relinquish the 'freedom to breed' through 'mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon' to prevent societal collapse.
How did Jeffrey Sachs, head of the UN Millennium Project, propose to achieve fertility reduction?
Answer: By ensuring child survival, which encourages poor families to have fewer children.
Jeffrey Sachs proposed that ensuring child survival is a powerful method for fertility reduction, as it encourages poor families to have fewer children when they are confident their children will survive.
What is a major criticism leveled against attempts to curb human population growth, particularly in China and India?
Answer: They result in violations of human rights, such as forced sterilization.
A major criticism of efforts to curb human population growth, especially in China and India, is that they have led to severe human rights violations, including forced sterilization.
What is the Catholic Church's stance on abortion, sterilization, and artificial contraception in relation to population planning?
Answer: It opposes abortion, sterilization, and artificial contraception as a general practice.
The Catholic Church generally opposes abortion, sterilization, and artificial contraception, particularly in the context of population planning policies.
What is the purpose of Title X of the Public Health Service Act in the United States?
Answer: To provide access to contraceptive services, supplies, and information, prioritizing individuals with low incomes.
Title X of the Public Health Service Act aims to provide access to contraceptive services, supplies, and information, with a priority given to individuals with low incomes, to support healthy family planning decisions.
What did the US Commission on Population Growth and the American Future recommend in 1972?
Answer: Promoting contraceptives and liberalizing abortion regulations.
In 1972, the US Commission on Population Growth and the American Future recommended promoting contraceptives and liberalizing abortion regulations to address population growth and its social consequences.
Which of the following is NOT one of the five influential modern figures who advocate for population planning, as listed in the source?
Answer: Elon Musk
The source lists David Attenborough, Christian de Duve, Sara Parkin, Jonathon Porritt, and William J. Ripple as influential modern figures advocating for population planning. Elon Musk is not mentioned among them.
After World War II, both Poland and the Soviet Union implemented taxes on childlessness as part of pro-natalist policies.
Answer: True
After World War II, both Poland (in 1946) and the Soviet Union (from 1941) implemented taxes on childlessness as part of pro-natalist policies to address population losses.
Alva and Gunnar Myrdal proposed establishing an extensive welfare state in Sweden to increase overall birth rates and equalize the number of children across social classes.
Answer: True
Alva and Gunnar Myrdal proposed establishing an extensive welfare state in Sweden, including universal healthcare and childcare, with the aim of increasing overall birth rates and equalizing family sizes across social classes to a reproductive level.
Australia's current pro-natalist policies include fortnightly Family Tax Benefit payments and a free immunization scheme.
Answer: True
Australia's current pro-natalist policies include fortnightly Family Tax Benefit payments and a free immunization scheme, alongside proposals to cover childcare costs for working mothers.
Hungary significantly decreased its family benefits spending under the Second Orbán Government, moving to one of the lowest rates in the OECD.
Answer: False
Under the Second Orbán Government, Hungary significantly *increased* its family benefits spending, moving from one of the lowest rates in the OECD to one of the highest (nearly 4% of GDP by 2015).
In Israel, Haredi families receive economic support to encourage larger families, contributing to their higher average number of children.
Answer: True
Haredi families in Israel receive economic support through governmental child allowances, housing assistance, and community funds, which collectively encourage larger families and contribute to their higher average number of children.
Japan's government is primarily focused on encouraging immigration to address its shrinking population.
Answer: False
Japan's government is primarily focused on encouraging women to have children or more children to address its shrinking population, with a cultural opposition to immigration.
In November 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a bill banning 'Childfree Propaganda' to boost birthrates.
Answer: True
In November 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a bill into law banning 'Childfree Propaganda' as a measure to boost birth rates in Russia.
In 2017, Spain appointed a 'Government Commissioner facing the Demographic Challenge' as part of an anti-natalist effort to reduce population growth.
Answer: False
In 2017, Spain appointed a 'Government Commissioner facing the Demographic Challenge' as part of a *pro-natalist* effort to reverse a negative population growth rate, not an anti-natalist one.
Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan argued in 2012 that abortion and C-section deliveries were plots to hinder Turkey's economic growth.
Answer: True
In 2012, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan argued that abortion is murder and that both abortion and C-section deliveries were plots to hinder Turkey's economic growth, urging couples to have at least three children.
Which of the following countries has NOT recently initiated efforts to boost its birth rates?
Answer: Germany
The source lists China, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Iran, Italy, Spain, Finland, Hungary, and Estonia as countries that have recently initiated efforts to boost birth rates. Germany is not listed among them.
Which pro-natalist policy was implemented in Poland and the Soviet Union after World War II?
Answer: A tax on childlessness.
After World War II, both Poland and the Soviet Union implemented a tax on childlessness as a pro-natalist policy to address population losses.
What did Swedish sociologists Alva and Gunnar Myrdal propose in their 1934 book *Crisis in the Population Question*?
Answer: Establishing an extensive welfare state with universal healthcare and childcare.
Alva and Gunnar Myrdal proposed establishing an extensive welfare state in Sweden, including universal healthcare and childcare, to increase birth rates and equalize family sizes across social classes.
What initiative did Russia revive in August 2022 to boost birth rates?
Answer: The Soviet-era 'Mother Heroine' award for women with 10 children.
In August 2022, Russia revived the Soviet-era 'Mother Heroine' award, given to women who have 10 children, as part of its efforts to boost birth rates.
What recent pro-natalist action did the government of Spain take in 2017?
Answer: Appointed a 'Government Commissioner facing the Demographic Challenge'.
In 2017, the Spanish government appointed a 'Government Commissioner facing the Demographic Challenge' as a pro-natalist effort to reverse its negative population growth rate.
What were Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan's views on abortion and C-sections in Turkey in 2012?
Answer: He argued abortion is murder and both were plots to hinder Turkey's economic growth.
In 2012, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan asserted that abortion is murder and that both abortion and C-sections were conspiracies to impede Turkey's economic growth.
What is the general reason for the recent shift in countries like China, Japan, and Russia to boost birth rates?
Answer: To respond to looming demographic crises, such as aging populations and declining workforces.
Countries like China, Japan, and Russia are shifting to pro-natalist policies primarily to address impending demographic crises, including aging populations and declining workforces.
Economists Thomas Sowell and Walter E. Williams argued that overpopulation is the primary cause of poverty and famine.
Answer: False
Economists Thomas Sowell and Walter E. Williams argued that poverty and famine are caused by bad government and bad economic policies, not primarily by overpopulation.
Julian Simon, in *The Ultimate Resource*, contended that higher population density leads to more specialization and technological innovation, improving living standards.
Answer: True
Julian Simon, in *The Ultimate Resource*, argued that higher population density fosters greater specialization and technological innovation, thereby improving living standards.
What was Julian Simon's central argument in his book *The Ultimate Resource*?
Answer: Higher population density leads to more specialization and technological innovation, improving living standards.
Julian Simon argued in *The Ultimate Resource* that increased population density fosters greater specialization and technological innovation, ultimately leading to an improved standard of living.
What was the estimated cost of raising a child to its 18th birthday in the US, according to 2009 research?
Answer: About $291,570
US research from 2009 estimated the cost of raising a child to its 18th birthday to be approximately $291,570.
According to economists Thomas Sowell and Walter E. Williams, what causes poverty and famine?
Answer: Bad government and bad economic policies.
Economists Thomas Sowell and Walter E. Williams argued that poverty and famine are primarily caused by ineffective governance and detrimental economic policies, rather than overpopulation.
During 'the Emergency' in India in the mid-1970s, millions of people voluntarily underwent sterilization as part of a government-supported population reduction program.
Answer: False
During 'the Emergency' in India in the mid-1970s, millions of people were *forcibly* sterilized as part of a population reduction program, not voluntarily.
Nicolae Ceaușescu's pro-natalist policies in Romania led to a decrease in birth rates and improved childcare facilities.
Answer: False
Nicolae Ceaușescu's pro-natalist policies in Romania led to a *surge* in birth rates, but also resulted in many children ending up in orphanages due to parents' inability to afford their upbringing, not improved childcare facilities.
China's one-child policy was in effect from 1979 to 2005, primarily to address an aging population.
Answer: False
China's one-child policy was in effect from 1979 to *2015*, and while it had long-term impacts on population structure, its primary initial goal was to curb rapid population growth, not primarily to address an aging population, which became a later consequence.
China transitioned from the one-child policy to the two-child policy in 2010 to address declining birth rates.
Answer: False
China transitioned from the one-child policy to the two-child policy on *January 1, 2016*, not 2010, to address issues like the male-to-female ratio and the burden of an aging population.
In May 2021, China allowed couples to have a third child in response to declining birth rates recorded in the 2020 Chinese census.
Answer: True
China permitted couples to have a third child in May 2021, directly in response to the declining birth rates documented in the 2020 Chinese census, aiming to improve its population structure and manage an aging population.
The 'Hum do, hamare do' slogan in India promotes a three-child family model.
Answer: False
The 'Hum do, hamare do' slogan in India translates to 'Us two, our two,' promoting a *two-child* family model, not a three-child model.
The state of Kerala, India, demonstrates that high literacy rates, especially among women, combined with access to contraception, can lead to reduced birth rates without aggressive policies.
Answer: True
Kerala, India, serves as an example where high literacy rates, particularly among women, coupled with access to contraception, have effectively reduced birth rates without the need for aggressive governmental policies.
Iran's population planning policies have consistently aimed to increase birth rates since the Iran-Iraq War.
Answer: False
While Iran initially encouraged higher birth rates after the Iran-Iraq War, its policies shifted from the late 1980s to 2010 to successfully *reduce* birth rates, before reversing again in 2012 to increase them.
Myanmar's Population Planning Health Care Bill mandates that all parents space each child three years apart, regardless of ethnicity.
Answer: False
Myanmar's Population Planning Health Care Bill mandates that *some* parents space each child three years apart, and it was expected to be used specifically against the Rohingya minority, not all parents regardless of ethnicity.
Singapore's 'Graduate Mothers' Scheme, adopted in 1984, was a successful eugenics policy that was widely praised by the public.
Answer: False
Singapore's 'Graduate Mothers' Scheme, a eugenics policy adopted in 1984, was quickly abandoned due to significant public outcry, indicating it was not widely praised or successful in its implementation.
Uzbekistan has been accused of pursuing a policy of forced sterilizations and IUD insertions since the late 1990s as a form of population planning.
Answer: True
Since the late 1990s, Uzbekistan has faced allegations of implementing a policy of forced sterilizations, hysterectomies, and IUD insertions as a method of population planning.
The 'Population Control Bill, 2019' in India was introduced in the Lok Sabha in 2019 to encourage population growth.
Answer: False
The 'Population Control Bill, 2019' in India was introduced in the Rajya Sabha (not Lok Sabha) in July 2019 with the stated purpose of *controlling* India's population growth, not encouraging it.
What was a key event during 'the Emergency' in India during the mid-1970s related to population planning?
Answer: Millions of people were forcibly sterilized.
During 'the Emergency' in India in the mid-1970s, a key event related to population planning was the forced sterilization of millions of people as part of a government program.
What were the consequences of Nicolae Ceaușescu's pro-natalist policies in the Socialist Republic of Romania?
Answer: A surge in birth rates leading to many children in orphanages.
Nicolae Ceaușescu's pro-natalist policies in Romania led to a significant surge in birth rates, but also resulted in many children being placed in orphanages due to their parents' inability to afford their upbringing.
What was the duration of China's one-child policy?
Answer: 1979 to 2015
China's one-child policy was in effect from 1979 to 2015.
When did China transition from the one-child policy to the two-child policy?
Answer: January 1, 2016
China transitioned from the one-child policy to the two-child policy on January 1, 2016.
What was the primary reason China allowed couples to have a third child in May 2021?
Answer: To address declining birth rates recorded in the 2020 Chinese census.
China allowed couples to have a third child in May 2021 primarily to address the declining birth rates reported in the 2020 Chinese census and to manage an aging population.
What does the 'Hum do, hamare do' slogan in India promote?
Answer: A two-child family.
The 'Hum do, hamare do' slogan in India, meaning 'Us two, our two,' promotes a two-child family model as part of family planning efforts.
What lesson can be learned from Kerala, India, regarding birth rate reduction?
Answer: High literacy rates, especially among women, combined with contraception access, can reduce birth rates without aggressive policies.
Kerala, India, demonstrates that high literacy rates, particularly among women, coupled with access to contraception, can effectively reduce birth rates without the need for aggressive governmental policies.
How did Iran's population planning policies change from the late 1980s to 2010?
Answer: They successfully reduced the birth rate through mandatory contraceptive courses.
From the late 1980s to 2010, Iran successfully reduced its birth rate through policies including mandatory contraceptive courses and promoting smaller families.
What is a notable aspect of Myanmar's Population Planning Health Care Bill, as reported in 2015?
Answer: It mandates that some parents space each child three years apart and was expected to be used against the Rohingya minority.
Myanmar's Population Planning Health Care Bill mandates that some parents space each child three years apart, a measure that *The Economist* reported in 2015 was expected to be selectively applied against the persecuted Muslim Rohingya minority.
What was the 'Graduate Mothers' Scheme' in Singapore, and why was it abandoned?
Answer: A eugenics policy favoring children of more well-educated mothers, abandoned due to public outcry.
Singapore's 'Graduate Mothers' Scheme was a eugenics policy favoring children of more educated mothers, which was abandoned due to significant public outcry during the 1984 general election.
What allegations have been made against Uzbekistan regarding its population planning policies since the late 1990s?
Answer: Pursuing a policy of forced sterilizations, hysterectomies, and IUD insertions.
Since the late 1990s, Uzbekistan has been accused of implementing a policy of forced sterilizations, hysterectomies, and IUD insertions as a form of population planning.
What is the 'Population Control Bill, 2019' in India?
Answer: A bill introduced to control India's population growth.
The 'Population Control Bill, 2019' was introduced in India with the explicit purpose of controlling the nation's population growth.