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Total Categories: 6
The primary underlying cause of the Hundred Years' War was England's desire to conquer Scotland.
Answer: False
The primary underlying causes were feudal disputes concerning the English king's possession of Aquitaine and Edward III's claim to the French throne, not a desire to conquer Scotland.
The Duchy of Aquitaine was a territory held by the French king, creating friction with English monarchs.
Answer: False
The Duchy of Aquitaine was an English possession, making the English king a vassal to the French king, which was a primary source of friction and a cause of the war.
The Auld Alliance obligated Scotland to attack England if France was attacked.
Answer: False
The Auld Alliance obligated Scotland to support France if France was attacked by England, typically by launching diversionary attacks against England.
The Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry predated the Hundred Years' War and concerned English kings holding territories in France as vassals.
Answer: True
The Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry stemmed from the complex feudal relationship where English monarchs were vassals to French kings for their French territories, predating the main conflict.
The War of Saint-Sardos in 1324 was a conflict primarily over the status of the Duchy of Normandy.
Answer: False
The War of Saint-Sardos (1324) was primarily a conflict concerning the status and sovereignty of the Duchy of Aquitaine (Gascony).
What was the primary conflict addressed by the Hundred Years' War?
Answer: A dynastic struggle and feudal dispute between England and France.
The Hundred Years' War originated from complex feudal issues concerning English holdings in France and Edward III's claim to the French throne.
Which factor was a key reason for the French nobility rejecting Edward III's claim to the French throne?
Answer: Salic Law prevented inheritance through the female line.
French nobility invoked Salic Law, which prohibited inheritance through the female line, to reject Edward III's claim to the French throne.
What was the strategic significance of the Duchy of Aquitaine (Guyenne/Gascony) in the origins of the war?
Answer: It was an English possession making the English king a vassal to the French king.
The English king's status as Duke of Aquitaine meant he was a vassal to the French king for these lands, creating a fundamental conflict of sovereignty.
The 'Auld Alliance' refers to the long-standing pact between which two kingdoms?
Answer: Scotland and France
The Auld Alliance was a historical pact of mutual support between Scotland and France, primarily aimed at countering English influence.
The Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry primarily concerned:
Answer: English kings holding territories in France as vassals.
The Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry centered on the complex feudal relationship where English kings were vassals to the French crown for their French lands.
What was the 'War of Saint-Sardos'?
Answer: A conflict over the status of the Duchy of Aquitaine.
The War of Saint-Sardos (1324) was an early conflict primarily concerning the sovereignty and status of the English-held Duchy of Aquitaine.
The Hundred Years' War was a continuous, uninterrupted conflict fought exclusively between the monarchs of England and France.
Answer: False
The Hundred Years' War was characterized by intermittent fighting, punctuated by several truces and periods of reduced military activity, rather than being a continuous, uninterrupted conflict.
The Hundred Years' War is typically divided into three main phases: the Edwardian War, the Caroline War, and the Lancastrian War.
Answer: True
The Hundred Years' War is commonly divided into three phases: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453).
The Battle of Crécy in 1346 and the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 were key French victories during the Edwardian phase.
Answer: False
The Battles of Crécy and Poitiers were significant English victories during the Edwardian phase, not French ones.
John of Gaunt's 1373 campaign across France was a resounding military success, achieving significant strategic objectives.
Answer: False
John of Gaunt's 1373 chevauchée was a large-scale raid that, despite its endurance, ultimately failed to achieve significant strategic objectives and suffered heavy losses.
The Battle of Agincourt in 1415 was a major French victory that boosted English morale and led to further English advances.
Answer: False
The Battle of Agincourt in 1415 was a catastrophic English victory that inflicted heavy losses on the French nobility and significantly boosted English morale.
The Siege of Orléans in 1429 resulted in the English consolidating their control over the Loire River valley.
Answer: False
The lifting of the Siege of Orléans in 1429 marked a French victory that broke the English consolidation and shifted the momentum of the war in favor of France.
The Battle of Sluys in 1340 was a naval engagement where the French fleet decisively defeated the English fleet.
Answer: False
The Battle of Sluys (1340) was a decisive English naval victory that secured English dominance of the English Channel.
The Battle of Poitiers in 1356 resulted in a French victory where the English army was routed.
Answer: False
The Battle of Poitiers (1356) was a decisive English victory, resulting in the capture of the French king.
The Battle of Verneuil in 1424 was a major French victory that significantly weakened the English position.
Answer: False
The Battle of Verneuil (1424) was a significant English victory that inflicted heavy losses on the Franco-Scottish forces.
The Battle of La Rochelle in 1372 was a naval victory for England that secured their dominance of the Channel.
Answer: False
The Battle of La Rochelle (1372) was a significant naval defeat for England, weakening their control of the seas and aiding French efforts in Aquitaine.
The 'Battle of the Herrings' involved a major clash between English and French knights near Orléans.
Answer: False
The 'Battle of the Herrings' was a minor engagement where English forces intercepted a supply convoy carrying herring to the French army besieging Orléans.
Which of the following was NOT one of the commonly divided phases of the Hundred Years' War?
Answer: The Valois War
The commonly recognized phases are the Edwardian War, the Caroline War, and the Lancastrian War.
What was the nature of John of Gaunt's 1373 campaign in France?
Answer: A large-scale raid focused on plundering and disruption
John of Gaunt's 1373 campaign was a chevauchée, a large-scale raid designed to plunder and disrupt French territory.
What was the primary outcome of the Battle of Agincourt in 1415?
Answer: A catastrophic defeat for the French nobility and a major English victory.
The Battle of Agincourt resulted in a devastating defeat for the French forces and a significant victory for the English army under Henry V.
The lifting of the Siege of Orléans in 1429 is considered a major turning point primarily because:
Answer: It shifted the momentum of the war in favor of the French.
The successful defense of Orléans and the subsequent French victories marked a critical shift in momentum, revitalizing the French cause.
What was the significance of the Battle of Sluys in 1340?
Answer: It secured English dominance of the English Channel.
The Battle of Sluys was a crucial English naval victory that granted them control over the English Channel for much of the war.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Poitiers in 1356?
Answer: English victory and capture of King John II of France.
The Battle of Poitiers (1356) resulted in a significant English victory, including the capture of King John II of France.
The Battle of La Rochelle in 1372 was significant because:
Answer: It weakened English naval power in the Channel.
The Franco-Castilian victory at La Rochelle significantly diminished English naval strength in the Channel, impacting their ability to project power.
Which battle is described as a major English victory during the Lancastrian phase, inflicting heavy casualties on Franco-Scottish forces?
Answer: Battle of Verneuil
The Battle of Verneuil (1424) was a significant English victory during the Lancastrian phase, resulting in substantial losses for the combined Franco-Scottish forces.
During the Caroline phase, Charles V of France and Bertrand du Guesclin employed Fabian tactics, focusing on avoiding large battles.
Answer: True
Charles V and Bertrand du Guesclin effectively utilized Fabian tactics, emphasizing strategic skirmishes and sieges over large pitched battles, to regain French territory during the Caroline phase.
The Treaty of Brétigny in 1360 resulted in England gaining enlarged territories in Aquitaine in exchange for Edward III renouncing his claim to the French throne.
Answer: True
The Treaty of Brétigny (1360) stipulated that Edward III would renounce his claim to the French throne in return for full sovereignty over an enlarged Aquitaine, along with other territories.
French involvement in the Castilian Civil War saw England supporting Henry of Trastámara.
Answer: False
France supported Henry of Trastámara, while England, led by the Black Prince, supported Peter of Castile in the Castilian Civil War.
The Treaty of Troyes (1420) stipulated that the Dauphin Charles VII would inherit the French crown after Charles VI.
Answer: False
The Treaty of Troyes (1420) stipulated that Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the French throne, disinheriting the Dauphin Charles VII.
Joan of Arc's arrival at the Siege of Orléans in 1429 marked a turning point, leading to French victories and boosting morale.
Answer: True
Joan of Arc's intervention at the Siege of Orléans galvanized the French forces, leading to the lifting of the siege and a series of subsequent victories that marked a crucial turning point in the war.
Bertrand du Guesclin was an English commander known for his Fabian tactics against the French.
Answer: False
Bertrand du Guesclin was a French commander, renowned for his effective use of Fabian tactics in service of the French crown.
Burgundy initially allied with France during the Lancastrian phase, crucial for Henry V's successes.
Answer: False
Burgundy initially allied with England during the Lancastrian phase, providing crucial support for Henry V's campaigns.
The Truce of Leulinghem in 1389 was intended to last indefinitely, bringing permanent peace.
Answer: False
The Truce of Leulinghem (1389) was a temporary cessation of hostilities, intended to last for a limited period due to mutual exhaustion, not permanent peace.
Joan of Arc was executed in London after being captured by English forces.
Answer: False
Joan of Arc was executed in Rouen, France, after being captured by Burgundians and handed over to the English, who orchestrated her trial and execution.
Which French king and constable were key figures in the French resurgence during the Caroline phase, utilizing Fabian tactics?
Answer: Charles V and Bertrand du Guesclin
King Charles V and his Constable Bertrand du Guesclin were instrumental in the French resurgence during the Caroline phase, employing Fabian tactics effectively.
What were the main terms of the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360?
Answer: France ceded Aquitaine to England, and Edward III renounced his claim to the French throne.
The Treaty of Brétigny involved Edward III renouncing his claim to the French throne in exchange for full sovereignty over an enlarged Aquitaine and other territories.
In the Castilian Civil War, which side did the English primarily support?
Answer: Peter of Castile
The English, led by the Black Prince, supported Peter of Castile in the Castilian Civil War.
Which treaty effectively disinherited the Dauphin Charles VII and aimed for a unified Anglo-French monarchy?
Answer: Treaty of Troyes
The Treaty of Troyes (1420) aimed to establish a dual monarchy by recognizing Henry V as heir to the French throne, disinheriting the Dauphin Charles VII.
What significant role did Joan of Arc play in the Hundred Years' War?
Answer: She inspired French troops and helped lift the Siege of Orléans.
Joan of Arc's leadership and inspiration were crucial in lifting the Siege of Orléans and turning the tide of the war in favor of the French.
What was the role of Burgundy in the Lancastrian phase of the war?
Answer: Initially allied with England, then switched to France.
Burgundy initially allied with England during the Lancastrian phase, but later shifted allegiance to France following the Treaty of Arras (1435).
What happened to Joan of Arc after her capture by Burgundian forces?
Answer: She was handed over to the English, tried, and executed.
After capture, Joan of Arc was transferred to English custody, tried by an ecclesiastical court, and subsequently executed by burning at the stake.
The Truce of Leulinghem in 1389 indicated:
Answer: A temporary cessation of major hostilities due to exhaustion.
The Truce of Leulinghem signified a pause in the conflict, reflecting the exhaustion of both England and France after prolonged periods of warfare.
The Hundred Years' War led to a decline in the importance of infantry and archers, reinforcing the dominance of heavy cavalry.
Answer: False
The war saw an increase in the importance of infantry, particularly archers, whose effectiveness challenged the traditional dominance of heavy cavalry.
The war contributed to the decline of chivalry and the shift towards more professional, paid, standing armies.
Answer: True
The war's evolving tactics, increased reliance on infantry, and the rise of gunpowder technology contributed to the decline of chivalric warfare and the development of more professional armies.
The Black Prince, Edward III's son, led successful campaigns known as chevauchées that focused on capturing and holding territory.
Answer: False
Chevauchées were large-scale raids focused on plundering and destruction, not on capturing and holding territory.
Chevauchées were defensive sieges aimed at securing French territory.
Answer: False
Chevauchées were offensive, large-scale mounted raids designed for plundering and devastation, not defensive sieges.
Artillery played a minor role in the Hundred Years' War, with cavalry remaining the dominant force throughout.
Answer: False
Artillery, particularly cannons, played an increasingly significant and often decisive role, especially in the later stages of the war, altering battlefield dynamics.
Charles V of France established the first standing army in Western Europe since the Roman Empire.
Answer: True
Charles V's military reforms included the creation of a professional, paid standing army, a significant development in Western European military organization.
French military reforms under Charles VII included the establishment of the *Compagnies d'ordonnance*, a professional standing army.
Answer: True
Charles VII's reforms, notably the creation of the *Compagnies d'ordonnance*, established a professional standing army that significantly enhanced French military capability.
What military tactic proved particularly effective for the English during the Edwardian phase, notably at Crécy and Poitiers?
Answer: Use of longbowmen
The English longbow proved highly effective against French heavy cavalry during the Edwardian phase, notably at the Battles of Crécy and Poitiers.
How did the Hundred Years' War influence the development of military tactics regarding infantry and cavalry?
Answer: It increased the importance of infantry, especially archers.
The effectiveness of English longbowmen highlighted the growing importance of infantry tactics, challenging the traditional supremacy of cavalry.
The war contributed to the decline of chivalry due to:
Answer: The rise of professional armies and new technologies like gunpowder artillery.
The increasing professionalism of armies and the impact of new technologies like gunpowder artillery diminished the relative importance of traditional chivalric codes and combat.
What were 'chevauchées' during the Hundred Years' War?
Answer: Large-scale mounted raids for plundering and destruction.
Chevauchées were extensive mounted raids employed by armies, particularly the English, to devastate enemy territory, disrupt resources, and demoralize the population.
Which of the following was a key reform under Charles VII that improved French military effectiveness?
Answer: The creation of the *Compagnies d'ordonnance*.
The establishment of the *Compagnies d'ordonnance*, a professional standing army, was a pivotal reform under Charles VII that significantly enhanced French military capabilities.
The Black Death had minimal impact on France and England, allowing the war to continue largely unabated.
Answer: False
The Black Death caused widespread demographic and economic disruption, leading to labor shortages and periods of reduced military engagement in both France and England.
England experienced internal turmoil, including the Peasants' Revolt and political instability under Richard II, which diverted resources from the war.
Answer: True
Internal events such as the Peasants' Revolt (1381) and political struggles involving Richard II and the Lords Appellant significantly impacted England's ability to sustain its war effort in France.
The Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War weakened France, allowing Henry V of England to exploit divisions and achieve victory at the Battle of Agincourt.
Answer: True
The internal Armagnac–Burgundian conflict destabilized France, creating an opportune moment for Henry V's invasion and subsequent victory at Agincourt.
England's defeat in the Hundred Years' War had no impact on internal English political stability.
Answer: False
England's defeat contributed to political instability, including widespread discontent and the eventual outbreak of the Wars of the Roses.
The French monarchy consolidated power by decentralizing taxation and relying solely on feudal levies.
Answer: False
The French monarchy consolidated power by centralizing taxation and establishing professional standing armies, moving away from reliance solely on feudal levies.
The Hundred Years' War contributed to the decline of English as the primary language of government in England.
Answer: False
The war fostered English national identity, leading to the promotion and eventual dominance of English as the language of government, replacing French.
The Lords Appellant were a group of French nobles who supported Henry V's claim to the throne.
Answer: False
The Lords Appellant were a group of English nobles who challenged Richard II's rule, not French nobles supporting Henry V.
The Jacquerie was a peasant revolt in northern France in 1358, fueled by war devastation and economic hardship.
Answer: True
The Jacquerie was a significant peasant uprising in 1358, driven by the severe conditions resulting from war, plague, and economic distress.
The 'Crisis of the late Middle Ages' was a period of prosperity and stability in Europe.
Answer: False
The 'Crisis of the late Middle Ages' was characterized by widespread upheaval, including famine, plague, and warfare, not prosperity and stability.
The 'Merciless Parliament' saw the Lords Appellant bring charges of treason against Richard II himself.
Answer: False
The Merciless Parliament involved the Lords Appellant bringing charges against Richard II's advisors, not against the king himself.
The prolonged conflict of the Hundred Years' War helped solidify nascent national feelings in both France and England.
Answer: True
The shared experiences and common objectives fostered during the war significantly contributed to the development and consolidation of distinct national identities in both France and England.
The 'Great Divergence' refers to the period when the Hundred Years' War caused economic decline across all of Europe.
Answer: False
The 'Great Divergence' refers to the period when Western European nations developed economically faster than other regions; the Hundred Years' War was a factor in European state development but not the sole cause of a universal economic decline.
The Gabelle was a tax on salt in France that helped the French monarchy finance its professional army.
Answer: True
The Gabelle, a tax on salt, provided crucial revenue for the French crown, enabling the development and maintenance of its professional military forces.
The Reconquista was a conflict directly related to the territorial disputes of the Hundred Years' War.
Answer: False
The Reconquista was a separate historical process in the Iberian Peninsula; while it influenced broader European politics, it was not directly related to the territorial disputes of the Hundred Years' War.
The Crisis of the Third Century in Roman history provides context for understanding periods of instability like the Hundred Years' War.
Answer: True
Studying periods of instability like the Roman Crisis of the Third Century offers valuable historical parallels for understanding the challenges and pressures faced during periods of conflict and upheaval, such as the Hundred Years' War.
How did the Black Death impact the progression of the Hundred Years' War?
Answer: It caused labor shortages and economic collapse, particularly in France.
The Black Death resulted in severe population decline and economic disruption, impacting the capacity of both nations to wage war, especially in France.
Which internal English event during Richard II's reign significantly diverted resources from the war effort?
Answer: The Peasants' Revolt of 1381
The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, along with political instability, diverted English resources and attention away from the war in France.
The internal conflict between which two French factions created an opportunity for Henry V's invasion?
Answer: Armagnacs and Burgundians
The civil war between the Armagnacs and Burgundians weakened France, allowing Henry V to exploit these divisions.
England's defeat in the Hundred Years' War contributed to which internal conflict?
Answer: The Wars of the Roses
The political instability and discontent following England's defeat in the Hundred Years' War were significant contributing factors to the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses.
The French monarchy's ability to consolidate power and develop state capacity was aided by:
Answer: Establishment of professional standing armies and consistent taxation.
The development of consistent taxation and professional standing armies under monarchs like Charles VII significantly strengthened the French state's capacity.
What was the 'Jacquerie'?
Answer: A peasant revolt against the nobility.
The Jacquerie was a widespread peasant uprising in France in 1358, driven by the hardships of war and social inequality.
What was the 'Crisis of the late Middle Ages'?
Answer: A time of widespread upheaval including famine, plague, and warfare.
The 'Crisis of the late Middle Ages' denotes a period marked by severe challenges such as famine, the Black Death, and endemic warfare across Europe.
How did the Hundred Years' War influence the English language?
Answer: It promoted the use of English as the primary language of government.
The war fostered English national identity, leading to English supplanting French as the language of government and administration.
What was the 'Gabelle' in the context of the Hundred Years' War?
Answer: A tax on salt in France.
The Gabelle was a significant tax levied on salt in France, crucial for funding the French monarchy's military expenditures.
Which of the following best describes the 'Great Divergence'?
Answer: The period when Western European nations developed faster economically than other regions.
The 'Great Divergence' refers to the historical period when Western Europe experienced significantly faster economic and political development compared to other global regions.
The Battle of Formigny (1450) and the Battle of Castillon (1453) were decisive French victories that ended major hostilities.
Answer: True
Formigny and Castillon were crucial French victories that led to the expulsion of English forces from Normandy and Gascony, respectively, effectively concluding the Hundred Years' War.
By the end of the Hundred Years' War, England retained significant territorial control over Normandy and Aquitaine.
Answer: False
By the war's end, England's continental possessions were reduced to the Pale of Calais, having lost control over Normandy and Aquitaine.
Calais provided England with a strategic foothold on the continent, serving as a secure base for operations.
Answer: True
The capture of Calais in 1347 gave England a vital strategic port and base for military operations on the continent, which it retained for centuries.
Which battle, notable for its extensive use of artillery, marked the final defeat of English forces in Gascony?
Answer: Battle of Castillon
The Battle of Castillon (1453), characterized by the effective use of French artillery, resulted in the final defeat of English forces in Gascony.
By the end of the Hundred Years' War, what significant territory did England retain on the continent?
Answer: The Pale of Calais
Upon the conclusion of the Hundred Years' War, England's only remaining territory on the continent was the strategic port of Calais.