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Hurricane Audrey: Impact and Aftermath

At a Glance

Title: Hurricane Audrey: Impact and Aftermath

Total Categories: 5

Category Stats

  • Hurricane Genesis and Intensity: 8 flashcards, 12 questions
  • Landfall and Coastal Devastation: 13 flashcards, 16 questions
  • Human Impact and Response: 14 flashcards, 12 questions
  • Widespread Effects and Remnants: 13 flashcards, 12 questions
  • Meteorological and Research Context: 3 flashcards, 4 questions

Total Stats

  • Total Flashcards: 51
  • True/False Questions: 30
  • Multiple Choice Questions: 26
  • Total Questions: 56

Instructions

Click the button to expand the instructions for how to use the Wiki2Web Teacher studio in order to print, edit, and export data about Hurricane Audrey: Impact and Aftermath

Welcome to Your Curriculum Command Center

This guide will turn you into a Wiki2web Studio power user. Let's unlock the features designed to give you back your weekends.

The Core Concept: What is a "Kit"?

Think of a Kit as your all-in-one digital lesson plan. It's a single, portable file that contains every piece of content for a topic: your subject categories, a central image, all your flashcards, and all your questions. The true power of the Studio is speed—once a kit is made (or you import one), you are just minutes away from printing an entire set of coursework.

Getting Started is Simple:

  • Create New Kit: Start with a clean slate. Perfect for a brand-new lesson idea.
  • Import & Edit Existing Kit: Load a .json kit file from your computer to continue your work or to modify a kit created by a colleague.
  • Restore Session: The Studio automatically saves your progress in your browser. If you get interrupted, you can restore your unsaved work with one click.

Step 1: Laying the Foundation (The Authoring Tools)

This is where you build the core knowledge of your Kit. Use the left-side navigation panel to switch between these powerful authoring modules.

⚙️ Kit Manager: Your Kit's Identity

This is the high-level control panel for your project.

  • Kit Name: Give your Kit a clear title. This will appear on all your printed materials.
  • Master Image: Upload a custom cover image for your Kit. This is essential for giving your content a professional visual identity, and it's used as the main graphic when you export your Kit as an interactive game.
  • Topics: Create the structure for your lesson. Add topics like "Chapter 1," "Vocabulary," or "Key Formulas." All flashcards and questions will be organized under these topics.

🃏 Flashcard Author: Building the Knowledge Blocks

Flashcards are the fundamental concepts of your Kit. Create them here to define terms, list facts, or pose simple questions.

  • Click "➕ Add New Flashcard" to open the editor.
  • Fill in the term/question and the definition/answer.
  • Assign the flashcard to one of your pre-defined topics.
  • To edit or remove a flashcard, simply use the ✏️ (Edit) or ❌ (Delete) icons next to any entry in the list.

✍️ Question Author: Assessing Understanding

Create a bank of questions to test knowledge. These questions are the engine for your worksheets and exams.

  • Click "➕ Add New Question".
  • Choose a Type: True/False for quick checks or Multiple Choice for more complex assessments.
  • To edit an existing question, click the ✏️ icon. You can change the question text, options, correct answer, and explanation at any time.
  • The Explanation field is a powerful tool: the text you enter here will automatically appear on the teacher's answer key and on the Smart Study Guide, providing instant feedback.

🔗 Intelligent Mapper: The Smart Connection

This is the secret sauce of the Studio. The Mapper transforms your content from a simple list into an interconnected web of knowledge, automating the creation of amazing study guides.

  • Step 1: Select a question from the list on the left.
  • Step 2: In the right panel, click on every flashcard that contains a concept required to answer that question. They will turn green, indicating a successful link.
  • The Payoff: When you generate a Smart Study Guide, these linked flashcards will automatically appear under each question as "Related Concepts."

Step 2: The Magic (The Generator Suite)

You've built your content. Now, with a few clicks, turn it into a full suite of professional, ready-to-use materials. What used to take hours of formatting and copying-and-pasting can now be done in seconds.

🎓 Smart Study Guide Maker

Instantly create the ultimate review document. It combines your questions, the correct answers, your detailed explanations, and all the "Related Concepts" you linked in the Mapper into one cohesive, printable guide.

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Generate unique assessments every time. The questions and multiple-choice options are randomized automatically. Simply select your topics, choose how many questions you need, and generate:

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Step 3: Saving and Collaborating

  • 💾 Export & Save Kit: This is your primary save function. It downloads the entire Kit (content, images, and all) to your computer as a single .json file. Use this to create permanent backups and share your work with others.
  • ➕ Import & Merge Kit: Combine your work. You can merge a colleague's Kit into your own or combine two of your lessons into a larger review Kit.

You're now ready to reclaim your time.

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Study Guide: Hurricane Audrey: Impact and Aftermath

Study Guide: Hurricane Audrey: Impact and Aftermath

Hurricane Genesis and Intensity

Hurricane Audrey made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane with peak sustained winds of 125 mph.

Answer: True

This statement is accurate. Hurricane Audrey made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane, with its peak sustained winds recorded at 125 mph.

Related Concepts:

  • How many fatalities and how much damage did Hurricane Audrey cause in 1957 US dollars?: Hurricane Audrey resulted in at least 416 fatalities and caused approximately $150 million in damage in 1957 US dollars. These figures underscore the immense destructive power and tragic human cost of the storm.
  • What were the peak sustained winds and lowest central pressure recorded for Hurricane Audrey?: Hurricane Audrey reached peak sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and recorded a lowest central pressure of 946 mbar (27.94 inHg). These metrics classify it as a major hurricane, indicating its significant strength.
  • How was Hurricane Audrey's intensity at landfall assessed differently by operational forecasts compared to later reanalysis?: Operationally, Hurricane Audrey was assessed as a Category 4 hurricane at landfall. However, subsequent reanalysis by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project revised its peak intensity downward, classifying it as a Category 3 hurricane.

Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche.

Answer: True

This statement is accurate. Hurricane Audrey developed from a tropical wave that entered the Bay of Campeche, subsequently organizing into a tropical depression and then a hurricane.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the primary causes of destruction along the Louisiana coast during Hurricane Audrey?: The primary causes of destruction along the Louisiana coast were the hurricane's powerful storm surge, which peaked at an estimated 12 feet and extended 25 miles inland, and its intense winds. These forces combined to completely destroy many coastal communities.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • How quickly did the tropical depression that became Audrey strengthen into a hurricane?: The tropical depression that became Hurricane Audrey strengthened into a tropical storm just six hours after its initial classification and then into a hurricane on June 25, 1957. This rapid development indicated very favorable environmental conditions for intensification.

Hurricane Audrey was the weakest June Atlantic hurricane on record at the time of its formation.

Answer: False

This is incorrect. Hurricane Audrey was notable for being one of the strongest June Atlantic hurricanes on record at the time of its formation, particularly in terms of its pressure.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Hurricane Audrey make landfall along the U.S. Gulf Coast, and what was its primary destructive force?: Hurricane Audrey made landfall between the mouth of the Sabine River and Cameron, Louisiana, as an intense Category 3 hurricane. Its most destructive force was a powerful storm surge that inundated coastal communities and penetrated as far as 20 miles inland.
  • What were the peak sustained winds and lowest central pressure recorded for Hurricane Audrey?: Hurricane Audrey reached peak sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and recorded a lowest central pressure of 946 mbar (27.94 inHg). These metrics classify it as a major hurricane, indicating its significant strength.
  • What made Hurricane Audrey significant in terms of its timing and intensity for the Atlantic basin?: Hurricane Audrey was significant as it was the strongest June Atlantic hurricane ever recorded by pressure, a record it shared with Hurricane Alex in 2010. It was also the first major hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1945, highlighting its unusual strength for that time of year.

The peak sustained winds recorded for Hurricane Audrey were 125 mph.

Answer: True

This statement is accurate. Hurricane Audrey reached peak sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h).

Related Concepts:

  • How many fatalities and how much damage did Hurricane Audrey cause in 1957 US dollars?: Hurricane Audrey resulted in at least 416 fatalities and caused approximately $150 million in damage in 1957 US dollars. These figures underscore the immense destructive power and tragic human cost of the storm.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • What were the peak sustained winds and lowest central pressure recorded for Hurricane Audrey?: Hurricane Audrey reached peak sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and recorded a lowest central pressure of 946 mbar (27.94 inHg). These metrics classify it as a major hurricane, indicating its significant strength.

Hurricane Audrey formed on June 24, 1957, and dissipated on June 29, 1957.

Answer: True

This statement is accurate. Hurricane Audrey's lifecycle began on June 24, 1957, and it dissipated on June 29, 1957.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the peak sustained winds and lowest central pressure recorded for Hurricane Audrey?: Hurricane Audrey reached peak sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and recorded a lowest central pressure of 946 mbar (27.94 inHg). These metrics classify it as a major hurricane, indicating its significant strength.
  • What was the significance of the pressure drop observed in Hurricane Audrey between its last aircraft observation and landfall?: The pressure within Hurricane Audrey dropped by approximately 30 mbar (0.89 inHg) between the last aircraft observation and its landfall. This substantial pressure decrease indicated a rapid strengthening of the hurricane just before it made landfall.
  • When did Hurricane Audrey form and dissipate, and what was its peak intensity?: Hurricane Audrey formed on June 24, 1957, and dissipated on June 29, 1957. It reached its peak intensity as a major Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph.

Hurricane Audrey was the first major hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1945.

Answer: True

This statement is accurate. Hurricane Audrey was notable as the first major hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1945.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Hurricane Audrey make landfall along the U.S. Gulf Coast, and what was its primary destructive force?: Hurricane Audrey made landfall between the mouth of the Sabine River and Cameron, Louisiana, as an intense Category 3 hurricane. Its most destructive force was a powerful storm surge that inundated coastal communities and penetrated as far as 20 miles inland.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • What made Hurricane Audrey significant in terms of its timing and intensity for the Atlantic basin?: Hurricane Audrey was significant as it was the strongest June Atlantic hurricane ever recorded by pressure, a record it shared with Hurricane Alex in 2010. It was also the first major hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1945, highlighting its unusual strength for that time of year.

The lowest central pressure recorded for Hurricane Audrey was 946 mbar.

Answer: True

This statement is accurate. The lowest central pressure recorded for Hurricane Audrey was 946 mbar (27.94 inHg).

Related Concepts:

  • How many fatalities and how much damage did Hurricane Audrey cause in 1957 US dollars?: Hurricane Audrey resulted in at least 416 fatalities and caused approximately $150 million in damage in 1957 US dollars. These figures underscore the immense destructive power and tragic human cost of the storm.
  • How was Hurricane Audrey's intensity at landfall assessed differently by operational forecasts compared to later reanalysis?: Operationally, Hurricane Audrey was assessed as a Category 4 hurricane at landfall. However, subsequent reanalysis by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project revised its peak intensity downward, classifying it as a Category 3 hurricane.
  • How did the extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey affect other parts of the United States?: After moving inland and transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, Audrey's remnants continued to cause damage. They produced 18 tornadoes in Mississippi and Alabama and brought record rainfall to the Midwest, leading to significant flooding and further casualties.

What was the official name of the Category 3 Atlantic hurricane that caused widespread devastation in southwestern Louisiana in 1957?

Answer: Hurricane Audrey

The Category 3 Atlantic hurricane that caused widespread devastation in southwestern Louisiana in 1957 was officially named Hurricane Audrey.

Related Concepts:

  • When did Hurricane Audrey form and dissipate, and what was its peak intensity?: Hurricane Audrey formed on June 24, 1957, and dissipated on June 29, 1957. It reached its peak intensity as a major Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph.
  • What was the name of the Category 3 Atlantic hurricane that caused widespread devastation in southwestern Louisiana in 1957?: The Category 3 Atlantic hurricane that occurred in 1957 and devastated the southwestern Louisiana coast was named Hurricane Audrey. It is remembered as a catastrophic and very deadly storm.

What was the peak intensity of Hurricane Audrey in terms of sustained wind speed?

Answer: 125 mph

The peak intensity of Hurricane Audrey, in terms of sustained wind speed, was recorded at 125 mph.

Related Concepts:

  • How many fatalities and how much damage did Hurricane Audrey cause in 1957 US dollars?: Hurricane Audrey resulted in at least 416 fatalities and caused approximately $150 million in damage in 1957 US dollars. These figures underscore the immense destructive power and tragic human cost of the storm.
  • What were the peak sustained winds and lowest central pressure recorded for Hurricane Audrey?: Hurricane Audrey reached peak sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and recorded a lowest central pressure of 946 mbar (27.94 inHg). These metrics classify it as a major hurricane, indicating its significant strength.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.

What unusual meteorological distinction did Hurricane Audrey hold for the Atlantic basin in June?

Answer: It was the strongest June hurricane by pressure recorded at the time.

Hurricane Audrey held the distinction of being the strongest June Atlantic hurricane on record by pressure at the time of its formation, highlighting its unusual intensity for that month.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Hurricane Audrey make landfall along the U.S. Gulf Coast, and what was its primary destructive force?: Hurricane Audrey made landfall between the mouth of the Sabine River and Cameron, Louisiana, as an intense Category 3 hurricane. Its most destructive force was a powerful storm surge that inundated coastal communities and penetrated as far as 20 miles inland.
  • How quickly did the tropical depression that became Audrey strengthen into a hurricane?: The tropical depression that became Hurricane Audrey strengthened into a tropical storm just six hours after its initial classification and then into a hurricane on June 25, 1957. This rapid development indicated very favorable environmental conditions for intensification.
  • What were the peak sustained winds and lowest central pressure recorded for Hurricane Audrey?: Hurricane Audrey reached peak sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and recorded a lowest central pressure of 946 mbar (27.94 inHg). These metrics classify it as a major hurricane, indicating its significant strength.

Which of the following was a contributing factor to the rapid intensification of Hurricane Audrey?

Answer: Anomalously intense low-pressure areas at high altitudes.

Anomalously intense low-pressure areas at high altitudes, combined with favorable sea surface temperatures and upper-level outflow conditions, contributed to the rapid intensification of Hurricane Audrey.

Related Concepts:

  • How quickly did the tropical depression that became Audrey strengthen into a hurricane?: The tropical depression that became Hurricane Audrey strengthened into a tropical storm just six hours after its initial classification and then into a hurricane on June 25, 1957. This rapid development indicated very favorable environmental conditions for intensification.
  • What was the significance of the pressure drop observed in Hurricane Audrey between its last aircraft observation and landfall?: The pressure within Hurricane Audrey dropped by approximately 30 mbar (0.89 inHg) between the last aircraft observation and its landfall. This substantial pressure decrease indicated a rapid strengthening of the hurricane just before it made landfall.
  • How was Hurricane Audrey's intensity at landfall assessed differently by operational forecasts compared to later reanalysis?: Operationally, Hurricane Audrey was assessed as a Category 4 hurricane at landfall. However, subsequent reanalysis by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project revised its peak intensity downward, classifying it as a Category 3 hurricane.

How quickly did the tropical depression that became Audrey strengthen into a hurricane?

Answer: Within 6 hours of becoming a tropical storm

The tropical depression that became Hurricane Audrey underwent rapid intensification, strengthening into a tropical storm just six hours after its initial classification and subsequently into a hurricane.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the significance of the pressure drop observed in Hurricane Audrey between its last aircraft observation and landfall?: The pressure within Hurricane Audrey dropped by approximately 30 mbar (0.89 inHg) between the last aircraft observation and its landfall. This substantial pressure decrease indicated a rapid strengthening of the hurricane just before it made landfall.
  • What were the peak sustained winds and lowest central pressure recorded for Hurricane Audrey?: Hurricane Audrey reached peak sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and recorded a lowest central pressure of 946 mbar (27.94 inHg). These metrics classify it as a major hurricane, indicating its significant strength.
  • How quickly did the tropical depression that became Audrey strengthen into a hurricane?: The tropical depression that became Hurricane Audrey strengthened into a tropical storm just six hours after its initial classification and then into a hurricane on June 25, 1957. This rapid development indicated very favorable environmental conditions for intensification.

Landfall and Coastal Devastation

Hurricane Audrey, which made landfall in 1957, was characterized as a weak storm with minimal impact on coastal communities.

Answer: False

This assertion is incorrect. Hurricane Audrey made landfall as an intense Category 3 hurricane, causing extensive devastation to coastal communities, including significant storm surge and a high number of fatalities.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Hurricane Audrey make landfall along the U.S. Gulf Coast, and what was its primary destructive force?: Hurricane Audrey made landfall between the mouth of the Sabine River and Cameron, Louisiana, as an intense Category 3 hurricane. Its most destructive force was a powerful storm surge that inundated coastal communities and penetrated as far as 20 miles inland.
  • What were the primary causes of destruction along the Louisiana coast during Hurricane Audrey?: The primary causes of destruction along the Louisiana coast were the hurricane's powerful storm surge, which peaked at an estimated 12 feet and extended 25 miles inland, and its intense winds. These forces combined to completely destroy many coastal communities.
  • What were the peak tide levels recorded in Cameron, Louisiana, and along a stretch of the coast?: In Cameron, Louisiana, tides peaked at 10.6 feet above mean sea level, with waves reaching up to 10 feet atop the high water. Along a 24-mile stretch of the Louisiana coastline, tides exceeded 12 feet, peaking at 12.4 feet just west of Cameron.

The storm surge from Hurricane Audrey only reached a few miles inland along the Louisiana coast.

Answer: False

This statement is false. The storm surge from Hurricane Audrey penetrated as far as 20 miles inland along the Louisiana coast, inundating extensive areas.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the peak tide levels recorded in Cameron, Louisiana, and along a stretch of the coast?: In Cameron, Louisiana, tides peaked at 10.6 feet above mean sea level, with waves reaching up to 10 feet atop the high water. Along a 24-mile stretch of the Louisiana coastline, tides exceeded 12 feet, peaking at 12.4 feet just west of Cameron.
  • How far inland did the storm surge from Hurricane Audrey penetrate along the Louisiana coast?: The storm surge from Hurricane Audrey penetrated as far as 20 miles inland along the Louisiana coast. This extensive inundation submerged over 1.6 million acres of land, causing widespread flooding and destruction.
  • What were the primary causes of destruction along the Louisiana coast during Hurricane Audrey?: The primary causes of destruction along the Louisiana coast were the hurricane's powerful storm surge, which peaked at an estimated 12 feet and extended 25 miles inland, and its intense winds. These forces combined to completely destroy many coastal communities.

The primary causes of destruction in Louisiana were Hurricane Audrey's strong winds and heavy rainfall alone.

Answer: False

This is inaccurate. While strong winds and heavy rainfall contributed, the primary destructive force was the powerful storm surge, which inundated coastal areas and penetrated significantly inland.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey affect other parts of the United States?: After moving inland and transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, Audrey's remnants continued to cause damage. They produced 18 tornadoes in Mississippi and Alabama and brought record rainfall to the Midwest, leading to significant flooding and further casualties.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • How did Hurricane Audrey make landfall along the U.S. Gulf Coast, and what was its primary destructive force?: Hurricane Audrey made landfall between the mouth of the Sabine River and Cameron, Louisiana, as an intense Category 3 hurricane. Its most destructive force was a powerful storm surge that inundated coastal communities and penetrated as far as 20 miles inland.

The storm surge in Galveston reached a height of 10.6 feet, causing significant damage.

Answer: False

This statement is inaccurate. While a storm surge of 10.6 feet was recorded, it occurred in Cameron, Louisiana, not Galveston. The surge in Galveston reached 6.2 feet.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the total monetary damage attributed to Hurricane Audrey in Texas?: The total monetary damage caused by Hurricane Audrey in Texas was estimated at $8 million. This figure reflects the widespread damage to property and infrastructure across the state's coastal regions.

The damage to offshore oil facilities from Hurricane Audrey was estimated to be around $150 million.

Answer: False

This statement is incorrect. The estimated damage to offshore oil facilities from Hurricane Audrey was $16 million, not $150 million.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the peak rainfall recorded in Louisiana during Hurricane Audrey?: The heaviest rainfall associated with Hurricane Audrey in Louisiana was recorded just west of Basile, measuring 10.63 inches. Most of the significant rainfall occurred east of the storm's center of circulation.
  • How many fatalities and injuries were reported in Louisiana due to Hurricane Audrey?: An estimated 400 people lost their lives in Louisiana due to Hurricane Audrey, accounting for the majority of the storm's total fatalities. Additionally, approximately 1,000 people were reported injured across the state.
  • What was the estimated damage to offshore oil facilities caused by Hurricane Audrey?: The damage to offshore oil facilities alone caused by Hurricane Audrey was estimated at $16 million. Despite this cost, the oil industry reported minimal fatalities compared to the widespread devastation in coastal communities.

In Louisiana, 90-95% of all buildings in Cameron and Vermilion Parish sustained irreparable damage.

Answer: True

This statement is accurate. Reports indicate that 90-95% of all buildings in Cameron and Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, suffered irreparable damage due to Hurricane Audrey.

Related Concepts:

  • How were homes and structures displaced by the storm surge in Louisiana?: Wood-frame houses were swept inland by Hurricane Audrey's storm surge, with some carried several miles from their original locations and deposited along the Intracoastal Waterway. This displacement resulted in severe structural damage and altered the landscape.

The total estimated damage from Hurricane Audrey in Louisiana was $120 million.

Answer: True

This statement is accurate. The total estimated monetary damage attributed to Hurricane Audrey in Louisiana was $120 million.

Related Concepts:

  • How many fatalities and injuries were reported in Louisiana due to Hurricane Audrey?: An estimated 400 people lost their lives in Louisiana due to Hurricane Audrey, accounting for the majority of the storm's total fatalities. Additionally, approximately 1,000 people were reported injured across the state.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • What was the total estimated damage from Hurricane Audrey in Louisiana?: The total estimated damage from Hurricane Audrey in Louisiana amounted to $120 million. This figure highlights the catastrophic economic impact the hurricane had on the state's infrastructure and property.

Hurricane Audrey's storm surge caused significant coastal retreat and sedimentation along the Louisiana coast.

Answer: True

This statement is accurate. The storm surge from Hurricane Audrey significantly altered Louisiana's coastline, causing coastal retreat and sedimentation.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the National Hurricane Research Project's (NHRP) conclusion regarding the data available after Hurricane Audrey?: The NHRP concluded that despite ample storm tide observations, a lack of inland data hindered a detailed reconstruction of Audrey's surge. This realization prompted the Weather Bureau to install additional tide recorders along the coast to improve future data collection.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • How did Hurricane Audrey's storm surge affect the coastline morphology of Louisiana?: The storm surge from Hurricane Audrey significantly altered Louisiana's coastline, causing about 50% of the coast to retreat inland and leading to substantial sedimentation in the form of mudflats. This reshaping of the shoreline had lasting ecological consequences.

Which U.S. state bore the brunt of Hurricane Audrey's landfall and experienced the highest number of fatalities?

Answer: Louisiana

Louisiana bore the brunt of Hurricane Audrey's landfall and experienced the highest number of fatalities, with an estimated 400 deaths occurring within the state.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Hurricane Audrey's death toll compare to other U.S. hurricanes in the preceding decade?: With at least 416 fatalities, Hurricane Audrey was the deadliest hurricane to strike the United States since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane. Its death toll was also comparable to the combined total of all storms affecting the country in the decade prior.
  • What made Hurricane Audrey significant in terms of its timing and intensity for the Atlantic basin?: Hurricane Audrey was significant as it was the strongest June Atlantic hurricane ever recorded by pressure, a record it shared with Hurricane Alex in 2010. It was also the first major hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1945, highlighting its unusual strength for that time of year.
  • What atmospheric conditions contributed to the formation and rapid intensification of Hurricane Audrey?: Hurricane Audrey benefited from anomalously intense low-pressure areas at high altitudes and favorable sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico, which were 3°F above normal. The alignment of a polar trough also created ideal upper-level outflow conditions, promoting rapid intensification.

What was the primary destructive force associated with Hurricane Audrey's landfall in Louisiana?

Answer: A powerful storm surge that inundated coastal areas

The primary destructive force associated with Hurricane Audrey's landfall in Louisiana was its powerful storm surge, which inundated coastal communities and penetrated far inland.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • How did the extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey affect other parts of the United States?: After moving inland and transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, Audrey's remnants continued to cause damage. They produced 18 tornadoes in Mississippi and Alabama and brought record rainfall to the Midwest, leading to significant flooding and further casualties.
  • What were the peak tide levels recorded in Cameron, Louisiana, and along a stretch of the coast?: In Cameron, Louisiana, tides peaked at 10.6 feet above mean sea level, with waves reaching up to 10 feet atop the high water. Along a 24-mile stretch of the Louisiana coastline, tides exceeded 12 feet, peaking at 12.4 feet just west of Cameron.

How far inland did the storm surge from Hurricane Audrey penetrate along the Louisiana coast?

Answer: Up to 20 miles

The storm surge from Hurricane Audrey penetrated as far as 20 miles inland along the Louisiana coast, causing widespread inundation and destruction.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the peak tide levels recorded in Cameron, Louisiana, and along a stretch of the coast?: In Cameron, Louisiana, tides peaked at 10.6 feet above mean sea level, with waves reaching up to 10 feet atop the high water. Along a 24-mile stretch of the Louisiana coastline, tides exceeded 12 feet, peaking at 12.4 feet just west of Cameron.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • How did the extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey affect other parts of the United States?: After moving inland and transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, Audrey's remnants continued to cause damage. They produced 18 tornadoes in Mississippi and Alabama and brought record rainfall to the Midwest, leading to significant flooding and further casualties.

What was the estimated total monetary damage caused by Hurricane Audrey in 1957 US dollars?

Answer: $150 million

The estimated total monetary damage caused by Hurricane Audrey in 1957 US dollars was $150 million.

Related Concepts:

  • Which regions of the United States and Canada were affected by Hurricane Audrey?: Hurricane Audrey affected a wide area, including the South Central United States (particularly Texas and Louisiana), the Southeastern United States, the Midwestern United States, New England, as well as parts of Canada in Ontario and Quebec. The storm's impact was widespread, demonstrating its extensive reach.
  • What were the peak sustained winds and lowest central pressure recorded for Hurricane Audrey?: Hurricane Audrey reached peak sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and recorded a lowest central pressure of 946 mbar (27.94 inHg). These metrics classify it as a major hurricane, indicating its significant strength.
  • How many fatalities and how much damage did Hurricane Audrey cause in 1957 US dollars?: Hurricane Audrey resulted in at least 416 fatalities and caused approximately $150 million in damage in 1957 US dollars. These figures underscore the immense destructive power and tragic human cost of the storm.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the damage in Cameron and Vermilion Parish, Louisiana?

Answer: 90-95% of all buildings sustained irreparable damage.

Reports indicate that 90-95% of all buildings in Cameron and Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, sustained irreparable damage due to the catastrophic impact of Hurricane Audrey.

Related Concepts:

  • How were homes and structures displaced by the storm surge in Louisiana?: Wood-frame houses were swept inland by Hurricane Audrey's storm surge, with some carried several miles from their original locations and deposited along the Intracoastal Waterway. This displacement resulted in severe structural damage and altered the landscape.

What was the estimated total damage caused by Hurricane Audrey in Texas?

Answer: $8 million

The estimated total monetary damage caused by Hurricane Audrey in Texas was $8 million.

Related Concepts:

  • How far inland did the storm surge from Hurricane Audrey penetrate along the Louisiana coast?: The storm surge from Hurricane Audrey penetrated as far as 20 miles inland along the Louisiana coast. This extensive inundation submerged over 1.6 million acres of land, causing widespread flooding and destruction.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • What was the total monetary damage attributed to Hurricane Audrey in Texas?: The total monetary damage caused by Hurricane Audrey in Texas was estimated at $8 million. This figure reflects the widespread damage to property and infrastructure across the state's coastal regions.

The storm surge in Cameron, Louisiana, reached a peak tide level of approximately:

Answer: 10.6 feet

In Cameron, Louisiana, the storm surge reached a peak tide level of approximately 10.6 feet above mean sea level.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the extent of damage to homes in coastal Louisiana communities like Cameron and Vermilion Parish?: Coastal Louisiana communities, including Cameron and Grand Chenier, suffered immense damage, with 60-80% of homes destroyed or displaced. In Cameron and the adjacent Vermilion Parish, an estimated 90-95% of all buildings sustained irreparable damage.

What was the total estimated damage to offshore oil facilities caused by Hurricane Audrey?

Answer: $16 million

The estimated damage to offshore oil facilities caused by Hurricane Audrey was $16 million.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the peak rainfall recorded in Louisiana during Hurricane Audrey?: The heaviest rainfall associated with Hurricane Audrey in Louisiana was recorded just west of Basile, measuring 10.63 inches. Most of the significant rainfall occurred east of the storm's center of circulation.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • What was the estimated damage to offshore oil facilities caused by Hurricane Audrey?: The damage to offshore oil facilities alone caused by Hurricane Audrey was estimated at $16 million. Despite this cost, the oil industry reported minimal fatalities compared to the widespread devastation in coastal communities.

Human Impact and Response

The Weather Bureau's warnings for Hurricane Audrey were criticized for being overly urgent, causing unnecessary panic.

Answer: False

This statement is false. The criticism leveled against the Weather Bureau's warnings was that they lacked sufficient urgency, not that they were overly urgent.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the timeline for issuing hurricane watches and warnings for Hurricane Audrey along the U.S. Gulf Coast?: A hurricane watch was issued for the coasts of Texas and Louisiana on June 26, 1957. Hurricane warnings for the entire Louisiana coast followed later that day, with warnings extended westward to High Island, Texas, by June 27.
  • Approximately how many people evacuated from the U.S. Gulf Coast in advance of Hurricane Audrey?: Approximately 75,000 people evacuated from low-lying areas along the U.S. Gulf Coast in anticipation of Hurricane Audrey. This mass evacuation was a critical measure to mitigate potential loss of life from the storm's surge.
  • What criticism was leveled against the Weather Bureau's warnings regarding Hurricane Audrey?: A significant criticism of the Weather Bureau's warnings was that they lacked a sense of urgency, despite being technically accurate. This perceived lack of urgency may have contributed to some residents hesitating to evacuate before the storm's impact.

Approximately 75,000 people evacuated from the U.S. Gulf Coast in anticipation of Hurricane Audrey.

Answer: True

This statement is accurate. Approximately 75,000 individuals evacuated from low-lying areas along the U.S. Gulf Coast prior to Hurricane Audrey's landfall.

Related Concepts:

  • What incident led to the loss of nine crewmen off the coast of Galveston, Texas, during Hurricane Audrey?: Nine crewmen lost their lives when the fishing vessel *Keturah* sank after colliding with an oil rig approximately 11 miles off Galveston, Texas. The vessel had been disabled and was being towed when the tow line broke amidst the storm's rough seas.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • Approximately how many people evacuated from the U.S. Gulf Coast in advance of Hurricane Audrey?: Approximately 75,000 people evacuated from low-lying areas along the U.S. Gulf Coast in anticipation of Hurricane Audrey. This mass evacuation was a critical measure to mitigate potential loss of life from the storm's surge.

The legal case *Bartie v. United States* involved a lawsuit claiming the Weather Bureau provided warnings for Hurricane Audrey that were too urgent.

Answer: False

This statement is incorrect. The lawsuit *Bartie v. United States* alleged that the Weather Bureau's warnings were inadequate and insufficiently urgent, not too urgent.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the court's ruling regarding the Weather Bureau's responsibility in the Bartie v. United States case?: The court ruled that the Weather Bureau had failed to convey the necessary urgency in its warnings but determined that issuing evacuation orders was not within the Bureau's official duties. The case was dismissed, citing the discretionary function exception under the Federal Tort Claims Act for unintentional errors.
  • What was the basis of Whitney Bartie's lawsuit against the U.S. federal government following Hurricane Audrey?: Whitney Bartie sued the U.S. federal government, alleging that the U.S. Weather Bureau provided inadequate and insufficiently urgent warnings about Hurricane Audrey. His family perished because they did not evacuate, believing the forecasts lacked sufficient warning.

The Weather Bureau's first bulletin for Hurricane Audrey was issued when it was already a Category 1 hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico.

Answer: False

This statement is false. The Weather Bureau's first bulletin was issued when Audrey was a tropical depression in the Bay of Campeche, not a Category 1 hurricane.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the timeline for issuing hurricane watches and warnings for Hurricane Audrey along the U.S. Gulf Coast?: A hurricane watch was issued for the coasts of Texas and Louisiana on June 26, 1957. Hurricane warnings for the entire Louisiana coast followed later that day, with warnings extended westward to High Island, Texas, by June 27.
  • What was the initial forecast regarding hurricane activity for June 1957?: The Weather Bureau issued an experimental 30-day forecast on June 17, 1957, indicating a high likelihood of one or two tropical storms developing within the forecast period. This forecast suggested an awareness of potential tropical cyclone activity for the month.
  • When and where was the first bulletin issued for Hurricane Audrey?: The first bulletin for Hurricane Audrey was issued by the Weather Bureau office in New Orleans, Louisiana, on June 25, 1957. At that time, Audrey was still classified as a tropical depression in the Bay of Campeche.

The court in *Bartie v. United States* found the Weather Bureau negligent but ordered them to pay damages.

Answer: False

This statement is false. While the court acknowledged the Weather Bureau's failure to convey urgency, it dismissed the case and did not order damages to be paid.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the estimated damage to offshore oil facilities caused by Hurricane Audrey?: The damage to offshore oil facilities alone caused by Hurricane Audrey was estimated at $16 million. Despite this cost, the oil industry reported minimal fatalities compared to the widespread devastation in coastal communities.
  • What was the court's ruling regarding the Weather Bureau's responsibility in the Bartie v. United States case?: The court ruled that the Weather Bureau had failed to convey the necessary urgency in its warnings but determined that issuing evacuation orders was not within the Bureau's official duties. The case was dismissed, citing the discretionary function exception under the Federal Tort Claims Act for unintentional errors.
  • What was the outcome of Whitney Bartie's appeal in the case of *Bartie v. United States*?: Whitney Bartie's appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit resulted in a ruling in favor of the United States, upholding the dismissal of his lawsuit. The court found that negligence on the part of the Weather Bureau had not been sufficiently established.

The fishing vessel *Keturah* sank during Hurricane Audrey, resulting in the loss of its entire crew of 15.

Answer: False

This statement is inaccurate. The fishing vessel *Keturah* sank, resulting in the loss of nine crewmen, not its entire crew of 15, and the incident occurred off Galveston, Texas.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the storm surge affect Galveston Island and its infrastructure?: The storm surge in Galveston reached 6.2 feet above mean sea level, topping the Galveston Seawall and causing flooding in downtown streets and businesses. This inundation also led to damage at beachfront establishments and erosion of beach segments.

The Weather Bureau issued an experimental 30-day forecast on June 17, 1957, predicting no tropical storm activity for the month.

Answer: False

This statement is false. The experimental 30-day forecast issued on June 17, 1957, predicted a high likelihood of tropical storm activity, not the absence of it.

Related Concepts:

  • When and where was the first bulletin issued for Hurricane Audrey?: The first bulletin for Hurricane Audrey was issued by the Weather Bureau office in New Orleans, Louisiana, on June 25, 1957. At that time, Audrey was still classified as a tropical depression in the Bay of Campeche.

Hurricane Audrey was the deadliest tropical cyclone on record for the state of Texas.

Answer: False

This statement is false. While Hurricane Audrey caused significant fatalities in Texas, the majority of the storm's death toll occurred in Louisiana, making it the deadliest cyclone for that state.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • What made Hurricane Audrey significant in terms of its timing and intensity for the Atlantic basin?: Hurricane Audrey was significant as it was the strongest June Atlantic hurricane ever recorded by pressure, a record it shared with Hurricane Alex in 2010. It was also the first major hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1945, highlighting its unusual strength for that time of year.
  • How did Hurricane Audrey's death toll compare to other U.S. hurricanes in the preceding decade?: With at least 416 fatalities, Hurricane Audrey was the deadliest hurricane to strike the United States since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane. Its death toll was also comparable to the combined total of all storms affecting the country in the decade prior.

How many fatalities were attributed to Hurricane Audrey in the United States?

Answer: At least 416

At least 416 fatalities were attributed to Hurricane Audrey in the United States, with the vast majority occurring in Louisiana.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Hurricane Audrey's death toll compare to other U.S. hurricanes in the preceding decade?: With at least 416 fatalities, Hurricane Audrey was the deadliest hurricane to strike the United States since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane. Its death toll was also comparable to the combined total of all storms affecting the country in the decade prior.
  • What atmospheric conditions contributed to the formation and rapid intensification of Hurricane Audrey?: Hurricane Audrey benefited from anomalously intense low-pressure areas at high altitudes and favorable sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico, which were 3°F above normal. The alignment of a polar trough also created ideal upper-level outflow conditions, promoting rapid intensification.
  • What made Hurricane Audrey significant in terms of its timing and intensity for the Atlantic basin?: Hurricane Audrey was significant as it was the strongest June Atlantic hurricane ever recorded by pressure, a record it shared with Hurricane Alex in 2010. It was also the first major hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1945, highlighting its unusual strength for that time of year.

The lawsuit *Bartie v. United States* centered on the claim that the Weather Bureau provided warnings for Hurricane Audrey that were:

Answer: Insufficiently urgent and inadequate.

The lawsuit *Bartie v. United States* centered on the claim that the Weather Bureau's warnings for Hurricane Audrey were insufficiently urgent and inadequate, failing to prompt timely evacuations.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the court's ruling regarding the Weather Bureau's responsibility in the Bartie v. United States case?: The court ruled that the Weather Bureau had failed to convey the necessary urgency in its warnings but determined that issuing evacuation orders was not within the Bureau's official duties. The case was dismissed, citing the discretionary function exception under the Federal Tort Claims Act for unintentional errors.
  • What was the basis of Whitney Bartie's lawsuit against the U.S. federal government following Hurricane Audrey?: Whitney Bartie sued the U.S. federal government, alleging that the U.S. Weather Bureau provided inadequate and insufficiently urgent warnings about Hurricane Audrey. His family perished because they did not evacuate, believing the forecasts lacked sufficient warning.

What happened to the fishing vessel *Keturah* during Hurricane Audrey?

Answer: It sank off Galveston, Texas, causing the loss of nine crewmen.

The fishing vessel *Keturah* sank off Galveston, Texas, during Hurricane Audrey, resulting in the tragic loss of nine crewmen.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the storm surge affect Galveston Island and its infrastructure?: The storm surge in Galveston reached 6.2 feet above mean sea level, topping the Galveston Seawall and causing flooding in downtown streets and businesses. This inundation also led to damage at beachfront establishments and erosion of beach segments.

What was the approximate number of people who evacuated from the U.S. Gulf Coast before Hurricane Audrey?

Answer: 75,000

Approximately 75,000 people evacuated from low-lying areas along the U.S. Gulf Coast in anticipation of Hurricane Audrey's landfall.

Related Concepts:

  • What incident led to the loss of nine crewmen off the coast of Galveston, Texas, during Hurricane Audrey?: Nine crewmen lost their lives when the fishing vessel *Keturah* sank after colliding with an oil rig approximately 11 miles off Galveston, Texas. The vessel had been disabled and was being towed when the tow line broke amidst the storm's rough seas.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • Approximately how many people evacuated from the U.S. Gulf Coast in advance of Hurricane Audrey?: Approximately 75,000 people evacuated from low-lying areas along the U.S. Gulf Coast in anticipation of Hurricane Audrey. This mass evacuation was a critical measure to mitigate potential loss of life from the storm's surge.

Widespread Effects and Remnants

Hurricane Audrey's impact was limited to the Gulf Coast states of Texas and Louisiana.

Answer: False

This statement is false. Hurricane Audrey's impact extended beyond Texas and Louisiana, affecting other regions of the United States and parts of Canada.

Related Concepts:

  • What made Hurricane Audrey significant in terms of its timing and intensity for the Atlantic basin?: Hurricane Audrey was significant as it was the strongest June Atlantic hurricane ever recorded by pressure, a record it shared with Hurricane Alex in 2010. It was also the first major hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1945, highlighting its unusual strength for that time of year.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • Which regions of the United States and Canada were affected by Hurricane Audrey?: Hurricane Audrey affected a wide area, including the South Central United States (particularly Texas and Louisiana), the Southeastern United States, the Midwestern United States, New England, as well as parts of Canada in Ontario and Quebec. The storm's impact was widespread, demonstrating its extensive reach.

Hurricane Audrey caused no fatalities in Canada, only impacting the United States.

Answer: False

This statement is false. The remnants of Hurricane Audrey caused fatalities in Canada, specifically in Ontario and Quebec.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Hurricane Audrey's death toll compare to other U.S. hurricanes in the preceding decade?: With at least 416 fatalities, Hurricane Audrey was the deadliest hurricane to strike the United States since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane. Its death toll was also comparable to the combined total of all storms affecting the country in the decade prior.
  • What made Hurricane Audrey significant in terms of its timing and intensity for the Atlantic basin?: Hurricane Audrey was significant as it was the strongest June Atlantic hurricane ever recorded by pressure, a record it shared with Hurricane Alex in 2010. It was also the first major hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1945, highlighting its unusual strength for that time of year.
  • How many fatalities occurred in Ontario and Quebec due to Hurricane Audrey's remnants?: In Canada, 15 people were killed by Hurricane Audrey's remnants, with six fatalities reported in Ontario and ten in Quebec. The storm was particularly deadly in Quebec, becoming the deadliest tropical cyclone on record for that province.

Hurricane Audrey's remnants were responsible for spawning tornadoes primarily in the western United States.

Answer: False

This statement is false. The remnants of Hurricane Audrey spawned tornadoes primarily in the southeastern United States, specifically in states like Mississippi and Alabama, not the western United States.

Related Concepts:

  • What made Hurricane Audrey significant in terms of its timing and intensity for the Atlantic basin?: Hurricane Audrey was significant as it was the strongest June Atlantic hurricane ever recorded by pressure, a record it shared with Hurricane Alex in 2010. It was also the first major hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1945, highlighting its unusual strength for that time of year.
  • How did the extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey affect other parts of the United States?: After moving inland and transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, Audrey's remnants continued to cause damage. They produced 18 tornadoes in Mississippi and Alabama and brought record rainfall to the Midwest, leading to significant flooding and further casualties.

The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey brought record rainfall to the West Coast of the United States.

Answer: False

This statement is false. The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey brought record rainfall to the Midwest, not the West Coast of the United States.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the overall death toll attributed to Hurricane Audrey in the United States and Canada?: Hurricane Audrey caused at least 416 fatalities in the United States, with the majority concentrated in Cameron Parish, Louisiana. Additionally, 15 people lost their lives in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, making it the deadliest tropical cyclone on record for Quebec.
  • How did the extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey affect other parts of the United States?: After moving inland and transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, Audrey's remnants continued to cause damage. They produced 18 tornadoes in Mississippi and Alabama and brought record rainfall to the Midwest, leading to significant flooding and further casualties.
  • How did flash flooding in Indiana impact highways and infrastructure?: Flash flooding in central Indiana caused the closure of 17 highways, and tragically, two women drowned when a bus was swept off a highway near Indianapolis. The severe flooding also washed away crop lands and destroyed bridges.

In Indiana, flash flooding caused by Audrey's remnants led to the closure of 17 highways and the destruction of bridges.

Answer: True

This statement is accurate. Flash flooding in Indiana, resulting from Hurricane Audrey's remnants, caused the closure of 17 highways and the destruction of bridges.

Related Concepts:

  • How many lives were lost in Illinois, Indiana, and New York due to the extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey?: A total of ten lives were lost across Illinois, Indiana, and New York due to the heavy rains and strong winds associated with Hurricane Audrey's extratropical remnants. These states experienced significant impacts from the storm's dissipation phase.
  • What were the primary impacts of Hurricane Audrey's remnants in Ontario, Canada?: In Ontario, Canada, the remnants of Hurricane Audrey brought tropical storm force winds and gusts up to 80 mph. Heavy rainfall caused washouts of roads and rail lines, and six people were trapped in Algonquin Provincial Park due to the hazardous conditions.
  • How did flash flooding in Indiana impact highways and infrastructure?: Flash flooding in central Indiana caused the closure of 17 highways, and tragically, two women drowned when a bus was swept off a highway near Indianapolis. The severe flooding also washed away crop lands and destroyed bridges.

Which of the following regions was NOT significantly affected by Hurricane Audrey or its remnants?

Answer: Pacific Northwest

The Pacific Northwest was not significantly affected by Hurricane Audrey or its remnants. The storm's impact was concentrated in the South Central, Midwestern, and Northeastern United States, as well as parts of Canada.

Related Concepts:

  • What made Hurricane Audrey significant in terms of its timing and intensity for the Atlantic basin?: Hurricane Audrey was significant as it was the strongest June Atlantic hurricane ever recorded by pressure, a record it shared with Hurricane Alex in 2010. It was also the first major hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1945, highlighting its unusual strength for that time of year.
  • How did Hurricane Audrey's death toll compare to other U.S. hurricanes in the preceding decade?: With at least 416 fatalities, Hurricane Audrey was the deadliest hurricane to strike the United States since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane. Its death toll was also comparable to the combined total of all storms affecting the country in the decade prior.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.

Besides wind and storm surge, what other significant weather phenomena did Hurricane Audrey produce?

Answer: Two tornadoes in Louisiana and heavy rainfall

In addition to its powerful winds and storm surge, Hurricane Audrey also produced two tornadoes in Louisiana and significant rainfall, contributing to the overall impact.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey affect other parts of the United States?: After moving inland and transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, Audrey's remnants continued to cause damage. They produced 18 tornadoes in Mississippi and Alabama and brought record rainfall to the Midwest, leading to significant flooding and further casualties.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • Besides wind and storm surge, what other weather phenomena were associated with Hurricane Audrey's impact?: In addition to strong winds and storm surge, Hurricane Audrey also spawned two tornadoes in Louisiana and produced heavy rainfall, with a peak accumulation of 10.63 inches recorded near Basile, Louisiana. These secondary weather events contributed to the overall devastation.

Which Canadian provinces were affected by the remnants of Hurricane Audrey?

Answer: Ontario and Quebec

The remnants of Hurricane Audrey affected the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, causing fatalities and significant weather impacts.

Related Concepts:

  • How did Hurricane Audrey's storm surge affect the coastline morphology of Louisiana?: The storm surge from Hurricane Audrey significantly altered Louisiana's coastline, causing about 50% of the coast to retreat inland and leading to substantial sedimentation in the form of mudflats. This reshaping of the shoreline had lasting ecological consequences.
  • What was the name of the Category 3 Atlantic hurricane that caused widespread devastation in southwestern Louisiana in 1957?: The Category 3 Atlantic hurricane that occurred in 1957 and devastated the southwestern Louisiana coast was named Hurricane Audrey. It is remembered as a catastrophic and very deadly storm.
  • Which regions of the United States and Canada were affected by Hurricane Audrey?: Hurricane Audrey affected a wide area, including the South Central United States (particularly Texas and Louisiana), the Southeastern United States, the Midwestern United States, New England, as well as parts of Canada in Ontario and Quebec. The storm's impact was widespread, demonstrating its extensive reach.

The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey caused significant rainfall in parts of the Midwest, including which specific locations and amounts?

Answer: Paris, Illinois (10.20 inches) and Hermann, Missouri (10.16 inches)

The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey produced significant rainfall in the Midwest, with recorded amounts of 10.20 inches in Paris, Illinois, and 10.16 inches in Hermann, Missouri.

Related Concepts:

  • How did flash flooding in Indiana impact highways and infrastructure?: Flash flooding in central Indiana caused the closure of 17 highways, and tragically, two women drowned when a bus was swept off a highway near Indianapolis. The severe flooding also washed away crop lands and destroyed bridges.
  • What was the overall death toll attributed to Hurricane Audrey in the United States and Canada?: Hurricane Audrey caused at least 416 fatalities in the United States, with the majority concentrated in Cameron Parish, Louisiana. Additionally, 15 people lost their lives in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, making it the deadliest tropical cyclone on record for Quebec.
  • What were the rainfall totals in Paris, Illinois, and Hermann, Missouri, due to Audrey's extratropical remnants?: The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey brought heavy rainfall to the Midwest, with totals reaching 10.20 inches in Paris, Illinois, and 10.16 inches in Hermann, Missouri. These significant rainfall amounts contributed to record-breaking precipitation in some areas.

How many tornadoes were spawned by the remnants of Hurricane Audrey in Alabama alone?

Answer: 14

The remnants of Hurricane Audrey spawned 14 tornadoes in Alabama, contributing to the total number of tornadoes that occurred across several states.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the rainfall totals in Paris, Illinois, and Hermann, Missouri, due to Audrey's extratropical remnants?: The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey brought heavy rainfall to the Midwest, with totals reaching 10.20 inches in Paris, Illinois, and 10.16 inches in Hermann, Missouri. These significant rainfall amounts contributed to record-breaking precipitation in some areas.
  • Which state experienced the most tornadoes associated with Hurricane Audrey's remnants?: Alabama experienced the highest number of tornadoes associated with Hurricane Audrey's remnants, with 14 tornadoes touching down across the state. These tornadoes were part of a localized outbreak that caused considerable damage.

Which of the following accurately describes the impact of Hurricane Audrey's remnants on Indiana?

Answer: Led to flash flooding, closing 17 highways and destroying bridges.

The remnants of Hurricane Audrey caused significant flash flooding in Indiana, leading to the closure of 17 highways and the destruction of bridges, alongside other impacts.

Related Concepts:

  • How many lives were lost in Illinois, Indiana, and New York due to the extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey?: A total of ten lives were lost across Illinois, Indiana, and New York due to the heavy rains and strong winds associated with Hurricane Audrey's extratropical remnants. These states experienced significant impacts from the storm's dissipation phase.
  • What were the primary impacts of Hurricane Audrey's remnants in Ontario, Canada?: In Ontario, Canada, the remnants of Hurricane Audrey brought tropical storm force winds and gusts up to 80 mph. Heavy rainfall caused washouts of roads and rail lines, and six people were trapped in Algonquin Provincial Park due to the hazardous conditions.
  • How did flash flooding in Indiana impact highways and infrastructure?: Flash flooding in central Indiana caused the closure of 17 highways, and tragically, two women drowned when a bus was swept off a highway near Indianapolis. The severe flooding also washed away crop lands and destroyed bridges.

How many fatalities occurred in Quebec, Canada, due to Hurricane Audrey's remnants, and what distinction did this represent?

Answer: 10 fatalities, making it the deadliest tropical cyclone on record for Quebec.

Ten fatalities occurred in Quebec, Canada, due to the remnants of Hurricane Audrey, marking it as the deadliest tropical cyclone on record for that province.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • How did the extratropical remnants of Hurricane Audrey affect other parts of the United States?: After moving inland and transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, Audrey's remnants continued to cause damage. They produced 18 tornadoes in Mississippi and Alabama and brought record rainfall to the Midwest, leading to significant flooding and further casualties.
  • How many fatalities occurred in Ontario and Quebec due to Hurricane Audrey's remnants?: In Canada, 15 people were killed by Hurricane Audrey's remnants, with six fatalities reported in Ontario and ten in Quebec. The storm was particularly deadly in Quebec, becoming the deadliest tropical cyclone on record for that province.

Meteorological and Research Context

The National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) found ample inland data available after Hurricane Audrey for a detailed surge reconstruction.

Answer: False

This statement is false. The National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) concluded that a lack of inland data hindered a detailed surge reconstruction, despite ample storm tide observations.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific type of damage did the F2 tornado in Clara, Mississippi cause?: An F2 tornado in Clara, Mississippi, destroyed a grocery store and several other large buildings. This tornado was one of four that touched down in Mississippi, contributing to the state's overall damage total.
  • What was the basis of Whitney Bartie's lawsuit against the U.S. federal government following Hurricane Audrey?: Whitney Bartie sued the U.S. federal government, alleging that the U.S. Weather Bureau provided inadequate and insufficiently urgent warnings about Hurricane Audrey. His family perished because they did not evacuate, believing the forecasts lacked sufficient warning.
  • What was the National Hurricane Research Project's (NHRP) conclusion regarding the data available after Hurricane Audrey?: The NHRP concluded that despite ample storm tide observations, a lack of inland data hindered a detailed reconstruction of Audrey's surge. This realization prompted the Weather Bureau to install additional tide recorders along the coast to improve future data collection.

Hurricane Audrey was initially assessed as a Category 4 hurricane at landfall by operational forecasts.

Answer: True

This statement is accurate. Operational forecasts assessed Hurricane Audrey as a Category 4 hurricane at landfall; however, subsequent reanalysis revised this to Category 3.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the initial forecast regarding hurricane activity for June 1957?: The Weather Bureau issued an experimental 30-day forecast on June 17, 1957, indicating a high likelihood of one or two tropical storms developing within the forecast period. This forecast suggested an awareness of potential tropical cyclone activity for the month.
  • What was the initial source of Hurricane Audrey's formation?: Hurricane Audrey originated from a tropical wave that moved into the Bay of Campeche. This wave organized into a tropical depression, marking the beginning of the storm's development in favorable conditions.
  • How was Hurricane Audrey's intensity at landfall assessed differently by operational forecasts compared to later reanalysis?: Operationally, Hurricane Audrey was assessed as a Category 4 hurricane at landfall. However, subsequent reanalysis by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project revised its peak intensity downward, classifying it as a Category 3 hurricane.

The National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) used Hurricane Audrey's surge data primarily to:

Answer: Highlight the need for better inland surge data collection.

The National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) utilized Hurricane Audrey's surge data primarily to underscore the critical need for improved inland surge data collection for more accurate forecasting and emergency planning.

Related Concepts:

  • What specific type of damage did the F2 tornado in Clara, Mississippi cause?: An F2 tornado in Clara, Mississippi, destroyed a grocery store and several other large buildings. This tornado was one of four that touched down in Mississippi, contributing to the state's overall damage total.
  • What was the basis of Whitney Bartie's lawsuit against the U.S. federal government following Hurricane Audrey?: Whitney Bartie sued the U.S. federal government, alleging that the U.S. Weather Bureau provided inadequate and insufficiently urgent warnings about Hurricane Audrey. His family perished because they did not evacuate, believing the forecasts lacked sufficient warning.
  • What was the National Hurricane Research Project's (NHRP) conclusion regarding the data available after Hurricane Audrey?: The NHRP concluded that despite ample storm tide observations, a lack of inland data hindered a detailed reconstruction of Audrey's surge. This realization prompted the Weather Bureau to install additional tide recorders along the coast to improve future data collection.

How did the intensity of Hurricane Audrey at landfall compare between operational forecasts and later reanalysis?

Answer: Operational forecasts assessed it as Category 4, while reanalysis revised it down to Category 3.

Operational forecasts initially assessed Hurricane Audrey as a Category 4 hurricane at landfall. However, subsequent reanalysis by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project revised its peak intensity downward to a Category 3.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the initial forecast regarding hurricane activity for June 1957?: The Weather Bureau issued an experimental 30-day forecast on June 17, 1957, indicating a high likelihood of one or two tropical storms developing within the forecast period. This forecast suggested an awareness of potential tropical cyclone activity for the month.
  • How was Hurricane Audrey's intensity at landfall assessed differently by operational forecasts compared to later reanalysis?: Operationally, Hurricane Audrey was assessed as a Category 4 hurricane at landfall. However, subsequent reanalysis by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project revised its peak intensity downward, classifying it as a Category 3 hurricane.
  • What specific type of damage did the F2 tornado in Clara, Mississippi cause?: An F2 tornado in Clara, Mississippi, destroyed a grocery store and several other large buildings. This tornado was one of four that touched down in Mississippi, contributing to the state's overall damage total.

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