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Was the IMAX Corporation established by a singular individual, specifically William C. Shaw?
Answer: False
The foundational development of IMAX projection standards in Canada during the late 1960s and early 1970s is attributed to a collective of co-founders: Graeme Ferguson, Roman Kroitor, Robert Kerr, and William C. Shaw.
The company originally known as Multiscreen Corporation, Ltd. adopted the name IMAX due to trademark considerations for 'Multiscreen'.
Answer: True
The corporate entity initially named Multiscreen Corporation, Ltd. transitioned its name to IMAX upon advice that 'Multiscreen' was too generic for trademark protection. The name IMAX was conceived to represent the concept of the 'maximum image'.
The inaugural IMAX film was presented at Expo '70 in Osaka, Japan, with the first permanent theater subsequently established in Toronto, Canada.
Answer: True
The initial IMAX film, 'Tiger Child,' was showcased at Expo '70 in Osaka, Japan. The first permanent IMAX theater was constructed at the Cinesphere, Ontario Place, Toronto, Canada, commencing operation in May 1971.
The IMAX HD process utilized a higher frame rate to enhance motion smoothness.
Answer: True
The IMAX HD process was developed to improve motion fluidity by employing a higher frame rate (48 frames per second), which aimed to reduce perceived motion blur.
IMAX was honored with an Academy Award for Scientific and Technical Achievement in 1996 for its technological innovations.
Answer: True
In recognition of its significant contributions to motion picture technology, IMAX received an Oscar for Scientific and Technical Achievement from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1996.
What constitutes the fundamental definition of the IMAX system?
Answer: High-resolution cameras, specialized film formats, advanced projectors, and dedicated theaters.
The IMAX system is fundamentally defined by a proprietary integration of high-resolution cameras, specialized film formats (notably 15/70), advanced projection technology, and purpose-built theater environments. While its exceptionally large screens and distinctive aspect ratio contribute significantly to an immersive experience, these are components of a broader technological ecosystem rather than its sole defining characteristic.
Who are the credited co-founders responsible for developing the initial IMAX projection standards?
Answer: Graeme Ferguson, Roman Kroitor, Robert Kerr, and William C. Shaw.
The foundational development of IMAX projection standards in Canada during the late 1960s and early 1970s is attributed to a collective of co-founders: Graeme Ferguson, Roman Kroitor, Robert Kerr, and William C. Shaw.
What was the rationale behind the name change from Multiscreen Corporation, Ltd. to IMAX?
Answer: Because 'Multiscreen' was too generic and could not be trademarked.
The corporate entity initially named Multiscreen Corporation, Ltd. transitioned its name to IMAX upon advice that 'Multiscreen' was too generic for trademark protection. The name IMAX was conceived to represent the concept of the 'maximum image'.
Where was the first permanent IMAX theater established?
Answer: Toronto, Canada
The initial IMAX film, 'Tiger Child,' was showcased at Expo '70 in Osaka, Japan. The first permanent IMAX theater was constructed at the Cinesphere, Ontario Place, Toronto, Canada, commencing operation in May 1971.
Why was the IMAX HD process, which utilized a higher frame rate, ultimately discontinued?
Answer: Higher production costs and increased wear-and-tear on equipment.
The IMAX HD process was discontinued due to its associated higher production costs and the increased wear-and-tear it imposed on both film prints and projection equipment, despite its aim to improve motion fluidity.
What award did IMAX receive in 1996 from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences?
Answer: Oscar for Scientific and Technical Achievement
In recognition of its significant contributions to motion picture technology, IMAX received an Oscar for Scientific and Technical Achievement from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1996.
Does the traditional IMAX film format employ 35mm film stock characterized by 15 perforations per frame?
Answer: False
The principal film format for traditional IMAX is designated as 15/70. This format utilizes 70mm film stock, distinguished by 15 perforations per frame, which facilitates a substantially larger image area and superior resolution relative to conventional film formats.
The IMAX 15/70 film format is projected with the film moving vertically, analogous to conventional 70mm film.
Answer: False
In contrast to the vertical movement of conventional 70mm film, the IMAX 15/70 format employs horizontal film movement within the camera and projector, enabling a wider frame.
The film frame dimensions of the IMAX format are smaller than those of the Todd-AO 70mm format.
Answer: False
The IMAX format utilizes larger film frames (approximately 69.6mm x 48.5mm) compared to the Todd-AO 70mm format (approximately 48.5mm x 22.1mm), contributing to its superior image quality.
IMAX film reels are stored and transported horizontally on large platters due to their considerable size and weight.
Answer: True
The substantial dimensions and mass of IMAX film stock necessitate storage and transportation on horizontal platters, which can range up to 1.83 meters in diameter and weigh up to 250 kg for a 2.5-hour film.
The IMAX system embeds the soundtrack directly onto the film stock to maximize image area.
Answer: False
To optimize the available image area on the film, the IMAX system employs a double-system approach for sound, utilizing separate magnetic or digital storage rather than embedding the soundtrack directly onto the film stock.
The traditional IMAX aspect ratio of 1.43:1 remains the predominant format in contemporary IMAX theaters.
Answer: False
While the traditional IMAX aspect ratio is 1.43:1, the more commonly utilized aspect ratio in modern IMAX theaters has evolved to 1.90:1, which is slightly wider than the standard American widescreen format.
The theoretical resolution of traditional IMAX 70mm film projection is estimated to be approximately 2K.
Answer: False
The theoretical resolution of traditional IMAX 70mm film projection is estimated to be significantly higher than 2K, with figures suggesting up to 12,000 lines of resolution on the camera negative (12K).
What is the defining characteristic of the traditional IMAX 15/70 film format?
Answer: It uses 70mm film stock with 15 perforations per frame, allowing a larger image area.
The principal film format for traditional IMAX is designated as 15/70. This format utilizes 70mm film stock, distinguished by 15 perforations per frame, which facilitates a substantially larger image area and superior resolution relative to conventional film formats.
How does the film movement in an IMAX 15/70 projector differ from conventional 70mm projectors?
Answer: IMAX film moves horizontally, while conventional 70mm film moves vertically.
In contrast to the vertical movement of conventional 70mm film, the IMAX 15/70 format employs horizontal film movement within the camera and projector, enabling a wider frame.
How does the IMAX film frame size compare to that of the Todd-AO 70mm format?
Answer: IMAX frames are significantly larger than Todd-AO frames.
The IMAX format utilizes larger film frames measuring approximately 69.6mm x 48.5mm, whereas the Todd-AO 70mm format employs smaller frames of approximately 48.5mm x 22.1mm.
What is the primary functional reason for storing IMAX film on horizontal platters?
Answer: To accommodate the large size and weight of the film stock.
The substantial dimensions and mass of IMAX film stock necessitate storage and transportation on horizontal platters, which can range up to 1.83 meters in diameter and weigh up to 250 kg for a 2.5-hour film.
Why does the IMAX system utilize a double-system for sound instead of embedding it on the film?
Answer: To maximize the image area available on the film stock.
To optimize the available image area on the film, the IMAX system employs a double-system approach for sound, utilizing separate magnetic or digital storage rather than embedding the soundtrack directly onto the film stock. This approach has evolved from magnetic film to DTS digital sound and then to uncompressed audio files on hard drives.
Which aspect ratio is now more prevalent in modern IMAX theaters compared to the traditional 1.43:1?
Answer: 1.90:1
While the traditional IMAX aspect ratio is 1.43:1, the more commonly utilized aspect ratio in modern IMAX theaters has evolved to 1.90:1, which is slightly wider than the standard American widescreen format.
The IMAX system's distinctive, taller aspect ratio primarily contributes to what aspect of the viewing experience?
Answer: A more immersive viewing experience.
The IMAX system is fundamentally defined by a proprietary integration of high-resolution cameras, specialized film formats (notably 15/70), advanced projection technology, and purpose-built theater environments. While its exceptionally large screens and distinctive aspect ratio contribute significantly to an immersive experience, these are components of a broader technological ecosystem rather than its sole defining characteristic.
IMAX film cameras operate at a slower film transport speed compared to conventional 70mm cameras.
Answer: False
IMAX film cameras operate at a significantly faster speed (102.7 meters per minute) than conventional 70mm cameras (34 meters per minute) to capture the extensive detail required for the large format.
In March 2022, IMAX announced a partnership with Kodak and Panavision to develop new digital cinema cameras.
Answer: False
The March 2022 announcement detailed a collaborative initiative with Kodak, Panavision, and FotoKem focused on developing next-generation IMAX *film* cameras, not digital ones.
The 'Filmed for IMAX' program certifies digital cameras that meet specific IMAX format requirements.
Answer: True
Launched in September 2020, the 'Filmed for IMAX' program serves to certify digital cameras deemed suitable for producing content that adheres to IMAX format standards, thereby facilitating filmmaker adoption.
The Arri Alexa LF is identified as an IMAX-certified camera capable of achieving 8K resolution.
Answer: False
While the Arri Alexa LF is an IMAX-certified camera, its resolution is listed as 4.5K, not 8K. Other certified cameras, such as the Panavision Millennium DXL2, are capable of 8K resolution.
Significant challenges encountered during the initial phase of shooting feature films in IMAX included camera noise and limited film load capacity.
Answer: True
Early feature film production in IMAX was impeded by factors such as the considerable noise generated by the cameras, which interfered with dialogue recording, and the short duration of film loads (typically two minutes).
Which of the following accurately describes the operational specifications of an IMAX film camera?
Answer: Uses 65mm film, moves horizontally at 102.7 meters per minute.
The IMAX film camera utilizes 65mm film stock that moves horizontally through the camera at a speed of 102.7 meters per minute. This contrasts with conventional 70mm cameras, which use 5 perforations and move film vertically at 34 meters per minute.
What is the primary objective of the 'Filmed for IMAX' program initiated in September 2020?
Answer: To certify digital cameras suitable for creating IMAX content.
Launched in September 2020, the 'Filmed for IMAX' program serves to certify digital cameras deemed suitable for producing content that adheres to IMAX format standards, thereby facilitating filmmaker adoption.
Which of the listed cameras is identified as IMAX-certified and capable of 8K resolution?
Answer: Panavision Millennium DXL2 (8K)
Among the IMAX-certified cameras mentioned, the Panavision Millennium DXL2 is listed as capable of 8K resolution. Other certified cameras like the Arri Alexa LF (4.5K) and Arri Alexa 65 IMAX (6.5K) have different resolution capabilities.
What were significant challenges faced by filmmakers when initially shooting entire features in IMAX?
Answer: Camera noise interfering with dialogue recording and short film loads.
Early feature film production in IMAX was impeded by factors such as the considerable noise generated by the cameras, which interfered with dialogue recording, and the short duration of film loads (typically two minutes).
Is the definition of the IMAX system exclusively predicated upon its utilization of exceptionally large screens?
Answer: False
The IMAX system is fundamentally defined by a proprietary integration of high-resolution cameras, specialized film formats, advanced projection technology, and purpose-built theater environments. While its exceptionally large screens and distinctive aspect ratio contribute significantly to an immersive experience, these are components of a broader technological ecosystem rather than its sole defining characteristic.
IMAX developed the SR and MPX systems as strategic initiatives to enhance the accessibility and affordability of its technology for integration into multiplex theaters.
Answer: True
To mitigate the substantial costs associated with its original large-format systems, IMAX introduced the IMAX SR and MPX systems. These innovations were designed to facilitate retrofitting into existing multiplex auditoriums or featured slightly reduced screen dimensions, thereby broadening market access.
Maintaining precise temperature and humidity control within IMAX projection booths is crucial for preserving film integrity.
Answer: True
To prevent detrimental effects such as film swelling or shrinking caused by environmental fluctuations, IMAX projection booths are maintained within a controlled temperature range of 20-23.8 degrees Celsius and a humidity level of 50%.
IMAX projectors utilize sprockets primarily for the horizontal propulsion of the film.
Answer: False
In IMAX projectors, sprockets are employed predominantly for film registration (precise frame alignment) rather than for driving the film horizontally. The delicate nature of the large film frame necessitates alternative transport mechanisms to prevent damage at projection speeds.
IMAX projectors ensure image stability through a pin-stabilization system incorporating cam-controlled arms.
Answer: True
IMAX projectors achieve high image stability by utilizing a pin-stabilization system, where registration pins secure each frame, complemented by cam-controlled arms that manage film deceleration, thereby minimizing frame vibration.
Projectionists handling IMAX xenon lamps are mandated to wear protective body armor due to the inherent risk of explosion.
Answer: True
Due to the high internal pressure of IMAX xenon lamps, projectionists must wear protective body armor during handling to mitigate the severe risk of shattering and projectile fragments.
The IMAX MPX system was specifically engineered for retrofitting into existing multiplex theaters.
Answer: True
Among the four projector types released for the 15/70 film format (GT, GT 3D, SR, MPX), the MPX system was designed explicitly for the retrofitting of existing auditoriums, distinguishing it from systems intended for new, purpose-built IMAX theaters.
Purpose-built IMAX theaters are identified by the designation 'Multiplex Design' theaters.
Answer: False
Purpose-built IMAX theaters are referred to as 'Classic Design' theaters, characterized by their dedicated construction for the IMAX experience. 'Multiplex Design' theaters, conversely, are existing auditoriums that have been retrofitted.
The IMAX Dome system employs a fisheye lens for projection onto a flat screen.
Answer: False
The IMAX Dome system utilizes a fisheye lens specifically for projection onto a dome-shaped screen, not a flat one, to create an immersive, wrap-around visual field.
IMAX 3D projection relies exclusively on polarizing filters within the projector and glasses.
Answer: False
IMAX 3D projection employs two primary methods: polarizing filters synchronized between the projector and glasses, or rapidly alternating projections synchronized with active shutter glasses. Reliance is not solely on polarizing filters.
The IMAX Dome format captures a standard 180-degree field of view for projection onto a flat screen.
Answer: False
The IMAX Dome system utilizes a fisheye lens to capture a 180-degree field of view specifically for projection onto a dome-shaped screen, creating an immersive experience, not for flat screen projection.
IMAX developed a rail system enabling theaters to transition between 70mm film and digital projection capabilities.
Answer: True
A specialized rail system was engineered by IMAX to facilitate the physical movement of projectors, allowing select theaters to alternate between exhibiting full-frame 70mm film prints and digital-only presentations.
The IMAX Image Enhancer is designed to adjust projector brightness based on ambient light conditions.
Answer: False
The IMAX Image Enhancer's function is not to adjust brightness based on ambient light, but rather to maintain sub-pixel alignment through auditorium feedback, thereby optimizing image quality in digital projection systems.
What strategy did IMAX implement starting in 1998 to increase the accessibility of its technology?
Answer: Introducing the IMAX SR and MPX systems for multiplex retrofitting.
To mitigate the substantial costs associated with its original large-format systems, IMAX introduced the IMAX SR and MPX systems. These innovations were designed to facilitate retrofitting into existing multiplex auditoriums or featured slightly reduced screen dimensions, thereby broadening market access.
What mechanism do IMAX projectors employ for precise frame alignment and stability?
Answer: A rolling loop transport with a pin-stabilization system.
IMAX projectors achieve high image stability by utilizing a pin-stabilization system, where registration pins secure each frame, complemented by cam-controlled arms that manage film deceleration, thereby minimizing frame vibration.
What essential safety precaution is required when handling IMAX projector xenon lamps?
Answer: Wearing protective body armor due to shattering risk.
Due to the high internal pressure of IMAX xenon lamps, projectionists must wear protective body armor during handling to mitigate the severe risk of shattering and projectile fragments.
What characteristic distinguishes 'Classic Design' IMAX theaters?
Answer: They are purpose-built structures designed specifically for the IMAX experience.
Purpose-built IMAX theaters are referred to as 'Classic Design' theaters, characterized by their dedicated construction for the IMAX experience, often featuring very large screens and steep stadium seating. 'Multiplex Design' theaters, conversely, are existing auditoriums that have been retrofitted.
What technology is central to the IMAX Dome (Omnimax) system's immersive projection?
Answer: A fisheye lens for the projector and a dome screen.
The IMAX Dome system utilizes a fisheye lens to capture a 180-degree field of view specifically for projection onto a dome-shaped screen, creating an immersive, wrap-around visual field.
Which method is NOT cited as a technique employed by IMAX 3D projection systems to direct images to each eye?
Answer: Color-sequential projection with red/cyan glasses.
IMAX 3D projection employs two primary methods: polarizing filters synchronized between the projector and glasses, or rapidly alternating projections synchronized with active shutter glasses. Reliance is not solely on polarizing filters, and color-sequential projection (like red/cyan) is not mentioned as an IMAX 3D technique.
What is the function of the IMAX Image Enhancer within the digital projection system?
Answer: To maintain sub-pixel alignment using auditorium feedback.
The IMAX Image Enhancer's function is not to adjust brightness based on ambient light, but rather to maintain sub-pixel alignment through auditorium feedback, thereby optimizing image quality in digital projection systems.
What was the initial design purpose of the IMAX Dome (Omnimax) system's modification?
Answer: To enable projection within a dome theater environment.
The IMAX Dome system was redesigned to accommodate projection within a dome theater. This involved developing a fisheye lens for the projector and adapting the camera to capture a 180-degree field of view, allowing the image to wrap around the audience in a planetarium-style setting.
The Dark Knight (2008) holds the distinction of being the first feature film entirely shot using IMAX cameras.
Answer: False
While 'The Dark Knight' (2008) was a pioneering film in its extensive use of IMAX sequences (28 minutes), it was not shot entirely with IMAX cameras. It was, however, the first major feature film to incorporate significant IMAX footage.
Christopher Nolan has voiced reservations regarding the feasibility of shooting entire feature films with IMAX cameras due to technical constraints.
Answer: False
Conversely, Christopher Nolan is a prominent advocate for the IMAX format and has expressed a strong desire to shoot entire feature films using IMAX cameras, emphasizing its potential for capturing grand-scale scenes.
Marvel Studios utilized digital IMAX cameras for the complete filming of 'Avengers: Infinity War' and 'Avengers: Endgame'.
Answer: True
Marvel Studios employed modified Arri Alexa IMAX digital cameras to shoot 'Avengers: Infinity War' and 'Avengers: Endgame' entirely in the IMAX format, marking a significant milestone for digital IMAX cinematography in feature films.
The IMAX DMR process is employed to down-convert IMAX films for exhibition in standard theaters.
Answer: False
IMAX DMR (Digital Media Remastering) is a process designed to up-convert conventional films into the IMAX format for enhanced presentation in IMAX venues, not to down-convert IMAX films for standard theaters.
Steven Spielberg expressed dissatisfaction with the IMAX DMR transfer of 'Raiders of the Lost Ark'.
Answer: False
Contrary to initial expectations, Steven Spielberg was reportedly highly impressed with the IMAX DMR transfer of 'Raiders of the Lost Ark,' finding it superior to the original presentation.
IMAX cameras have been utilized in space missions for documenting astronaut activities and Earth observations.
Answer: True
IMAX cameras have been integral to space exploration documentation, having been employed on numerous space missions by astronauts to capture footage for educational and cinematic purposes.
'Fantasia 2000' was the inaugural full-length animated feature film to be released exclusively in the IMAX format.
Answer: True
'Fantasia 2000,' released on New Year's Day 2000, holds the distinction of being the first full-length animated feature film to premiere exclusively in the IMAX format.
The primary impediment to releasing early computer-animated films like 'Toy Story' in IMAX was the physical size of the camera.
Answer: False
The principal limitation for early computer-animated films like 'Toy Story' was not the camera's physical size, but rather the render resolution of the animation at the time, which could not meet the high-detail requirements of the large IMAX image format.
Adele's music video for 'Hello' was the first music video to incorporate footage shot with IMAX cameras.
Answer: True
Released in 2015, Adele's music video for 'Hello' marked a precedent as the first music video to feature segments filmed utilizing IMAX cameras.
For the film 'Lightyear,' Pixar developed a virtual IMAX camera and a pipeline for simultaneous IMAX and standard format shooting.
Answer: True
Pixar implemented an innovative approach for 'Lightyear,' creating a virtual IMAX camera and a dual-format pipeline to facilitate simultaneous capture for both IMAX (1.43:1) and standard (2.39:1) aspect ratios.
Dunkirk, directed by Christopher Nolan, holds the record for the most footage shot in 70mm IMAX for a feature film.
Answer: True
Christopher Nolan's film 'Dunkirk' established a record, featuring approximately 79 minutes of footage captured using 70mm IMAX cameras, representing about 75% of the film's total runtime.
Which film is cited as the first major feature film to incorporate sequences shot with IMAX cameras?
Answer: The Dark Knight
While 'The Dark Knight' (2008) was a pioneering film in its extensive use of IMAX sequences (28 minutes), it was not shot entirely with IMAX cameras. It was, however, the first major feature film to incorporate significant IMAX footage.
What is the primary function of the IMAX DMR (Digital Media Remastering) process?
Answer: Up-converting conventional films to the IMAX format.
IMAX DMR (Digital Media Remastering) is a process designed to up-convert conventional films into the IMAX format for enhanced presentation in IMAX venues, not to down-convert IMAX films for standard theaters.
How have IMAX cameras contributed to the documentation of space exploration?
Answer: They were used by astronauts on multiple missions to document space.
IMAX cameras have been integral to space exploration documentation, having been employed on numerous space missions by astronauts to capture footage for educational and cinematic purposes.
Which film holds the record for the most footage shot in 70mm IMAX for a feature film, according to the provided text?
Answer: Dunkirk
Christopher Nolan's film 'Dunkirk' established a record, featuring approximately 79 minutes of footage captured using 70mm IMAX cameras, representing about 75% of the film's total runtime.
What innovation did Pixar employ for 'Lightyear' concerning IMAX filming?
Answer: They created a virtual IMAX camera and a dual-format pipeline.
Pixar implemented an innovative approach for 'Lightyear,' creating a virtual IMAX camera and a dual-format pipeline to facilitate simultaneous capture for both IMAX (1.43:1) and standard (2.39:1) aspect ratios.
Which films are cited as among the earliest official applications of the IMAX DMR process?
Answer: Both A and B
The films 'Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones' (2002) and an IMAX-format re-release of 'Apollo 13' (1995) are identified as the initial official applications of the IMAX DMR process.
The resolution offered by IMAX Digital 2K and IMAX with Laser 4K systems surpasses that of the original 15/70 film format.
Answer: False
While IMAX Digital 2K and IMAX with Laser 4K systems represent significant advancements, their perceived resolution is generally considered lower than that of the traditional 15/70 film format, which is estimated to offer up to 12K resolution on the negative.
The appellation 'LieMAX' was colloquially applied to IMAX installations characterized by screens substantially larger than those of the original 15/70 format.
Answer: False
The derogatory term 'LieMAX' emerged as a criticism of IMAX digital installations that featured significantly smaller screens and offered lower resolution compared to the established 15/70 film format, rather than being associated with larger screens.
IMAX digital projection achieves enhanced perceived resolution by employing a single high-resolution 4K projector.
Answer: False
The enhanced perceived resolution in IMAX digital projection is achieved not by a single 4K projector, but by the superposition of images from two 2K projectors with a half-pixel offset, a technique known as super-resolution imaging.
IMAX laser projection systems provide lower brightness levels compared to preceding xenon lamp systems.
Answer: False
IMAX laser projection systems offer substantially higher brightness levels, along with an improved contrast ratio and a wider color gamut (Rec. 2020), compared to older xenon lamp systems.
Dolby Cinema is identified as a direct competitor to the IMAX format.
Answer: True
The text mentions Dolby Cinema, along with other premium large-format offerings from cinema chains, as direct competitors to the IMAX format in the premium cinematic experience market.
What was the primary criticism leveled against the IMAX Digital projection systems?
Answer: They offered significantly lower resolution and smaller screens than the traditional 15/70 format.
The introduction of IMAX Digital projection led to criticism because many new installations used significantly smaller screens and offered lower resolution (around 2.9K perceived) compared to the established 15/70 film format's high resolution (estimated up to 12K). These installations were sometimes referred to by the derogatory nickname 'LieMAX'.
How does the IMAX digital projection system achieve a perceived resolution exceeding 2K?
Answer: By employing two 2K projectors that superimpose images with a half-pixel offset.
The enhanced perceived resolution in IMAX digital projection is achieved not by a single 4K projector, but by the superposition of images from two 2K projectors with a half-pixel offset, a technique known as super-resolution imaging.
What significant enhancement does IMAX laser projection offer over xenon lamp systems?
Answer: Higher contrast ratio and wider color gamut (Rec. 2020).
IMAX laser projection systems offer substantially higher brightness levels, along with an improved contrast ratio and a wider color gamut (Rec. 2020), compared to older xenon lamp systems.