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Total Categories: 5
Archaeologists currently categorize prehistoric Ecuador into six major time periods.
Answer: False
Archaeologists typically divide prehistoric Ecuador into five major time periods: Lithic, Archaic, Formative, Regional Development, and Integration.
The Archaic period is characterized by settled agricultural communities and advanced pottery styles.
Answer: False
The Archaic period is defined by migratory hunting and gathering cultures, with increasing subsistence diversification. Settled agriculture and advanced pottery are characteristic of later periods, such as the Formative.
The Formative Period (approx. 3500-2200 BP) saw the rise of agriculture, sedentary villages, and trade networks in Ecuador.
Answer: True
The Formative Period is indeed characterized by the establishment of agriculture, sedentary village life, and the development of trade networks across different regions.
During the Regional Development period in the Sierra, people practiced metallurgy, weaving, and ceramics, indicative of complex social forms.
Answer: True
The Regional Development period in the Ecuadorian Sierra is marked by advancements in metallurgy, weaving, and ceramics, reflecting the emergence of complex social structures and ideologies.
The Integration Period (1450-450 BP) is defined by cultural fragmentation and the decline of urban centers.
Answer: False
The Integration Period is characterized by significant cultural uniformity and the development of urban centers and class-based stratification, rather than cultural fragmentation and decline.
The oldest discovered artifacts in Ecuador, dating back approximately 11,000 years, were found in the Andes highlands.
Answer: False
The oldest discovered artifacts in Ecuador, dating back approximately 11,000 years, were found on the Santa Elena Peninsula, not in the Andes highlands.
Paleo-Indians in Ecuador primarily subsisted on marine resources and small game.
Answer: False
Paleo-Indians in Ecuador subsisted primarily on the megafauna of the time, which they hunted using manufactured stone tools.
The Las Vegas culture contributed to early agriculture by domesticating plants like squash and engaging in ritual burials.
Answer: True
The Las Vegas culture, among the earliest farmers in Ecuador, domesticated plants such as squash and also practiced ritual burials and intensive gardening.
The Valdivia culture is noted for its artistic ceramics, particularly small feminine figures known as 'Olmecs'.
Answer: False
The Valdivia culture is renowned for its artistic ceramics, including small feminine figures often referred to as 'Venuses,' not 'Olmecs'.
Maize, cotton, and manioc were among the crops cultivated by the Valdivia people.
Answer: True
The Valdivia people cultivated crops including maize, cotton, and manioc, alongside other plants like achira and beans.
A decline in life expectancy in the Late Valdivia period was linked to improved diet and sanitation due to agricultural success.
Answer: False
Archaeological evidence suggests a decline in life expectancy during the Late Valdivia period was associated with increased infectious diseases, waste accumulation, and dietary deterioration linked to agricultural practices.
During the Formative Period in the Sierra, domesticated animals included the llama, alpaca, and Muscovy duck.
Answer: True
The Formative Period in the Ecuadorian Sierra saw the domestication of local animals such as llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs, along with the Muscovy duck.
Cultures in the Upano Valley during the Regional Development period constructed large earthen mounds for ceremonial purposes and housing.
Answer: True
The Regional Development period cultures in the Upano Valley constructed substantial earthen mounds, utilized for both ceremonial functions and habitation, indicating complex societal organization.
Metalworking skills first emerged in Ecuador during the Integration Period.
Answer: False
The development of metalworking skills in Ecuador is primarily associated with the Regional Development period, preceding the Integration Period.
The Integration Period concluded with the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors.
Answer: False
The Integration Period concluded with the Inca conquest, not the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors.
The Valdivia culture's significance is compared to the Olmec culture's role in Mexico's early civilization.
Answer: True
The Valdivia culture is considered significant for its formative role in South American civilization, drawing parallels to the Olmec culture's importance in Mesoamerica.
Which of the following is NOT one of the five major prehistoric periods of Ecuador as categorized by archaeologists?
Answer: Neolithic
The five major prehistoric periods of Ecuador are Lithic, Archaic, Formative, Regional Development, and Integration. Neolithic is not among these classifications.
The Archaic period in Ecuador is primarily defined by which subsistence strategy?
Answer: Migratory hunting and gathering.
The Archaic period is characterized by migratory hunting and gathering practices, representing a stage of subsistence diversification before the widespread adoption of settled agriculture.
Which period in Ecuador's prehistory is characterized by the establishment of agriculture, sedentary village life, and trade networks?
Answer: Formative Period
The Formative Period (approx. 3500-2200 BP) marks a significant transition with the establishment of agriculture, sedentary villages, and the development of trade networks.
What key technological and social developments are associated with the Regional Development period in the Ecuadorian Sierra?
Answer: Development of metallurgy, weaving, and complex social forms.
The Regional Development period in the Sierra is associated with advancements in metallurgy, weaving, and ceramics, indicative of evolving complex social structures and ideologies.
The Integration Period (1450-450 BP) in Ecuadorian prehistory is noted for which of the following characteristics?
Answer: Development of urban centers and class-based stratification.
The Integration Period is characterized by the development of urban centers and class-based social stratification, alongside significant cultural uniformity.
Where were the oldest discovered artifacts in Ecuador, dating back approximately 11,000 years, found?
Answer: On the Santa Elena Peninsula.
The oldest artifacts in Ecuador, dating back approximately 11,000 years, were discovered at sites on the Santa Elena Peninsula.
What was the primary food source for Paleo-Indians in Ecuador, according to the text?
Answer: Megafauna using stone tools.
Paleo-Indians in Ecuador subsisted by hunting megafauna, utilizing stone tools for processing their kills.
The Valdivia culture is significant in South American prehistory primarily because:
Answer: It represented a formative stage in Amerindian civilization, known for its ceramics.
The Valdivia culture holds significance as a formative stage in South American civilization, recognized for its early and sophisticated ceramic traditions.
Which of the following crops was NOT cultivated by the Valdivia people, according to the source?
Answer: Potatoes
The Valdivia people cultivated crops such as maize, cotton, and squash, but potatoes are not listed among their cultivated plants in the provided text.
What factor is cited as contributing to a decline in life expectancy during the Late Valdivia period?
Answer: Deterioration in diet and increased infectious diseases linked to agriculture.
A decline in life expectancy during the Late Valdivia period is attributed to factors such as increased infectious diseases and dietary issues associated with agricultural practices.
During the Formative Period in the Ecuadorian Sierra, which animals were domesticated?
Answer: Llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs.
The domestication of local animals such as llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs occurred in the Ecuadorian Sierra during the Formative Period.
What type of structures did cultures in the Upano Valley build during the Regional Development period?
Answer: Large earthen mounds for various functions.
Cultures in the Upano Valley during the Regional Development period constructed extensive earthen mounds, utilized for both ceremonial purposes and habitation.
The development of metalworking skills in Ecuador is primarily associated with which archaeological period?
Answer: Regional Development Period
The emergence and development of metalworking skills in Ecuador are primarily linked to the Regional Development period.
The Integration Period in Ecuadorian prehistory concluded with which major event?
Answer: The Inca conquest.
The Integration Period in Ecuadorian prehistory concluded with the Inca conquest, marking the transition to a new era of political and cultural integration under Inca rule.
The decline in life expectancy in the Late Valdivia period is associated with which societal change?
Answer: Environmental degradation and disease associated with agriculture.
The decrease in life expectancy observed during the Late Valdivia period is linked to environmental degradation and the prevalence of diseases associated with agricultural practices.
What does the source suggest as a cause for the decline in life expectancy observed in the Late Valdivia period?
Answer: Environmental degradation and disease associated with agriculture.
The source indicates that environmental degradation and the increased incidence of diseases linked to agricultural practices contributed to a decline in life expectancy during the Late Valdivia period.
Before the Inca invasion, Indigenous societies in Ecuador lacked complex social, cultural, and economic systems.
Answer: False
Prior to the Inca invasion, Indigenous societies in Ecuador possessed intricate and varied social, cultural, and economic systems, with distinct specializations among coastal, Sierra, and Oriente peoples.
The economy of the Ecuadorian Oriente peoples before the Inca was mainly based on mining precious metals.
Answer: False
The economy of the Ecuadorian Oriente peoples was primarily silvicultural, involving the extraction of dyes and poisons, alongside horticulture, rather than mining precious metals.
Key Indigenous groups in the Sierra before the Inca included the Cañari, Puruhá, and Palta.
Answer: True
Prominent Indigenous groups in the Sierra prior to the Inca conquest included the Pasto, Caras, Panzaleo, Puruhá, Cañari, and Palta.
The Sierra peoples before the Inca utilized a single-crop agricultural system and traded exclusively in basic foodstuffs.
Answer: False
The Sierra peoples employed multicyclic agriculture for year-round harvests and engaged in a sophisticated two-tiered market system, trading a variety of goods beyond basic foodstuffs.
'Mindala' specialists in the pre-Inca Sierra economy focused on exchanging basic agricultural products in local markets.
Answer: False
The 'mindala' were specialists engaged in directed commerce, often trading goods with ceremonial significance, rather than focusing solely on basic agricultural products in local markets.
Spondylus shells, provided by coastal peoples, were a significant commodity traded with the Sierra, symbolizing fertility.
Answer: True
Spondylus shells, sourced from coastal regions, held significant value in the Sierra trade networks and were symbolic of fertility.
Before the Inca invasion, how did the economic system of the Sierra peoples function?
Answer: Utilizing multicyclic agriculture and a two-tiered market system (tianguez and mindala).
The economic system of the Sierra peoples prior to the Inca involved multicyclic agriculture and a sophisticated two-tiered market system, encompassing both local markets ('tianguez') and specialized trade ('mindala').
What was the primary role of the 'mindala' in the pre-Inca Sierra economy?
Answer: Specialists engaged in directed commerce, often for ceremonial goods.
The 'mindala' were specialists who conducted directed commerce, frequently exchanging goods with ceremonial value within the pre-Inca Sierra economy.
Which commodity, provided by coastal peoples, was highly valued in the Sierra before the Inca conquest, symbolizing fertility?
Answer: Spondylus shells
Spondylus shells, supplied by coastal populations, were a highly valued commodity in the Sierra trade and served as a symbol of fertility.
What commodity did coastal peoples provide to the Sierra that was considered a symbol of fertility?
Answer: Spondylus shells
Spondylus shells, sourced from coastal regions, were a significant commodity traded into the Sierra and were regarded as a symbol of fertility.
Which of the following was a primary economic activity of the peoples of the Ecuadorian Oriente before the Inca?
Answer: Silviculture, including extraction of dyes and poisons.
The primary economic activities of the peoples of the Ecuadorian Oriente prior to the Inca period included silviculture, specifically the extraction of dyes and poisons, alongside horticultural practices.
The Inca Empire began its expansion into Ecuador around the year 1500 AD.
Answer: False
The Inca Empire commenced its expansion into the territory of modern-day Ecuador in 1463 AD, during the reign of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui.
The Cañari and Caras groups in Ecuador did not resist the Inca conquest.
Answer: False
Numerous Indigenous groups, including the Cañari in the south and the Caras and Quitu in the north, offered significant resistance to the Inca encroachment.
The Inca *mitma* system involved relocating loyal populations to quell resistance in conquered territories.
Answer: True
The *mitma* system was an Inca strategy of relocating loyal populations to areas of resistance to pacify and integrate conquered territories.
Ecuador's population was estimated to be around 10 million at the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in 1534.
Answer: False
The estimated population of the territories comprising modern-day Ecuador at the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in 1534 was approximately one million inhabitants.
The *mitma* system was primarily used by the Incas to forcibly convert local populations to their religion.
Answer: False
The *mitma* system was primarily employed by the Incas as a strategy to relocate loyal populations to areas of resistance, thereby reducing opposition and facilitating control, rather than for religious conversion.
The Inca Empire began its expansion into the territory of modern-day Ecuador in which year?
Answer: 1463 AD
The Inca Empire initiated its expansion into the region now known as Ecuador in 1463 AD, under the leadership of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui.
Which Indigenous groups are mentioned in the source as offering significant resistance to the Inca conquest in Ecuador?
Answer: The Cañari, Caras, and Quitu peoples.
The Cañari, Caras, and Quitu peoples are identified as groups that mounted significant resistance against the Inca expansion into Ecuador.
What was the purpose of the Inca *mitma* system in Ecuador?
Answer: To relocate loyal populations to quell opposition in conquered areas.
The *mitma* system was employed by the Incas to relocate loyal groups into conquered territories, thereby mitigating resistance and consolidating imperial control.
Approximately how many inhabitants were estimated to be in the present-day territories of Ecuador around 1534?
Answer: 1 million
It is estimated that the population within the territories of modern-day Ecuador approached one million inhabitants at the time of the Spanish conquistadors' arrival in 1534.
The historical adoption of which ideology contributed to Ecuador's stratified social environment and ethnic wage gap?
Answer: French Neo-Lamarckism and 'mestizaje'
The adoption of ideologies such as French Neo-Lamarckism and the concept of 'mestizaje' following Spanish colonization contributed significantly to Ecuador's social stratification and ethnic wage disparities.
What was the estimated population of Ecuador around 1534?
Answer: Approximately 1 million
Estimates suggest that the population of the territories comprising modern-day Ecuador was approximately one million inhabitants around the year 1534.
The Inca expansion into Ecuador began during the reign of which Inca ruler?
Answer: Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui
The Inca expansion into the territory of modern-day Ecuador commenced during the reign of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui.
The Ecuadorian rubber boom, driven by global demand, occurred primarily in the early 20th century.
Answer: False
The Ecuadorian rubber boom, fueled by high global demand, primarily took place during the 19th century.
During the rubber boom, Indigenous people in Ecuador were forced into labor, often trapped in debt-penalage systems.
Answer: True
Indigenous populations were subjected to forced labor, intimidation, and debt-penalage systems during the Ecuadorian rubber boom, leading to generations of servitude.
Petroleum production began in Ecuador in the late 20th century, specifically in 1978.
Answer: True
Significant petroleum production commenced in Ecuador in 1978, marking a major shift in the nation's economy.
Texaco's petroleum operations in Ecuador led to the dumping of millions of gallons of waste and oil spills.
Answer: True
Texaco's petroleum operations resulted in substantial environmental damage, including the dumping of vast quantities of waste and numerous crude oil spills.
The lawsuit against Texaco (Chevron) for environmental pollution in Ecuador resulted in a small fine, which was later overturned.
Answer: False
In 2011, Chevron was ordered to pay $9 billion in damages for environmental pollution, representing one of the largest environmental lawsuit awards on record.
Historical factors like Spanish colonization and the ideology of 'mestizaje' contribute to Ecuador's social stratification and ethnic wage gap.
Answer: True
Ecuador's history of Spanish colonization, including practices of enslavement and exploitation, coupled with the adoption of the 'mestizaje' ideology, has significantly shaped its social stratification and ethnic wage disparities.
A majority of Ecuadorians believe economic inequality between races is primarily due to cultural differences, not discrimination.
Answer: False
A significant portion of Ecuadorians, approximately 47.0%, attribute economic inequality between races to discrimination rather than solely cultural differences.
Poverty affects the Indigenous population in Ecuador at a rate 4.5 times higher than the non-Indigenous population.
Answer: True
The incidence of poverty within Ecuador's Indigenous population is notably higher, occurring at a rate 4.5 times greater than that observed among the non-Indigenous population.
Indigenous people in Ecuador average 8 years of formal education, compared to 4.5 years for the non-Indigenous population.
Answer: False
Indigenous people in Ecuador have an average of 4.5 years of formal education, while the non-Indigenous population averages 8 years, indicating a disparity where non-Indigenous individuals receive more education on average.
Conflicts faced by Indigenous groups in Ecuador over the last 30 years related to resource extraction primarily involve disputes over fishing rights.
Answer: False
Conflicts faced by Indigenous groups concerning resource extraction over the past 30 years have predominantly involved mining interests, rather than fishing rights.
The Mirador and San Carlos Panantza copper mining concessions are located on the ancestral lands of the Shuar indigenous people.
Answer: True
Both the Mirador and San Carlos Panantza copper mining concessions are situated within the ancestral territories of the Shuar indigenous people.
When local opposition persisted at the Mirador project, the consortium used state support to displace locals, destroying a school and church.
Answer: True
In the Mirador project area, when local opposition continued, the consortium utilized state apparatus to forcibly displace residents, which included the destruction of community structures like a school and church.
Explocobres SA in the Arutam region faced minimal opposition from the Shuar people regarding the San Carlos Panantza concession.
Answer: False
Explocobres SA encountered significant opposition from the Shuar people in the Arutam region concerning the San Carlos Panantza concession, leading to aggressive actions by the company.
The Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) was formed in 1986 as a major national political organization.
Answer: True
The Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) was established in 1986, emerging as a principal national political organization representing Indigenous interests.
CONAIE has been instrumental in the ouster of Ecuadorian presidents Abdalá Bucaram and Jamil Mahuad.
Answer: True
CONAIE has played a significant role in Ecuadorian national politics, notably contributing to the removal from office of Presidents Abdalá Bucaram in 1997 and Jamil Mahuad in 2000.
The Ecuadorian rubber boom, characterized by high global demand, occurred primarily during which century?
Answer: 19th century
The Ecuadorian rubber boom, driven by substantial global demand, primarily took place during the 19th century.
How were Indigenous people exploited during the Ecuadorian rubber boom?
Answer: They were enslaved, forced to work under threat, and trapped in debt-penalage.
During the rubber boom, Indigenous individuals were subjected to enslavement, forced labor under duress, and ensnared in debt-penalage systems that perpetuated lifelong servitude.
What environmental damage resulted from Texaco's petroleum operations in Ecuador?
Answer: Dumping of waste and spillage of crude oil.
Texaco's petroleum operations in Ecuador led to significant environmental degradation, including the disposal of waste materials and the spillage of crude oil.
What was the outcome of the 2011 lawsuit against Chevron (formerly Texaco) for environmental pollution in Ecuador?
Answer: Chevron was ordered to pay $9 billion in damages.
In 2011, a court ordered Chevron to pay $9 billion in damages as a result of the lawsuit concerning environmental pollution caused by Texaco's operations in Ecuador.
Which historical factors are cited as contributing to Ecuador's stratified social environment and ethnic wage gap?
Answer: Spanish colonization, enslavement, and the ideology of 'mestizaje.'
Historical factors such as Spanish colonization, including practices of enslavement, and the subsequent adoption of the 'mestizaje' ideology are identified as key contributors to Ecuador's social stratification and ethnic wage gap.
How does poverty disproportionately affect the Indigenous population in Ecuador compared to the non-Indigenous population?
Answer: Indigenous people are 4.5 times more likely to live in poverty.
Poverty disproportionately impacts the Indigenous population in Ecuador, with rates being 4.5 times higher than among the non-Indigenous population.
What is the difference in the average number of formal education years between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations in Ecuador, according to the source?
Answer: Non-Indigenous people average 3.5 more years of education.
Indigenous individuals in Ecuador average 4.5 years of formal education, while the non-Indigenous population averages 8 years, indicating that non-Indigenous people receive approximately 3.5 more years of education on average.
Conflicts faced by Indigenous groups in Ecuador over the last 30 years related to resource extraction primarily involve which sector?
Answer: Mining interests
Conflicts involving Indigenous groups in Ecuador over the past three decades concerning resource extraction have predominantly centered on mining interests.
The Mirador and San Carlos Panantza copper mining concessions are located on the ancestral lands of which Indigenous people?
Answer: Shuar
The Mirador and San Carlos Panantza copper mining concessions are situated on the ancestral lands belonging to the Shuar indigenous people.
The Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) has been influential in national politics, including contributing to the ouster of which presidents?
Answer: Abdalá Bucaram and Jamil Mahuad
CONAIE has played a significant role in Ecuadorian national politics, notably contributing to the removal from office of Presidents Abdalá Bucaram and Jamil Mahuad.
According to the source, what percentage of Ecuadorians believe economic inequality between races stems from discrimination?
Answer: 47.0%
Approximately 47.0% of Ecuadorians perceive economic inequality between racial groups as stemming from discrimination.
What actions did Explocobres SA take in the Arutam region against local Shuar opposition?
Answer: Conducted a police and military operation for forced eviction, causing deaths and injuries.
Explocobres SA employed aggressive tactics against Shuar opposition in the Arutam region, including a forced eviction operation involving police and military forces that resulted in casualties.
How has CONAIE influenced national politics in Ecuador?
Answer: By contributing to the ouster of presidents Abdalá Bucaram and Jamil Mahuad.
CONAIE has exerted significant influence on national politics, notably playing a role in the removal from office of Presidents Abdalá Bucaram and Jamil Mahuad.
Texaco's petroleum operations in Ecuador resulted in the dumping of approximately how much waste into the environment?
Answer: 19 billion gallons
Texaco's petroleum operations in Ecuador led to the dumping of an estimated 19 billion gallons of waste into the natural environment.
How does the average number of formal education years for Indigenous people compare to the non-Indigenous population in Ecuador?
Answer: Non-Indigenous people have 3.5 more years of education on average.
On average, non-Indigenous individuals in Ecuador receive 8 years of formal education, compared to 4.5 years for Indigenous individuals, indicating a disparity of 3.5 years.
The definition of Indigenous peoples in Ecuador is exclusively limited to those who resided in the territory prior to the commencement of the 20th century.
Answer: False
The definition of Indigenous peoples in Ecuador encompasses those who inhabited the territory before Spanish colonization and their present-day descendants, not solely those before the 20th century.
Indigenous heritage is estimated to comprise approximately 70 percent of Ecuador's total population.
Answer: False
Current estimates indicate that approximately 7 percent of Ecuador's population is of Indigenous heritage, not 70 percent.
In the 1778 census, the majority of Ecuador's population was classified as white.
Answer: False
According to the 1778 census, the majority of Ecuador's population (63%) was classified as Indigenous, with 26% identified as white.
According to the 2022 census, over 10% of Ecuador's population self-identified as Indigenous.
Answer: False
The 2022 census indicates that 7.7% of Ecuador's population self-identified as Indigenous, which is below 10%.
Kichwa is the indigenous language with the most speakers in Ecuador, representing over 40% of the indigenous language-speaking population.
Answer: True
Kichwa is indeed the indigenous language with the largest number of speakers in Ecuador, accounting for 40.5% of the total indigenous language-speaking population.
Shuar is the second most spoken indigenous language in Ecuador after Kichwa.
Answer: False
While Shuar is a significant indigenous language, the data indicates that Kichwa has the most speakers. Other languages like Awapit are also mentioned, but Shuar is not explicitly stated as the second most spoken in the provided text.
According to the source, who are considered the Indigenous peoples of Ecuador?
Answer: Groups who inhabited the territory before Spanish colonization and their present-day descendants.
The Indigenous peoples of Ecuador are defined as those groups who inhabited the territory prior to Spanish colonization, along with their contemporary descendants.
What percentage of Ecuador's population is estimated to have Indigenous heritage?
Answer: Approximately 7 percent
Current estimates suggest that approximately 7 percent of Ecuador's population possesses Indigenous heritage.
According to the 1778 census, what was the largest ethnic group in Ecuador's population?
Answer: Indigenous
The 1778 census data indicates that the Indigenous population constituted the largest ethnic group in Ecuador, representing 63% of the total population.
Since 2001, how are ethnic groups identified in Ecuadorian censuses?
Answer: Using self-identification criteria by respondents.
Since 2001, Ecuadorian censuses have employed self-identification criteria, allowing respondents to determine and declare their own ethnic group affiliation.
Based on the 2022 census, what percentage of the Ecuadorian population self-identified as Indigenous?
Answer: 7.7%
The 2022 census data reveals that 7.7% of the Ecuadorian population self-identified as Indigenous.
Which indigenous language has the most speakers in Ecuador?
Answer: Kichwa
Kichwa is the indigenous language with the largest number of speakers in Ecuador, representing a significant portion of the indigenous language-speaking population.
What percentage of the total population identifies as Indigenous and speaks an indigenous language, according to the 2022 census?
Answer: 3.2%
The 2022 census indicates that 3.2% of the total population identifies as Indigenous and speaks an indigenous language, representing 645,821 individuals.
Which of the following is listed as an indigenous language spoken in Ecuador besides Kichwa and Shuar?
Answer: Awapit
Awapit is listed as one of the indigenous languages spoken in Ecuador, alongside Kichwa and Shuar, among others.