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An indirect election system is exclusively characterized by voters directly choosing candidates for office, who then form an electoral college.
Answer: False
An indirect election system is defined by voters electing intermediaries who then select the final officeholders, not by voters directly choosing candidates who form an electoral college.
Heads of state, heads of government, and members of upper legislative houses are positions for which indirect elections are frequently employed in many countries.
Answer: True
Indirect elections are commonly used for high-level positions such as heads of state, heads of government, and members of upper legislative houses in numerous countries.
Officials in an indirect election can be chosen by either a permanent body like a national parliament or a special body like an electoral college.
Answer: True
Indirectly elected officials can be selected by either a permanent legislative body, such as a national parliament, or a specially convened body like an electoral college.
An election cannot be partially indirect; all indirect elections must involve a complete separation between the initial voters and the final selection of candidates.
Answer: False
Elections can be partially indirect, as demonstrated by systems like indirect single transferable voting, where only eliminated candidates transfer their vote shares.
Indirect single transferable voting allows all candidates, including those still in the race, to transfer their vote shares to other candidates.
Answer: False
In indirect single transferable voting, only candidates who have been eliminated from the race have the power to transfer their vote shares to other remaining candidates, not all candidates.
What is the defining characteristic of an indirect election?
Answer: Voters elect individuals who then select the candidates or parties for the position.
The defining characteristic of an indirect election is that voters elect intermediaries who subsequently select the final officeholders, rather than directly choosing candidates.
Which of the following governmental positions or bodies commonly utilizes indirect elections?
Answer: Heads of state and upper houses of legislatures.
Indirect elections are frequently employed for high-level positions such as heads of state and members of upper houses of legislatures.
What are the two main types of bodies that may be responsible for choosing officials in an indirect election?
Answer: Permanent bodies (e.g., national parliament) or special bodies (e.g., electoral college).
Officials in an indirect election can be chosen by either a permanent body, such as a national parliament, or a special body, like an electoral college.
Which scenario describes a partially indirect election, as exemplified by indirect single transferable voting?
Answer: Only candidates who have been eliminated can transfer their vote shares.
In a partially indirect election, such as indirect single transferable voting, only eliminated candidates are empowered to transfer their vote shares to other remaining candidates.
Which system is also known as hierarchical voting?
Answer: Indirect election.
Indirect election is also referred to as hierarchical voting.
In most countries utilizing indirect election systems, the leadership of the federal executive branch, such as a cabinet, is directly chosen by the populace.
Answer: False
The leadership of the federal executive branch, including the cabinet, is typically indirectly selected by the head of government in countries with indirect election systems, not directly by the populace.
The power of a head of state is uniformly ceremonial across all nations, with no significant variation in authority.
Answer: False
The power of a head of state varies significantly across nations, ranging from purely ceremonial to highly influential, depending on the governmental structure.
Heads of state can come into power through inheritance, direct election, or indirect election.
Answer: True
Heads of state can assume power through hereditary succession, direct popular election, or indirect election by an intermediary body.
Republics with parliamentary systems universally elect their head of state directly, unlike presidential systems.
Answer: False
Parliamentary republics generally elect their head of state indirectly, often by the legislature, rather than universally through direct popular vote.
Ireland, Austria, and the Czech Republic are examples of parliamentary republics that have directly elected presidents, indicating a semi-presidential system.
Answer: True
Countries such as Ireland, Austria, and the Czech Republic are parliamentary republics that feature directly elected presidents, characteristic of a semi-presidential system.
The primary responsibility of a head of government is to serve as the official leader and representative of a country.
Answer: False
The primary responsibility of a head of government is to oversee the daily operations of the government, whereas serving as the official leader and representative is typically the role of the head of state.
In presidential systems, the president serves as both the head of government and the head of state.
Answer: True
In presidential systems, the president consolidates the roles of both head of government and head of state.
The prime ministership is the most prominent and influential position in presidential democracies.
Answer: False
The prime ministership is the most prominent position in parliamentary democracies, whereas in presidential democracies, the president holds this distinction.
Under the Westminster system, the prime minister is directly elected by the general public through a national vote.
Answer: False
Under the Westminster system, the prime minister is indirectly elected; the public votes for local parliamentary candidates, and the leader of the majority party or coalition becomes prime minister.
In a directorial system, the executive branch is structured differently from the general rule where a cabinet is indirectly elected by the head of government.
Answer: True
Directorial systems represent an exception to the general rule where a cabinet is indirectly elected by the head of government, featuring a distinct executive structure.
The leader of the political party holding the most seats in the legislature typically serves as the head of government in parliamentary systems.
Answer: True
In parliamentary systems, the head of government is typically the leader of the political party or coalition that commands the most seats in the legislature.
A head of government is primarily responsible for the daily operations and oversight of central government institutions.
Answer: True
The head of government is indeed primarily responsible for the daily operations and oversight of central government institutions.
In countries using indirect election systems, how is the federal executive branch's leadership, such as a cabinet, typically chosen?
Answer: Indirectly by the head of government.
The leadership of the federal executive branch, including the cabinet, is typically indirectly selected by the head of government in systems employing indirect elections.
What is true about the power of a head of state?
Answer: It can vary significantly from ceremonial to powerful, depending on the government structure.
The power wielded by a head of state is not uniform but can vary substantially, ranging from a ceremonial role to that of a powerful executive, contingent on the specific governmental system.
Which of the following is a recognized means by which heads of state come into power?
Answer: Inheritance, direct election, or indirect election.
Heads of state can assume power through hereditary succession, direct popular election, or indirect election.
In parliamentary systems, how are heads of state typically elected?
Answer: Indirectly, often by the legislature.
In parliamentary systems, heads of state are typically elected indirectly, frequently by the national legislature.
Which of the following countries is an example of a parliamentary republic with a directly elected president, indicating a semi-presidential system?
Answer: Ireland
Ireland is an example of a parliamentary republic that features a directly elected president, characteristic of a semi-presidential system.
What is the primary responsibility of a head of government?
Answer: To oversee the daily operations of the government and central government institutions.
The primary responsibility of a head of government is to manage the daily operations and oversight of the central government institutions.
How does the role of head of government differ between presidential and parliamentary systems?
Answer: In presidential systems, the president is both head of government and head of state, while in parliamentary systems, the head of government is typically the leader of the majority party in the legislature.
In presidential systems, the president combines the roles of head of government and head of state, whereas in parliamentary systems, the head of government is typically the leader of the legislative majority.
What is the most prominent and influential position in parliamentary democracies?
Answer: The prime ministership.
The prime ministership is recognized as the most prominent and influential executive position within parliamentary democracies.
Under the Westminster system, how is a prime minister indirectly elected?
Answer: Political parties choose their leader, and the public votes for local candidates of these parties, not directly for the prime minister.
Under the Westminster system, the prime minister is indirectly elected through a process where political parties select their leader, and the public votes for local parliamentary candidates, not directly for the prime minister.
Which of the following countries is listed as having an indirectly elected head of state in a parliamentary system?
Answer: Germany
Germany is listed as a country with a parliamentary system where the head of state is indirectly elected.
In a presidential system, what is the relationship between the head of government and the head of state?
Answer: The president serves as both.
In a presidential system, the president holds the dual role of both head of government and head of state.
Which of the following is NOT a means by which heads of state can come into power?
Answer: Being appointed by a foreign power.
Heads of state can come into power through inheritance, direct election, or indirect election, but not by appointment from a foreign power.
What distinguishes a semi-presidential system from a pure parliamentary republic regarding the head of state?
Answer: In semi-presidential systems, the president is directly elected, unlike in pure parliamentary republics where they are typically indirectly elected.
A key distinction is that in semi-presidential systems, the president is directly elected, whereas in pure parliamentary republics, the head of state is typically indirectly elected.
Supranational legislatures are always directly elected by popular vote across their entire entity, never indirectly.
Answer: False
Supranational legislatures can be indirectly elected through the legislatures or executive governments of their constituent countries, not always by direct popular vote.
Members of the German Bundesrat are directly elected by the citizens of Germany in a national election.
Answer: False
Members of the German Bundesrat are appointed or delegated by the Landtag (state legislative assemblies), not directly elected by the citizens.
The French Sénat is elected through a direct popular vote by all eligible citizens of France.
Answer: False
The French Sénat is elected indirectly by 'Grands électeurs,' who are locally elected representatives, not by direct popular vote of all eligible citizens.
Members of the Indian Rajya Sabha are primarily elected by state and Union territory legislative assemblies, with some appointed by the President.
Answer: True
The Indian Rajya Sabha members are primarily elected by the Vidhan Sabha (state legislative assemblies) and Union territories, with additional members appointed by the President of India.
Representatives to the United Nations General Assembly are always considered directly elected, regardless of their national government's election process.
Answer: False
Representatives to the United Nations General Assembly are considered indirectly elected only if their national governments, which appoint them, are themselves democratically elected.
The European Parliament is an example of a supranational legislature that is entirely indirectly elected by the executive governments of its constituent countries.
Answer: False
The European Parliament is directly elected by the citizens of the European Union, not entirely indirectly elected by the executive governments of its constituent countries.
The parliamentary assemblies of the Council of Europe and NATO are examples of indirectly elected supranational legislatures.
Answer: True
The parliamentary assemblies of the Council of Europe and NATO are indeed examples of supranational legislatures whose members are indirectly elected, typically from national parliaments.
The French Sénat's 'Grands électeurs' are nationally elected representatives who then cast votes for the members of the Sénat.
Answer: False
The 'Grands électeurs' for the French Sénat are locally elected representatives, not nationally elected representatives.
Some members of the Senate of Pakistan are elected using indirect single transferable voting.
Answer: True
The Senate of Pakistan employs indirect single transferable voting for the election of some of its members.
How are supranational legislatures sometimes indirectly elected?
Answer: Through the legislatures or executive governments of their constituent countries.
Supranational legislatures are sometimes indirectly elected by the legislative bodies or executive governments of their member countries.
How are members of the German Bundesrat selected?
Answer: Appointed or delegated by the Landtag (state legislative assemblies).
Members of the German Bundesrat are selected through appointment or delegation by the Landtag, the legislative assemblies of the German states.
Who are the 'Grands électeurs' responsible for electing members of the French Sénat?
Answer: Locally elected representatives.
The 'Grands électeurs' who elect members of the French Sénat are locally elected representatives.
How are members of the Indian Rajya Sabha primarily chosen?
Answer: Elected directly by the Vidhan Sabha (state legislative assemblies).
Members of the Indian Rajya Sabha are primarily elected directly by the Vidhan Sabha, the legislative assemblies of the states and Union territories.
What unique voting method is used for some members of the Senate of Pakistan?
Answer: Indirect single transferable voting.
Indirect single transferable voting is a distinctive method employed for the election of some members of the Senate of Pakistan.
Which of the following is an example of an indirectly elected supranational legislature?
Answer: The parliamentary assemblies of the Council of Europe.
The parliamentary assemblies of the Council of Europe serve as an example of an indirectly elected supranational legislature.
Under what condition are representatives to the United Nations General Assembly considered to be chosen through an indirect election?
Answer: Only if the national governments themselves are democratically elected.
Representatives to the United Nations General Assembly are considered to be chosen through an indirect election only if their appointing national governments are themselves democratically elected.
Which of the following supranational bodies has its parliamentary assembly indirectly elected, where national parliamentarians are chosen to serve?
Answer: The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
The parliamentary assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an example of an indirectly elected supranational body, with members drawn from national parliaments.
In the U.S. presidential election, citizens directly vote for the presidential candidate, and the Electoral College merely ratifies this popular vote.
Answer: False
In the U.S. presidential election, citizens vote for electors pledged to a candidate, and these electors then formally elect the president, making it an indirect process, not a direct ratification of the popular vote.
The Vice President of the United States is directly elected by the populace, separate from the presidential election.
Answer: False
The Vice President of the United States is, in practice, nominated by the President, making their selection an indirect process tied to the presidential election.
The Electoral College in the U.S. is controversial primarily when a candidate wins both the popular vote and the Electoral College vote by a narrow margin.
Answer: False
The Electoral College is controversial primarily when a candidate wins the Electoral College vote without securing an absolute majority of the national popular vote.
The National Popular Vote Interstate Compact aims to replace the Electoral College with a de facto direct election for the U.S. presidency.
Answer: True
The National Popular Vote Interstate Compact is an agreement designed to effectively transition the U.S. presidential election to a de facto plurality-based direct election system, bypassing the Electoral College.
Prior to 1913, U.S. Senators were elected by direct popular vote within their states.
Answer: False
Prior to 1913, U.S. Senators were elected by the legislatures of their respective states, not by direct popular vote.
The Seventeenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, shifted the election of U.S. Senators from state legislatures to direct popular vote.
Answer: True
The Seventeenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, indeed changed the election method for U.S. Senators from indirect selection by state legislatures to direct popular vote.
The U.S. federal cabinet members are directly elected by the public during the presidential election.
Answer: False
U.S. federal cabinet members are, in practice, nominated by the President, making their selection an indirect process, not a direct election by the public.
The U.S. Electoral College system is controversial because it always ensures the candidate with the most national popular votes wins the presidency.
Answer: False
The U.S. Electoral College system is controversial precisely because it does not always ensure that the candidate with the most national popular votes wins the presidency.
How is the President of the United States elected?
Answer: Indirectly through the Electoral College, where citizens vote for pledged electors.
The President of the United States is elected indirectly via the Electoral College, where citizens cast votes for electors pledged to a specific candidate.
In the United States, how are members of the federal cabinet, including the Vice President, chosen in practice?
Answer: They are nominated by the President, making them indirectly elected through the President's selection.
Members of the U.S. federal cabinet, including the Vice President, are, in practice, nominated by the President, which constitutes an indirect election through the President's selection authority.
What is a significant controversy surrounding the Electoral College in U.S. politics?
Answer: It is controversial when a candidate wins the Electoral College vote without securing an absolute majority of the national popular vote.
A significant controversy surrounding the Electoral College arises when a presidential candidate secures the Electoral College vote but fails to win an absolute majority of the national popular vote.
What is the purpose of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact?
Answer: To replace the current indirect election system with a de facto plurality-based direct election for the U.S. presidency.
The National Popular Vote Interstate Compact aims to effectively convert the U.S. presidential election into a de facto plurality-based direct election, circumventing the Electoral College.
Prior to 1913, how were members of the United States Senate elected?
Answer: By the legislatures of their respective states.
Before 1913, members of the United States Senate were elected by the legislatures of their respective states.
What change did the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution bring regarding the election of U.S. Senators?
Answer: It changed the method from indirect election by state legislatures to direct popular vote.
The Seventeenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, altered the election method for U.S. Senators from indirect selection by state legislatures to direct popular vote.
Before the 17th Amendment, what was a key feature of the U.S. Senate election process?
Answer: Senators were elected by state legislatures.
Prior to the 17th Amendment, a key feature of the U.S. Senate election process was that senators were elected by state legislatures.
What is the primary reason for the controversy surrounding the U.S. Electoral College?
Answer: It can lead to a president winning without the national popular vote majority.
The primary reason for the controversy surrounding the U.S. Electoral College is its potential to result in a president winning the election without securing a majority of the national popular vote.
The President of the People's Republic of China is directly elected by popular vote across the country.
Answer: False
The President of the People's Republic of China is indirectly elected by the National People's Congress, not by direct popular vote.
The Chinese presidency holds significant actual power primarily due to its direct constitutional authority, not concurrent party or military roles.
Answer: False
The actual power of the Chinese presidency largely stems from the incumbent's concurrent roles as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and commander-in-chief of the military, rather than solely from constitutional authority.
The President of the European Commission is nominated by the European Council and then confirmed or denied by the directly elected European Parliament, making it a partially indirect process.
Answer: True
The selection process for the President of the European Commission involves nomination by the European Council and subsequent confirmation by the European Parliament, exemplifying a partially indirect election.
Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom are among the countries that continue to use the Westminster model of government.
Answer: True
Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom are indeed examples of countries that continue to implement the Westminster model of government.
The prime minister of Spain is directly elected by popular vote after being nominated by the king.
Answer: False
The prime minister of Spain is indirectly elected through a vote of confidence by the Congress of Deputies for the king's nominee, not by direct popular vote.
In Germany, the federal chancellor is indirectly elected by the Bundestag, and the federal president's proposal for the chancellor's office is binding.
Answer: False
While the federal chancellor is indirectly elected by the Bundestag, the federal president's proposal for the office is not binding, as the Bundestag retains the power to elect a different person.
The Prime Minister of Singapore is an example of a nonpartisan head of government who is appointed by the president rather than elected.
Answer: True
The Prime Minister of Singapore exemplifies a nonpartisan head of government who is appointed by the president, rather than being chosen through an electoral process.
The National People's Congress of China is elected through a multi-tiered indirect electoral structure by lower levels of people's congresses.
Answer: True
The National People's Congress of China is elected through a multi-tiered indirect electoral system, with members chosen by lower levels of people's congresses.
The German federal president has the ultimate authority to elect the federal chancellor, overriding the Bundestag's choice if necessary.
Answer: False
While the federal president proposes candidates, the Bundestag has the power to elect the federal chancellor, and the president must accept the Bundestag's choice.
The President of the People's Republic of China is also known as the state chairman and state representative.
Answer: True
The President of the People's Republic of China is indeed referred to as the state chairman and state representative.
The Westminster model of government is exclusively used in the United Kingdom and has not been adopted by other countries.
Answer: False
The Westminster model of government is utilized by several Commonwealth countries beyond the United Kingdom, including Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.
The President of the European Commission is directly elected by the citizens of the European Union.
Answer: False
The President of the European Commission is nominated by the European Council and confirmed by the European Parliament, making it an indirect process, not a direct election by EU citizens.
How is the President of the People's Republic of China elected?
Answer: Indirectly by the National People's Congress.
The President of the People's Republic of China is indirectly elected by the National People's Congress.
What is the nature of the Chinese presidency's power, according to the text?
Answer: It is largely ceremonial, with actual power stemming from concurrent party and military positions.
The actual power of the Chinese presidency is largely ceremonial constitutionally, with its influence primarily derived from concurrent leadership roles within the Chinese Communist Party and the military.
How is the President of the European Commission chosen?
Answer: Nominated by the European Council and confirmed/denied by the directly elected European Parliament.
The President of the European Commission is selected through a partially indirect process involving nomination by the European Council and subsequent confirmation by the European Parliament.
Which of the following countries is noted for continuing to use the Westminster model of government?
Answer: Canada
Canada is among the countries that continue to employ the Westminster model of government.
How is the prime minister of Spain indirectly elected?
Answer: Through a vote of confidence by the Congress of Deputies for the king's nominee.
The prime minister of Spain is indirectly elected via a vote of confidence by the Congress of Deputies for the king's nominee.
In Germany, who indirectly elects the federal chancellor?
Answer: The Bundestag.
In Germany, the federal chancellor is indirectly elected by the Bundestag.
Which country is mentioned as having a nonpartisan head of government appointed by the president rather than elected?
Answer: Singapore
Singapore is cited as a country where the head of government, the Prime Minister, is a nonpartisan appointee of the president, rather than being elected.
How is the National People's Congress of China elected?
Answer: By the lower levels of the system of people's congresses, indicating a multi-tiered indirect structure.
The National People's Congress of China is elected through a multi-tiered indirect electoral structure by the lower levels of the system of people's congresses.
What is the role of the federal president in the election of the German federal chancellor?
Answer: The president proposes candidates, but the Bundestag has the power to elect a different person.
The German federal president proposes candidates for the chancellorship, but the Bundestag ultimately holds the power to elect the federal chancellor, potentially choosing a different individual.
Historically, the Control Yuan of China was a parliamentary chamber whose members were elected by respective legislatures across the country.
Answer: True
Historically, the Control Yuan of China functioned as a parliamentary chamber, with its members elected by the legislative bodies of various provinces, municipalities, and regions.
After democratization in Taiwan in 1993, the President and Vice President of the Control Yuan continued to be elected by and from its members.
Answer: False
After democratization in Taiwan in 1993, the Control Yuan transitioned to an auditory body, altering the method of selecting its President and Vice President from election by its members.
Indirect elections are generally associated with increased political accountability and responsiveness to the general populace compared to direct elections.
Answer: False
Indirect elections can lead to lower political accountability and responsiveness to the general populace, rather than increased, compared to direct elections.
The Control Yuan of China transitioned to an auditory body in 1993, losing its parliamentary chamber status.
Answer: True
Following democratization in Taiwan in 1993, the Control Yuan of China ceased to be a parliamentary chamber and transitioned into an auditory body.
Historically, how was the Control Yuan of China, once a parliamentary chamber, elected?
Answer: By its respective legislatures across the country.
Historically, the Control Yuan of China, when it functioned as a parliamentary chamber, had its members elected by the respective legislatures across the country.
What change occurred regarding the Control Yuan of China after democratization in Taiwan in 1993?
Answer: It transitioned to become solely an auditory body.
After democratization in Taiwan in 1993, the Control Yuan of China transitioned from a parliamentary body to function solely as an auditory body.
What is a potential drawback associated with indirect elections regarding political accountability?
Answer: They can lead to lower political accountability and responsiveness to the general populace.
A potential drawback of indirect elections is that they can diminish political accountability and responsiveness to the general populace.