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The scientifically designated name for the Influenza D virus species is *Alphainfluenzavirus delticola*.
Answer: False
The scientific classification identifies the Influenza D virus species as *Deltainfluenzavirus influenzae*, not *Alphainfluenzavirus delticola*.
The Influenza D virus belongs to the family *Picornaviridae* and the genus *Influenzavirus*.
Answer: False
The Influenza D virus is classified within the family *Orthomyxoviridae* and the genus *Deltainfluenzavirus*, not *Picornaviridae* and *Influenzavirus*.
What is the correct scientific name for the Influenza D virus species?
Answer: *Deltainfluenzavirus influenzae*
The scientifically designated species name for Influenza D virus is *Deltainfluenzavirus influenzae*.
To which family and genus does the Influenza D virus belong?
Answer: Family *Orthomyxoviridae*, Genus *Deltainfluenzavirus*
Influenza D virus is classified within the family *Orthomyxoviridae* and the genus *Deltainfluenzavirus*.
Influenza D virus belongs to which taxonomic order?
Answer: Articulavirales
Influenza D virus is classified within the order *Articulavirales*.
The Influenza D virus was first isolated in 2011 and officially categorized as a distinct genus in 2016.
Answer: True
The timeline of Influenza D virus discovery indicates its initial isolation in 2011, followed by its official classification as a new genus in 2016.
Before 2016, Influenza D virus was considered a subtype of Influenza C virus.
Answer: True
Prior to its formal classification as a distinct genus in 2016, Influenza D virus was understood to be a subtype of Influenza C virus.
Influenza A and B viruses diverged from their common ancestor much more recently than Influenza C and D viruses.
Answer: True
Phylogenetic analyses suggest that Influenza A and B viruses diverged from their common ancestor more recently (approximately 4,000 years ago) than the divergence between the common ancestors of Influenza C and D viruses (over 1,500 years ago).
Viruses closely related to Influenza C and D have been identified in amphibian and fish species.
Answer: True
Metagenomic studies have revealed the presence of viruses evolutionarily linked to Influenza C and D within amphibian and fish populations, suggesting ancient origins.
In what year was the Influenza D virus first isolated?
Answer: 2011
The initial isolation of the Influenza D virus occurred in the year 2011.
When was Influenza D virus officially categorized as a new genus?
Answer: 2016
The official categorization of Influenza D virus as a distinct genus took place in 2016.
Prior to its classification as a distinct genus, what was the prevailing understanding of Influenza D virus?
Answer: It was thought to be a subtype of Influenza C.
Before its formal designation as a new genus in 2016, Influenza D virus was widely considered to be a subtype of Influenza C virus.
What is the estimated divergence time between the common ancestors of Influenza C and D viruses?
Answer: Over 1,500 years ago (around 482 AD)
The common ancestors of Influenza C and D viruses are estimated to have diverged more than 1,500 years ago, approximately around 482 AD.
What has been identified in amphibian and fish species that relates to Influenza D virus evolution?
Answer: Viruses closely related to Influenza C and D
Metagenomic analyses have detected viruses evolutionarily related to Influenza C and D in amphibian and fish species, suggesting an ancient association.
Influenza D virus, like Influenza A and B, possesses 8 RNA segments encoding at least 10 proteins.
Answer: False
Influenza D virus, similar to Influenza C, has 7 RNA segments encoding 9 proteins, differing from the 8 RNA segments and at least 10 proteins encoded by Influenza A and B.
Influenza D virus can be transmitted through respiratory droplets and potentially via fomites.
Answer: True
Transmission of Influenza D virus is suggested to occur via respiratory droplets and possibly through fomites, indicating potential environmental stability.
Influenza viruses typically infect the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract and have a long incubation period of up to a week.
Answer: False
Influenza viruses typically infect the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and exhibit a short incubation period, generally ranging from 18 to 72 hours.
Influenza D virus replicates less effectively in cell culture at 37°C compared to Influenza C virus.
Answer: False
Influenza D virus demonstrates robust replication in cell culture at 37°C, often more effectively than Influenza C virus, suggesting potential for human infection.
The efficient replication of Influenza D virus in cell culture at human body temperature suggests it might be genetically close to invading the lower lung.
Answer: True
The capacity of Influenza D virus to replicate efficiently at 37°C, the temperature of the human lower respiratory tract, indicates a potential for adaptation to infect human lung tissues.
Influenza D virus is a DNA virus with a segmented genome.
Answer: False
Influenza D virus is an RNA virus; its genetic material is single-stranded RNA, not DNA, organized into segments.
Influenza Types A and B possess hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), while Types C and D possess only hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF).
Answer: True
Influenza Types A and B are characterized by hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface glycoproteins, whereas Types C and D possess the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) glycoprotein exclusively.
The esterase enzyme, found in Influenza C and D viruses, functions similarly to the neuraminidase enzyme of Types A and B.
Answer: True
The esterase enzyme present in Influenza C and D viruses performs a function analogous to the neuraminidase enzyme found in Types A and B, both aiding in the release of progeny virions from host cells by cleaving sialic acid residues.
How many RNA segments does the Influenza D virus genome contain?
Answer: 7
The genome of the Influenza D virus is segmented into 7 RNA segments.
What are the primary modes of transmission suggested for Influenza D virus?
Answer: Respiratory droplets and fomites
The suggested primary modes of transmission for Influenza D virus include respiratory droplets and contact with fomites.
What is the typical incubation period for most influenza viruses?
Answer: 18 to 72 hours
The incubation period for most influenza viruses typically ranges from 18 to 72 hours.
What does the ability of Influenza D virus to replicate well at 37°C suggest?
Answer: It may be capable of infecting the lower human lung.
The efficient replication of Influenza D virus at 37°C, the temperature of the human lung, suggests a potential capacity for infecting the lower respiratory tract.
What is the basic genetic material of Influenza D virus?
Answer: Single-stranded RNA
Influenza D virus, like other influenza viruses, possesses a genome composed of single-stranded RNA.
What is the sole surface glycoprotein found on Influenza Types C and D?
Answer: Hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF)
The hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) glycoprotein is the singular surface glycoprotein characteristic of Influenza Types C and D.
What is the function of the esterase enzyme found in Influenza C and D viruses?
Answer: To break down host cell receptors, aiding virus release.
The esterase enzyme in Influenza C and D viruses functions analogously to neuraminidase in Types A and B, by cleaving host cell receptors to facilitate the release of newly formed virions.
Influenza D viruses have been confirmed to infect humans, although such infections are exceedingly rare.
Answer: False
While antibodies suggesting human exposure have been detected, direct human infections with Influenza D virus have not been confirmed.
Influenza D virus infections are considered common, occurring with similar frequency to Influenza A and B.
Answer: False
Influenza D virus infections are characterized as rare when contrasted with the prevalence of Influenza A, B, and C.
The detection of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against Influenza D virus in humans confirms direct infection by the virus.
Answer: False
The presence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against Influenza D virus in humans does not confirm direct infection; it may indicate cross-reactivity with other influenza types, such as Influenza C.
Birds are the natural reservoir for Influenza D virus, similar to Influenza A.
Answer: False
Unlike Influenza A, which utilizes birds as its natural reservoir, Influenza D virus does not have a known animal reservoir.
Which of the following animals are known to be infected by Influenza D virus?
Answer: Pigs and cattle
Influenza D virus has been identified in pigs and cattle; birds are not known reservoirs for this virus, and confirmed human infections have not been documented.
How does the prevalence of Influenza D virus infections compare to other common influenza types?
Answer: They are considered rare compared to Influenza A, B, and C.
Infections caused by Influenza D virus are notably rare when compared to the incidence rates of Influenza A, B, and C viruses.
What evidence suggests potential human exposure to Influenza D virus, despite no confirmed infections?
Answer: Detection of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against Influenza D in about 1.3% of humans.
The detection of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against Influenza D virus in approximately 1.3% of the human population serves as indirect evidence suggesting potential exposure or cross-reactivity.
What is a possible explanation for the presence of Influenza D antibodies in humans?
Answer: Cross-reactivity with antibodies from Influenza C virus infection.
The presence of antibodies in humans that react with Influenza D virus may be attributed to cross-reactivity with antibodies generated from prior infections with Influenza C virus.
What is the natural reservoir for Influenza A virus?
Answer: Birds
Birds serve as the natural reservoir for Influenza A virus.
The four main antigenic types of influenza viruses are Influenza A, B, C, and D.
Answer: True
The classification of influenza viruses into four primary antigenic types includes Influenza A, B, C, and D.
Influenza C virus is generally considered the most severe type among the four main influenza virus types.
Answer: False
Influenza A virus is typically regarded as the most severe type among the four main influenza virus types.
Influenza C virus infections are typically associated with severe respiratory illness and high mortality rates.
Answer: False
Influenza C virus infections are generally characterized by mild symptoms, distinguishing them from the more severe presentations often associated with Influenza A and B.
Influenza D virus shares approximately 90% amino acid similarity with Influenza C virus.
Answer: False
Influenza D virus exhibits approximately 50% amino acid similarity with Influenza C virus, a level comparable to the divergence between Influenza A and B.
Which influenza virus type is generally described as the most severe?
Answer: Influenza A
Influenza A virus is consistently recognized as the most severe among the four principal antigenic types of influenza viruses.
What is the typical severity associated with Influenza C virus infections?
Answer: Minor symptoms, less severe than types A and B
Influenza C virus infections are typically mild, presenting with less severe symptoms compared to those caused by Influenza A and B viruses.
How does the amino acid similarity between Influenza D and Influenza C viruses compare to the similarity between Influenza A and B viruses?
Answer: D and C share about 50% similarity, comparable to A and B divergence.
Influenza D and C viruses exhibit approximately 50% amino acid similarity, a divergence level comparable to that between Influenza A and B viruses. Both C and D show greater divergence from A and B.
Only Influenza Type A undergoes antigenic shift; Types C and D are only capable of antigenic drift.
Answer: True
Antigenic shift, a major genetic reassortment event, is characteristic of Influenza Type A. Influenza Types C and D are limited to antigenic drift, which involves gradual accumulation of point mutations.
Influenza viruses C and D are capable of causing pandemics due to their ability to undergo antigenic shift.
Answer: False
Influenza viruses C and D are not capable of causing pandemics as they lack the mechanism of antigenic shift, which is exclusive to Influenza Type A.
Human vaccines are currently available for Influenza C and D viruses.
Answer: False
Currently, no human vaccines are available for Influenza C or D viruses, primarily due to their lower public health impact compared to types A and B.
An inactivated Influenza D virus vaccine developed for cattle provided complete protection in challenge experiments.
Answer: False
An inactivated Influenza D virus vaccine tested in cattle demonstrated only partial protection in challenge experiments, not complete immunity.
Which influenza virus type is known to undergo antigenic shift, potentially leading to pandemics?
Answer: Influenza A
Influenza Type A is uniquely capable of undergoing antigenic shift, a phenomenon that can result in the emergence of novel strains responsible for pandemics.
Why are Influenza C and D viruses not typically implicated in causing pandemics?
Answer: They lack the ability to undergo antigenic shift.
Influenza C and D viruses are not typically associated with pandemics because they do not possess the capacity for antigenic shift, a process crucial for the generation of pandemic strains.
What is the status of human vaccines for Influenza C and D viruses?
Answer: No human vaccines are currently available for these types.
Currently, there are no human vaccines available for Influenza C or D viruses, reflecting their limited impact on human health compared to types A and B.
What was the efficacy of the inactivated Influenza D virus vaccine developed for cattle?
Answer: Provided only partial protection.
An inactivated vaccine targeting Influenza D virus in cattle demonstrated only partial protective efficacy in experimental challenge studies.
What does the term 'antigenic drift' refer to in influenza viruses?
Answer: Minor mutations in viral glycoproteins over time.
Antigenic drift describes the gradual accumulation of point mutations in the genes encoding influenza virus surface glycoproteins, leading to minor changes in antigenicity.
The antibodies detected in humans against Influenza D virus could potentially be due to infection with Influenza C virus.
Answer: True
Antibodies detected in human sera that react with Influenza D virus antigens may arise from prior infection with Influenza C virus due to immunological cross-reactivity.
The detection of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against Influenza D virus in humans confirms direct infection by the virus.
Answer: False
The detection of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against Influenza D virus in humans does not confirm direct infection; it may indicate cross-reactivity with other influenza types, such as Influenza C.
The matrix protein (M1) and the nucleoprotein (NP) are the viral antigens used to distinguish between influenza types A, B, C, and D.
Answer: True
The matrix protein (M1) and nucleoprotein (NP) are the key viral antigens utilized for differentiating between influenza virus types A, B, C, and D.
The In Situ Esterase Assay is a diagnostic method primarily used for Influenza Types A and B.
Answer: False
The In Situ Esterase Assay is specifically designed for the detection of Influenza Types C and D, as only these types produce the esterase enzyme.
Compared to Influenza A and B, how easily are Influenza C and D viruses isolated in labs?
Answer: They are not as easily isolated.
Influenza viruses C and D present greater challenges for laboratory isolation compared to Influenza A and B, contributing to less extensive data availability.
Which viral proteins are primarily used to distinguish between Influenza types A, B, C, and D?
Answer: Matrix protein (M1) and Nucleoprotein (NP)
The matrix protein (M1) and the nucleoprotein (NP) are the principal viral antigens employed for the classification of influenza viruses into types A, B, C, and D.
Which diagnostic test is noted for higher sensitivity in detecting the HEF glycoprotein compared to the HI test?
Answer: ELISA
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has demonstrated superior sensitivity for detecting the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) glycoprotein compared to the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test.