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An ion is an atom or molecule with an equal number of electrons and protons, resulting in a net electrical charge.
Answer: False
An ion is defined by an *unequal* number of electrons and protons, which results in a net electrical charge. If the numbers were equal, the atom or molecule would be electrically neutral.
The net electrical charge of an ion is determined by the imbalance between its total number of electrons and its total number of protons.
Answer: True
The net electrical charge of an ion is precisely the difference between the number of protons (positive charges) and electrons (negative charges). An imbalance results in a net positive or negative charge.
In chemical formulas, the magnitude '1' for a singly charged ion is always explicitly written (e.g., Na1+).
Answer: False
For singly charged ions, the magnitude '1' is conventionally omitted in chemical formulas; for example, it is written as Na+ rather than Na1+.
What is the defining characteristic of an ion?
Answer: It is an atom or molecule that possesses a net electrical charge.
The fundamental definition of an ion is an atom or molecule that carries a net electrical charge due to an imbalance between its protons and electrons.
How is the net charge of a doubly charged cation typically written in a chemical formula?
Answer: 2+
In chemical formulas, the magnitude of the charge is placed before the sign for charges greater than one (e.g., 2+ for a doubly charged cation).
What is the net electric charge on an ion equal to?
Answer: The number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons.
The net electric charge on an ion is calculated by subtracting the total number of electrons (negative charges) from the total number of protons (positive charges).
The term 'ion' was coined by William Whewell in 1834, based on the Greek word 'ienai'.
Answer: False
While William Whewell suggested the term 'ion', it was Michael Faraday who introduced it in 1834. The term is indeed based on the Greek word 'ienai'.
Svante Arrhenius won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for explaining that solid crystalline salts dissociate into paired charged particles even without an electric current.
Answer: True
Svante Arrhenius's 1884 dissertation proposed that solid crystalline salts dissociate into ions when dissolved, even without an electric current, a theory for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903.
Michael Faraday initially understood ions as precisely defined charged atoms, which he named during electrolysis.
Answer: False
Michael Faraday coined the term 'ion' but did not initially understand their precise nature as charged atoms. He observed them as moving substances conveying matter during electrolysis.
From which Greek word and meaning was 'ion' coined?
Answer: 'ienai', meaning 'to go'
The term 'ion' is derived from the Greek word 'ienai', meaning 'to go', reflecting the movement of these charged particles during electrolysis.
Who introduced the term 'ion' in 1834?
Answer: Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday introduced the term 'ion' in 1834, following a suggestion from William Whewell.
What was Michael Faraday's initial understanding of the species he named 'ions'?
Answer: He knew they were moving substances conveying matter during electrolysis, but not their precise nature.
Faraday observed the movement of these species during electrolysis and named them 'ions' based on their 'going' nature, without a precise understanding of their atomic structure or charge.
Who coined the terms 'anode,' 'cathode,' 'anion,' and 'cation'?
Answer: William Whewell
William Whewell, in correspondence with Michael Faraday, coined the terms 'anode,' 'cathode,' 'anion,' and 'cation' to describe the electrodes and the ions attracted to them.
What was Svante Arrhenius's key contribution regarding ions in solution?
Answer: He explained that solid crystalline salts dissociate into charged particles even without an electric current.
Svante Arrhenius's key contribution was his theory that solid crystalline salts dissociate into charged particles (ions) when dissolved in a solution, even in the absence of an electric current.
Monatomic ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons from the innermost electron shells of an atom.
Answer: False
Monatomic ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons from the *valence shell* (outermost electron shell) of an atom, not the tightly bound inner shells.
The process of ionization involves a neutral atom or molecule gaining or losing protons, leading to a net electrical charge.
Answer: False
Ionization is the process of gaining or losing *electrons* from a neutral atom or molecule, not protons. Changes in the number of protons would change the element itself.
The transfer of electrons during chemical ionization is primarily driven by atoms seeking to achieve unstable, high-energy electronic configurations.
Answer: False
Electron transfer during chemical ionization is primarily driven by atoms or molecules seeking to attain *stable*, 'closed shell' electronic configurations, which typically requires the least energy.
Polyatomic ions are typically formed by directly gaining or losing electrons, as this preserves their stable electronic configuration.
Answer: False
Polyatomic ions are usually formed by gaining or losing elemental ions (like H+), rather than directly gaining or losing electrons, to preserve their stable electronic configuration and avoid the instability of radical ions.
Ions tend to form with full orbital blocks because this electronic configuration is highly stable.
Answer: True
Atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable electronic configuration, often resembling a noble gas with full orbital blocks, as this state is energetically favorable.
Ion pairs in physical ionization consist of a free electron and a corresponding positive ion.
Answer: True
During physical ionization in a fluid, an 'ion pair' is indeed formed, consisting of a free electron and the resulting positive ion from which the electron was detached.
The inner shells of an atom's electrons are typically involved in the formation of monatomic ions.
Answer: False
Monatomic ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons from the *valence shell* (outermost electron shell), as inner-shell electrons are tightly bound and generally do not participate in chemical interactions.
What constitutes an 'ion pair' created during physical ionization in a fluid?
Answer: A free electron and a corresponding positive ion.
During physical ionization in a fluid, an 'ion pair' is formed, consisting of a free electron and the positive ion from which it was detached.
Besides physical ionization, which of these is a method for creating ions?
Answer: Dissolution of a salt in liquids.
Ions can be created through chemical interactions, such as the dissolution of a salt in liquids, in addition to physical ionization processes.
Where do monatomic ions gain or lose electrons from during chemical formation?
Answer: The valence shell.
Monatomic ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons exclusively from the valence shell, which is the outermost electron shell involved in chemical bonding.
What is the primary driving force for electron transfer during chemical ionization?
Answer: To attain stable, 'closed shell' electronic configurations.
The primary driving force for electron transfer during chemical ionization is the tendency of atoms or molecules to achieve stable, 'closed shell' electronic configurations, which are energetically favorable.
Why are polyatomic ions typically formed by gaining or losing elemental ions like H+ rather than directly gaining or losing electrons?
Answer: Due to the instability of radical ions, preserving stable electronic configurations.
Polyatomic ions often form by gaining or losing elemental ions (like H+) to avoid the formation of unstable radical ions and to maintain stable electronic configurations within the molecular structure.
What happens to a neutral sodium atom (Na) to become a sodium cation (Na+)?
Answer: It loses an electron.
A neutral sodium atom becomes a positively charged sodium cation (Na+) by losing one electron from its valence shell to achieve a stable electron configuration.
What is the primary reason ions tend to form with full orbital blocks?
Answer: This electronic configuration is highly stable.
Ions tend to form with full orbital blocks because this electronic configuration mimics that of noble gases, which is a highly stable and energetically favorable state.
A cation is an ion that has gained one or more electrons compared to its neutral atomic state, leading to a negative charge.
Answer: False
A cation is a positively charged ion formed when an atom *loses* one or more electrons, resulting in fewer electrons than protons. Gaining electrons leads to a negative charge, forming an anion.
Anions are typically smaller than their parent neutral atoms because they lose electrons, shrinking the electron cloud.
Answer: False
Anions are formed by gaining electrons, which increases electron-electron repulsion and expands the electron cloud, making them *larger* than their parent neutral atoms. Cations, by contrast, are smaller due to electron loss.
The hydrogen cation is unique because it consists solely of a single proton and no electrons.
Answer: True
The hydrogen cation (H+) is indeed unique in its composition, being a bare proton without any electrons, which also accounts for its exceptionally small size.
An ion with a -2 charge is known as a dication, while an ion with a +2 charge is a dianion.
Answer: False
An ion with a -2 charge is a dianion, and an ion with a +2 charge is a dication. The question reverses these definitions.
A zwitterion is a molecule with an overall positive charge but also contains some negative charges within its structure.
Answer: False
A zwitterion is a neutral molecule that contains both positive and negative charges at different locations within its structure, resulting in an *overall neutral* charge, not an overall positive charge.
In a crystal, cations typically occupy most of the space, with anions fitting into the smaller spaces between them.
Answer: False
In a crystal lattice, anions are generally larger and occupy most of the space, while the smaller cations fit into the interstitial spaces between them.
Radical ions are characterized by being very reactive due to the presence of unpaired electrons.
Answer: True
The presence of unpaired electrons in radical ions makes them highly reactive, similar to uncharged radicals, as they seek to achieve a more stable electron configuration.
Oxyanions are polyatomic ions that specifically contain hydrogen and oxygen.
Answer: False
Oxyanions are polyatomic ions that contain oxygen, but they do not necessarily contain hydrogen. Examples include carbonate (CO3^2-) and sulfate (SO4^2-).
When ions move, their trajectories can be deflected by a magnetic field.
Answer: True
As charged particles in motion, ions are subject to the Lorentz force, which causes their trajectories to be deflected by a magnetic field.
Organic ions are molecular ions that must contain at least one carbon-to-oxygen bond.
Answer: False
Organic ions are molecular ions that contain at least one carbon-to-*hydrogen* bond, not necessarily a carbon-to-oxygen bond.
A carbocation is a negatively charged organic ion where the charge is formally centered on a carbon atom.
Answer: False
A carbocation is a *positively* charged organic ion where the charge is formally centered on a carbon atom. A negatively charged organic ion centered on carbon is a carbanion.
How is a cation specifically defined?
Answer: A positively charged ion that has fewer electrons than protons.
A cation is defined as a positively charged ion, meaning it has lost one or more electrons, resulting in fewer electrons than protons.
Which of the following statements accurately describes an anion?
Answer: It is a negatively charged ion that has gained one or more electrons.
An anion is a negatively charged ion formed when an atom or molecule gains one or more electrons, leading to an excess of electrons compared to protons.
How are ions classified if they consist of two or more atoms?
Answer: Polyatomic ions
Ions composed of two or more atoms are classified as polyatomic ions, also known as molecular ions.
How does the gain of electrons affect the size of an atom when it forms an anion?
Answer: The anion becomes larger than the parent atom.
When an atom gains electrons to form an anion, the increased electron-electron repulsion expands the electron cloud, making the anion larger than its neutral parent atom.
What is unique about the hydrogen cation (H+)?
Answer: It consists solely of a single proton and no electrons.
The hydrogen cation (H+) is unique because it is composed entirely of a single proton, lacking any electrons, which also makes it exceptionally small.
What is an ion with a +2 charge called?
Answer: Dication
An ion with a +2 charge is specifically termed a dication, while an ion with a -2 charge is a dianion.
Which statement best describes a zwitterion?
Answer: A neutral molecule possessing both positive and negative charges at different locations.
A zwitterion is characterized by having both positive and negative charges within the same molecule, but these charges balance each other, resulting in an overall neutral molecular charge.
In a typical crystal structure, how do the relative sizes of cations and anions compare?
Answer: Anions are generally large and occupy most of the space, with cations fitting between them.
Anions are typically larger than cations, and in crystal structures, they tend to define the overall lattice, with the smaller cations occupying the interstitial sites.
What defines a radical ion?
Answer: An ion that contains unpaired electrons.
A radical ion is distinguished by the presence of unpaired electrons, which typically makes it highly reactive.
What are oxyanions?
Answer: Polyatomic ions that contain oxygen.
Oxyanions are polyatomic ions that are characterized by the presence of oxygen atoms within their structure, such as carbonate or sulfate.
What is a carbocation?
Answer: A positively charged organic ion centered on a carbon atom.
A carbocation is specifically defined as a positively charged organic ion where the formal charge resides on a carbon atom.
Ions in their gas-like state are highly stable and rarely interact with other ions.
Answer: False
Ions in their gas-like state are highly reactive and readily interact with oppositely charged ions to form neutral molecules or ionic salts, seeking a more stable, uncharged state.
Solvated ions are generally more stable than gas-like ions due to energy and entropy changes when interacting with a liquid.
Answer: True
The formation of a solvation shell around ions in a liquid leads to favorable energy and entropy changes, making solvated ions more stable compared to their highly reactive gas-like counterparts.
Nonpolar liquids are ideal for ion formation because their low dielectric constant strengthens the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions.
Answer: False
Nonpolar liquids are *not* ideal for ion formation. Their low dielectric constant *strengthens* the electrostatic attraction between ions, making it harder for them to dissociate and remain separated, unlike in polar solvents like water.
Dukhin and Parlia's concept suggests that for ions to form in nonpolar liquids, the solute must be amphiphilic, having both hydrophobic and polar parts.
Answer: True
According to Dukhin and Parlia, an amphiphilic solute is necessary for ion formation in nonpolar liquids, as its hydrophobic tail ensures solubility and its polar head provides a source for initial ion creation and self-solvation.
Solvated ions are commonly found in environments with high temperatures, such as volcanic vents.
Answer: False
Solvated ions are more commonly found in environments with *low* temperatures, such as seawater, where salts dissolve to form ions surrounded by solvent molecules.
How do ions in their gas-like state typically behave?
Answer: They rapidly interact with ions of opposite charge to form neutral molecules or ionic salts.
Ions in their gas-like state are highly reactive and will quickly interact with oppositely charged ions to achieve a more stable, neutral state by forming molecules or ionic salts.
Why are solvated ions more stable than gas-like ions?
Answer: Due to energy and entropy changes as they interact with the liquid.
Solvated ions gain stability from favorable energy and entropy changes that occur when they interact with a solvent, forming a solvation shell that stabilizes their charge.
According to Dukhin and Parlia, what characteristic must a solute substance have to form ions in nonpolar liquids?
Answer: It must be amphiphilic, with hydrophobic and polar parts.
Dukhin and Parlia's concept posits that for ion formation in nonpolar liquids, the solute must be amphiphilic, possessing both hydrophobic and polar components to facilitate solubility and initial dissociation.
Which of the following is a characteristic of nonpolar liquids that makes them challenging for ion formation?
Answer: They strengthen the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions.
Nonpolar liquids have a low dielectric constant, which means they are less effective at screening electrostatic interactions, thereby strengthening the attraction between ions and making dissociation difficult.
Ionic bonding results from the repulsion of oppositely charged ions, leading to a stable crystal lattice.
Answer: False
Ionic bonding results from the *mutual attraction* of oppositely charged ions, not repulsion. This attraction leads to the formation of stable crystal lattices.
Ions usually exist in isolation because their charges prevent them from binding with other ions.
Answer: False
Ions of opposite charge attract each other strongly via electrostatic forces. Therefore, they rarely exist in isolation but instead bind together to form stable crystal lattices, minimizing their energy.
Ionic compounds are most commonly observed in compounds formed between metals and nonmetals, excluding noble gases.
Answer: True
Ionic bonding typically occurs between metals, which tend to lose electrons, and nonmetals (excluding noble gases), which tend to gain electrons, forming stable ionic compounds.
Electropositivity is a property of nonmetals, indicating their strong tendency to gain electrons and form anions.
Answer: False
Electropositivity is a property of *metals*, describing their strong tendency to *lose* electrons and form cations. The tendency of nonmetals to gain electrons and form anions is described by electronegativity.
Electronegativity describes the tendency of nonmetals to gain electrons to achieve a stable electronic configuration, forming anions.
Answer: True
Electronegativity is indeed the measure of an atom's tendency to attract and gain electrons, a characteristic of nonmetals that leads to the formation of negatively charged anions to achieve stable electron configurations.
When a highly electropositive metal combines with a highly electronegative nonmetal, electrons are transferred from the nonmetal to the metal.
Answer: False
In such a combination, electrons are transferred from the electropositive metal atoms (which tend to lose electrons) to the electronegative nonmetal atoms (which tend to gain electrons), forming metal cations and nonmetal anions.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) forms because positively charged sodium cations and negatively charged chloride anions are attracted to each other by ionic bonds.
Answer: True
The strong electrostatic attraction between the positively charged sodium cations and negatively charged chloride anions results in the formation of stable ionic bonds, leading to the compound sodium chloride.
What is the significance of electrostatic force in the context of ions?
Answer: It pulls opposite electric charges towards one another, leading to stable ionic compounds.
Electrostatic force is the fundamental attraction between oppositely charged ions, which is the driving force behind the formation of stable ionic compounds.
What type of bonding arises from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions?
Answer: Ionic bonding
Ionic bonding is fundamentally characterized by the strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, leading to the formation of stable compounds.
Why do ions typically not exist on their own in isolation?
Answer: Ions of opposite charge attract each other to form stable crystal lattices.
Due to strong electrostatic forces, ions of opposite charge are mutually attracted and readily combine to form stable ionic compounds, typically arranged in crystal lattices, rather than existing in isolation.
In what type of compounds is ionic bonding most commonly observed?
Answer: Compounds formed between metals and nonmetals (excluding noble gases).
Ionic bonding is most prevalent in compounds formed between metals, which readily lose electrons, and nonmetals (excluding noble gases), which readily gain electrons, facilitating electron transfer and strong electrostatic attraction.
What property of metals describes their strong tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions?
Answer: Electropositivity
Electropositivity is the characteristic property of metals that describes their strong inclination to lose valence electrons and form positively charged cations.
What happens when a highly electropositive metal combines with a highly electronegative nonmetal?
Answer: Electrons are transferred from the metal atoms to the nonmetal atoms.
In such a combination, the highly electropositive metal readily donates electrons, and the highly electronegative nonmetal readily accepts them, resulting in electron transfer from metal to nonmetal.
The ionization potential is the energy required to add an electron to an atom or molecule in its lowest energy state.
Answer: False
Ionization potential (or ionization energy) is the energy required to *detach* an electron from an atom or molecule in its gaseous state, not to add an electron.
Each successive ionization energy for an atom is generally lower than the last, making it easier to remove subsequent electrons.
Answer: False
Each successive ionization energy is *markedly greater* than the last, meaning it becomes progressively more difficult to remove additional electrons from an atom.
Caesium has the greatest measured ionization energy, while helium has the lowest.
Answer: False
The statement reverses the facts: Caesium has the *lowest* measured ionization energy, indicating it readily loses an electron, while helium has the *greatest*, making electron removal very difficult.
Metals typically have lower ionization energies than nonmetals, which is why metals tend to form cations.
Answer: True
Metals generally have lower ionization energies, meaning less energy is required to remove an electron, which explains their tendency to lose electrons and form positively charged cations.
What is ionization potential?
Answer: The energy required to detach an electron from an atom or molecule of a gas.
Ionization potential, or ionization energy, is defined as the minimum energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or molecule in its ground state.
How do successive ionization energies change for an atom?
Answer: Each successive ionization energy is markedly greater than the last.
Successive ionization energies increase significantly because removing an electron from an already positively charged ion requires more energy due to increased nuclear attraction on the remaining electrons.
Which element has the lowest measured ionization energy?
Answer: Caesium
Caesium, an alkali metal, has the lowest measured ionization energy, indicating its strong tendency to lose its outermost electron.