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Total Categories: 8
The earliest extant written poems in the Irish language are attributed to the 14th century.
Answer: False
The earliest surviving written poems in the Irish language date back to the 6th century, predating the 14th century by a considerable margin.
Early Irish poetry was characterized by the prevalent use of end-rhyme and complex metrical structures.
Answer: False
Early Irish poetry was predominantly unrhymed, featuring alliterative syllabic verse. Its formal complexity lay in assonance and internal rhyme rather than end-rhyme.
Monastic scribes and poets played a significant role in developing Irish poetry by integrating Latinate influences with indigenous traditions, thereby fostering elaborate verse forms.
Answer: True
Monastic poets were instrumental in synthesizing native Irish poetic conventions with influences derived from Latinate traditions, leading to the creation of sophisticated syllabic verse forms, often employed for religious and secular themes.
The poetic form known as Dán Dírigh, translated as 'straight verse,' represented a rudimentary poetic style focused exclusively on narrative content.
Answer: False
Dán Dírigh, meaning 'straight verse,' was not a simple form but rather a codified system of Irish syllabic poetry characterized by intricate metrical rules, including assonance and half-rhyme, developed by professional secular poets.
What was a key characteristic of early Irish poetry mentioned in the text?
Answer: Unrhymed, alliterative syllabic verse
Early Irish poetry is described as unrhymed, featuring alliterative syllabic verse, with content typically being lyric and heroic.
How did monastic poets influence early Irish poetry?
Answer: By integrating Latin influences with native traditions to create elaborate syllabic verse.
Monastic poets integrated native Irish traditions with Latin influences, resulting in the development of elaborate syllabic verse forms for both religious and secular poetry.
What does 'Dán Dírigh' refer to in the context of Irish poetry?
Answer: A form of elaborate syllabic poetry with specific metrical rules.
Dán Dírigh, meaning 'straight verse,' denotes a codified form of Irish syllabic poetry characterized by specific metrical techniques such as assonance and half rhyme.
Within medieval Irish society, the primary function of bards was the composition and performance of popular folk songs.
Answer: False
Irish bards constituted a professional, hereditary caste of highly trained poets who served as court officials, chroniclers, and satirists, rather than composers of popular folk songs.
The collection known as the Metrical Dindshenchas primarily served as a historical chronicle detailing major military engagements.
Answer: False
The Metrical Dindshenchas, or Lore of Places, is an anthology of poems explaining the naming legends of significant locations in Ireland, functioning as an onomastic resource rather than a military chronicle.
The Elizabethan reconquest of Ireland resulted in an expansion of patronage for traditional Irish bards.
Answer: False
The Elizabethan reconquest, particularly following events like the Battle of Kinsale, led to significant political and social upheaval, ultimately pressuring and weakening the traditional patronage systems that supported the bardic schools.
The Battle of Kinsale in 1601 marked a pivotal moment that concluded the Elizabethan conquest and significantly diminished the influence of the bardic system.
Answer: True
The Battle of Kinsale in 1601 was a decisive event in the Elizabethan conquest of Ireland, leading to the decline of Gaelic leadership and subsequently exerting considerable pressure on the educational and patronage structures supporting the bardic schools.
The 'Contention of the bards' was a literary debate occurring in the 18th century concerning the merits of classical versus accentual metres.
Answer: False
The 'Contention of the bards' was a dispute among hereditary poets in the early 17th century, marking a significant moment in the decline of their ancient influence, rather than an 18th-century debate on metres.
Which of the following best describes the role of Irish bards in medieval society?
Answer: Professional poets serving as court officials, chroniclers, and satirists.
Irish bards functioned as a professional caste, fulfilling roles as court officials, chroniclers, and satirists, responsible for composing praise poetry and critiques.
What was the primary function of the Metrical Dindshenchas?
Answer: To explain the naming legends of significant places in Ireland.
The Metrical Dindshenchas serves as an onomastic anthology, providing explanations for the naming legends associated with various significant locations across Ireland.
Which event in 1601 is identified as a turning point that pressured the bardic system and its patronage?
Answer: The Battle of Kinsale
The Battle of Kinsale in 1601 marked a significant shift in power dynamics following the Elizabethan conquest, which consequently placed pressure on the traditional structures supporting the bardic system.
The 'Contention of the bards' is described as:
Answer: A dispute among hereditary poets marking the end of their ancient influence.
The 'Contention of the bards' refers to a dispute among hereditary poets in the early 17th century that signified the waning of their traditional authority and influence.
James Macpherson's 18th-century adaptations of Ossianic tales fundamentally transformed them into works aligned with the conventions of heroic epics.
Answer: False
James Macpherson's 18th-century adaptations of Ossianic tales shifted their character from heroic epics towards the tradition of the Romance novel.
The Kildare Poems are significant as they represent some of the earliest poetry written in the Irish language in the 14th century.
Answer: False
The Kildare Poems are significant as early examples of poetry written in Middle English in Ireland during the 14th century, not in the Irish language.
Edmund Spenser's perspective on Irish bards, as articulated in his writings, was one of positive regard, commending their role in cultural preservation.
Answer: False
Edmund Spenser critically viewed Irish bards, characterizing them in 'A View of the Present State of Ireland' as instructors in immorality who glorified licentious and rebellious figures.
Following the decline of bardic schools in the 17th century, Gaelic poetry became exclusively focused on religious themes.
Answer: False
While religious themes were present due to Counter-Reformation influences, 17th-century Gaelic poetry also adapted to accentual metres and explored themes of a 'lost world,' reflecting broader societal changes beyond exclusively religious concerns.
The Counter-Reformation exerted a notable influence on 17th-century Irish poetry, contributing to the composition of politicized verses by Catholic clerics.
Answer: True
The Counter-Reformation significantly shaped 17th-century Irish poetry, with many clerics composing verses that often carried political undertones, reflecting the era's religious and social tensions.
Poetry composed in the aftermath of the Cromwellian conquest primarily celebrated the ascendance of the new English order.
Answer: False
In the period following the Cromwellian conquest, much Irish poetry expressed lamentation for the fallen order and articulated sentiments of repression, rather than celebrating the new regime.
According to the source, when did the first known poems written in English from Ireland appear?
Answer: 14th century
The earliest known poems written in English originating from Ireland are noted to have appeared in the 14th century.
The Kildare Poems are significant primarily as:
Answer: Early examples of poetry written in Middle English in Ireland.
The Kildare Poems are notable for being among the earliest examples of poetry composed in Middle English within the Irish context.
Edmund Spenser's view of Irish bards, as presented in the text, was:
Answer: Critical, viewing them as instructors in immorality.
Edmund Spenser expressed a critical perspective on Irish bards, deeming them detrimental influences who promoted immorality.
How did Gaelic poetry adapt in the 17th century following the decline of bardic schools?
Answer: It adopted accentual metres and focused on themes of a lost world.
In the 17th century, Gaelic poetry transitioned towards Early Modern Irish, adopted accentual metres, and frequently engaged with themes reflecting a sense of loss and societal change.
What influence did the Counter-Reformation have on 17th-century Irish poetry?
Answer: It resulted in many poems being composed by Catholic clerics, often politicized.
The Counter-Reformation significantly influenced 17th-century Irish poetry, leading many Catholic clerics to compose verses that frequently carried political dimensions.
Themes common in Irish poetry following the Cromwellian conquest (1649-1653) included:
Answer: Mourning the fallen order and lamenting repression.
Post-Cromwellian conquest poetry often conveyed sentiments of loss, mourning for the disrupted social order, and expressions of repression experienced by the populace.
Which of the following was NOT among the notable female poets of the early 17th century mentioned?
Answer: Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill
Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill, known for her 18th-century lament, is not listed among the notable female poets of the early 17th century mentioned in the source material.
The 18th century witnessed a decline in technical sophistication and a move away from complex metrical systems in Irish-language poetry.
Answer: False
The 18th century was characterized by highly literate poets employing sophisticated accentual metres, which often incorporated complex internal rhymes, demonstrating a continuation of technical skill rather than a decline.
Aogán Ó Rathaille is primarily recognized for his contributions to the development of Hiberno-Latin verse.
Answer: False
Aogán Ó Rathaille was a pivotal figure in 18th-century Irish poetry, notably for his role in introducing and developing the *aisling* (vision) genre, bridging older bardic traditions with new poetic forms.
Seán Ó Neachtain and his literary circle were central figures in Irish-language poetry within Dublin during the 19th century.
Answer: False
Seán Ó Neachtain and his circle were influential in Dublin's Irish-language literary scene during the first half of the 18th century, not the 19th century.
In 18th-century Munster, 'courts of poetry' functioned as localized gatherings for poetic contests, analogous to the Welsh Eisteddfod.
Answer: True
The 'courts of poetry' (cúirt filíochta) in 18th-century Munster served as significant venues for poetic contests and the cultivation of poetic craft, functioning similarly to the Welsh Eisteddfod tradition.
Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill is renowned for composing epic poems that meticulously detailed the history of the O'Connell clan.
Answer: False
Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill is celebrated for her powerful *caoineadh* (lament), 'Caoineadh Airt Uí Laoghaire,' a highly personal and evocative work, rather than for clan histories.
James Macpherson is noted for altering Ossianic poetry in the 18th century, shifting it towards which tradition?
Answer: The Romance tradition
James Macpherson's adaptations of Ossianic tales in the 18th century reoriented them towards the conventions of the Romance tradition, diverging from their original heroic epic character.
What characterized Irish-language poetry in the 18th century?
Answer: The triumph of popular accentual metres with complex internal rhymes.
18th-century Irish-language poetry was marked by the prevalence of skilled poets utilizing popular accentual metres, often incorporating intricate internal rhymes.
Aogán Ó Rathaille is significant for his role in:
Answer: Introducing the *aisling* genre.
Aogán Ó Rathaille is recognized as a key figure in the development and popularization of the *aisling* genre within 18th-century Irish poetry.
Seán Ó Neachtain and his circle were influential in which city during the first half of the 18th century?
Answer: Dublin
Seán Ó Neachtain and his associates formed a significant literary circle in Dublin during the early to mid-18th century, contributing to the city's Irish-language literary output.
What was the purpose of 'courts of poetry' (cúirt filíochta) in 18th-century Munster?
Answer: To foster poetic craft through contests and local gatherings.
In 18th-century Munster, 'courts of poetry' functioned as localized gatherings dedicated to fostering poetic skill through contests and communal engagement.
Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill is most famous for composing:
Answer: A lament titled 'Caoineadh Airt Uí Laoghaire'.
Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill is renowned for her composition of the lament 'Caoineadh Airt Uí Laoghaire,' a significant work within the traditional lament genre.
Jonathan Swift, an Irish writer, primarily contributed to literature through his poetry, including translations of Irish poems.
Answer: False
Jonathan Swift is primarily recognized for his prose works; however, he was also a skilled poet whose verse shared the satirical and visceral tone of his prose, and he did engage in translations of Irish poems.
Oliver Goldsmith's 'The Deserted Village' is frequently interpreted as a critique of agricultural reform and its detrimental impact on rural life.
Answer: True
'The Deserted Village' by Oliver Goldsmith is often analyzed as a commentary on the social consequences of agricultural changes, lamenting the displacement of rural populations.
The Great Famine of the 1840s resulted in an increase in the number of Irish speakers and a heightened focus on agricultural themes in songs.
Answer: False
The Great Famine led to a significant decline in Irish speakers and a shift away from agricultural themes in songs as tillage decreased. While contemporary songs about the Famine emerged, the overall linguistic landscape changed considerably.
In the 19th century, hedge school masters frequently composed songs in English that mimicked the structure of Irish songs, sometimes incorporating Latinate vocabulary.
Answer: True
Hedge school masters contributed to a tradition of English-language songs that often replicated the metrical patterns and internal rhymes of Irish songs, frequently employing a Latinate lexicon.
Antoine Ó Raifteiri is considered a key figure in the revival of Classical Gaelic poetry in the late 19th century.
Answer: False
Antoine Ó Raifteiri (1784–1835) represents the continuation of oral literary traditions in the Irish language during the pre-Famine period, rather than a late 19th-century revivalist of Classical Gaelic.
Thomas Moore, despite limited proficiency in the Irish language, achieved considerable fame for his 'Irish Melodies,' which drew upon Irish themes.
Answer: True
Thomas Moore's 'Irish Melodies' garnered significant popularity by incorporating Irish themes, contributing to the development of a distinct English-language poetic tradition in Ireland, notwithstanding his limited command of the Irish language.
The newspaper 'The Nation,' established in 1842, primarily focused on political commentary and rarely published poetry.
Answer: False
'The Nation' newspaper was a significant platform for the Young Irelanders, actively publishing verse that fostered nationalist sentiment, alongside its political commentary.
Samuel Ferguson's literary ambition was to modernize Irish sagas through translation into French.
Answer: False
Samuel Ferguson aimed to elevate Irish history through verse retellings of Old Irish sagas, seeking to impart dignity to native elements through scholarly engagement with Irish texts, not French translation.
William Allingham's poem 'Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland' depicted the land agitation using a romanticized style.
Answer: False
William Allingham's 'Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland' is characterized as a realist narrative that offered a witty and moving portrayal of the land agitation prevalent during its time.
Jonathan Swift's contribution to Irish literature in English included:
Answer: Being known mainly for prose, but also being a talented poet and translator.
Jonathan Swift, a prominent figure in English literature from Ireland, was recognized for his significant prose works, alongside his talents as a poet and translator of Irish poems.
Oliver Goldsmith's 'The Deserted Village' is significant as:
Answer: An early and notable poem in the English pastoral tradition by an Irish poet.
'The Deserted Village' by Oliver Goldsmith is considered an important early work within the English pastoral tradition authored by an Irish poet.
19th-century hedge school masters often wrote songs in English that:
Answer: Reproduced the metre and rhymes of Irish songs, sometimes with Latinate vocabulary.
Hedge school masters writing in English often emulated the metrical and rhyming structures of Irish songs, frequently incorporating Latinate vocabulary into their compositions.
Antoine Ó Raifteiri represents which tradition in Irish literature?
Answer: The continuation of oral literary traditions in the Irish language (pre-Famine).
Antoine Ó Raifteiri is recognized as a significant figure embodying the continuation of oral literary traditions within the Irish language during the pre-Famine era.
Thomas Moore's 'Irish Melodies' contributed to:
Answer: The development of a distinctive English-language poetic tradition in Ireland.
Thomas Moore's 'Irish Melodies,' while drawing on Irish themes, played a role in fostering a unique English-language poetic tradition within Ireland.
The newspaper 'The Nation' was significant for:
Answer: Publishing verse that fostered nationalist sentiment.
'The Nation' newspaper was instrumental in publishing poetry that contributed to the cultivation of nationalist sentiment among its readership.
Samuel Ferguson's poetic ambition was to:
Answer: Raise Irish history to a dignified level through verse retellings of sagas.
Samuel Ferguson sought to elevate Irish history through his poetry by creating dignified verse retellings of ancient sagas.
William Allingham's poem 'Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland' is described as:
Answer: A realist narrative depicting land agitation.
'Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland' by William Allingham is characterized as a realist narrative that effectively portrayed the land agitation of its era.
W. B. Yeats consciously focused his poetic output on French Symbolist themes, largely disregarding identifiably Irish content.
Answer: False
While influenced by French Symbolism, W. B. Yeats deliberately centered his work on identifiably Irish content as a core tenet of the Celtic Revival, aiming to rediscover and elevate national traditions.
Pádraig Pearse and Joseph Mary Plunkett were poets notably associated with the 1916 Easter Rising.
Answer: True
Pádraig Pearse and Joseph Mary Plunkett were prominent figures involved in the 1916 Easter Rising, and both were also recognized for their poetic contributions.
Patrick Kavanagh's poetry represented a rebellion against the Celtic Revival's focus by exclusively embracing aristocratic themes.
Answer: False
Patrick Kavanagh challenged the Celtic Revival's often idealized or aristocratic focus by grounding his poetry in the realities and frustrations of rural life.
Pádraig Pearse's poetry, written in Irish, was considered innovative, drawing influences from poets like Walt Whitman.
Answer: True
Pádraig Pearse's poetry in the Irish language was noted for its innovation, incorporating influences from poets such as Walt Whitman, alongside Modernist and Symbolist aesthetics.
W. B. Yeats, a key figure in the Celtic Revival, consciously focused his work on:
Answer: Identifiably Irish content.
W. B. Yeats deliberately centered his literary efforts within the Celtic Revival on content that was identifiably Irish, aiming to rediscover and promote national cultural elements.
Which poets are mentioned as being associated with the Easter Rising of 1916 and also noted for their poetry?
Answer: Pádraig Pearse, Joseph Mary Plunkett, and Thomas MacDonagh
Pádraig Pearse, Joseph Mary Plunkett, and Thomas MacDonagh were prominent figures associated with both the 1916 Easter Rising and contributions to poetry.
Patrick Kavanagh is noted for rebelling against the Celtic Revival by:
Answer: Focusing on the frustrations and realities of rural life.
Patrick Kavanagh's work represented a departure from the Celtic Revival's focus, as he centered his poetry on the experiences and challenges inherent in rural life.
Pádraig Pearse's poetry in Irish is described as innovative, with influences from:
Answer: Walt Whitman, Modernist poetry, and French Symbolists.
Pádraig Pearse's poetry in Irish demonstrated innovation, drawing influences from diverse sources including Walt Whitman, Modernist aesthetics, and French Symbolism.
W. B. Yeats's poetry adopted a more 'hard-edged' and direct style following his association with Ezra Pound and James Joyce.
Answer: True
Yeats's poetic style evolved towards a more direct and less romanticized tone, often described as 'hard-edged,' particularly after his engagement with figures like Pound and Joyce and following the period of the 1916 Easter Rising.
The 'Northern School' of poetry primarily refers to poets originating from the Republic of Ireland who engaged with Northern political issues.
Answer: False
The 'Northern School' designation typically refers to poets originating from Northern Ireland, whose distinct cultural and political context shapes their work.
Seamus Heaney, a Nobel laureate, focused his poetry exclusively on modernist experimentation.
Answer: False
Seamus Heaney's poetry, while innovative, explored themes deeply rooted in his rural background, the landscape, and the sociopolitical realities of Northern Ireland, rather than being exclusively modernist experimentation.
The experimental poetry movement in Dublin in the late 1960s aimed to revive traditional bardic forms.
Answer: False
The experimental poetry movement of the late 1960s, associated with New Writers Press, sought to promote neglected modernists and foster avant-garde poetry, rather than reviving ancient bardic forms.
Eavan Boland's poetry primarily focused on abstract philosophical concepts.
Answer: False
Eavan Boland's poetry engaged significantly with feminist themes, the experiences of women, and the challenges within a male-dominated literary tradition, rather than abstract philosophy.
Seán Ó Súilleabháin ('Sean Irish' O'Sullivan) developed his poetic craft primarily within Ireland before emigrating.
Answer: False
Seán Ó Súilleabháin developed his ability to read and write Irish and honed his poetic craft in Butte, Montana, after emigrating, drawing inspiration from various sources and adapting traditions to contemporary themes.
Liam Gógan advocated for the development of a standard literary language based on contemporary spoken dialects.
Answer: False
Liam Gógan proposed developing a standard literary language for Irish based on older forms, specifically Old Irish and Classical Gaelic, rather than contemporary spoken dialects.
The 'revolution' in Irish-language poetry commencing in the late 1940s involved writers introducing Modernist influences into the language.
Answer: True
The late 1940s marked a significant shift in Irish-language poetry, characterized by the introduction of Modernist poetic principles and techniques by writers such as Máirtín Ó Direáin and Seán Ó Ríordáin.
Máire Mhac an tSaoi's poetry was shaped by her experiences in post-war Paris, leading her to explore themes of transgression.
Answer: True
Máire Mhac an tSaoi's exposure to influences during her time in post-war Paris contributed to her poetic exploration of complex themes, including the interplay between religious beliefs, social conventions, and transgressive desire.
Eoghan Ó Tuairisc and his generation advocated for strict linguistic purism in Irish-language poetry.
Answer: False
Eoghan Ó Tuairisc and his contemporaries challenged critical orthodoxy by embracing creative freedom and rejecting linguistic purism, advocating instead for hybridity and broader artistic expression.
Muirís Sionóid's translation of Shakespeare's sonnets aimed to adapt the form to Connacht Irish.
Answer: True
Muirís Sionóid's translation project involved adapting Shakespeare's sonnets into Connacht Irish, demonstrating an effort to bridge classical English poetic forms with a specific Irish dialect.
The Irish Poetry Reading Archive (IPRA) exclusively contains contemporary English-language poetry.
Answer: False
The Irish Poetry Reading Archive (IPRA) encompasses contemporary poets writing in both English and Irish, as well as experimental and emigrant poets, offering a diverse collection.
Contemporary Irish-language poetry is argued to carry a political dimension due to its reliance on state support.
Answer: True
An argument posits that Irish-language poetry inherently possesses a political dimension, stemming from the language's dependence on state patronage and its function as an assertion of identity and cultural territory.
The 'Northern School' of poetry is associated with poets from:
Answer: Northern Ireland.
The designation 'Northern School' pertains to poets originating from Northern Ireland, reflecting a distinct regional literary tradition.
Seamus Heaney, winner of the Nobel Prize, explored themes including:
Answer: The political and social realities of Northern Ireland and his rural background.
Seamus Heaney's poetry frequently engaged with the political and social landscape of Northern Ireland, interwoven with themes drawn from his rural upbringing and the natural environment.
The experimental poetry movement in Dublin in the late 1960s, associated with New Writers Press, aimed to:
Answer: Promote neglected Irish modernists and foster experimental poetry.
The experimental poetry movement associated with New Writers Press sought to champion neglected modernist Irish poets and encourage the development of experimental verse.
Where did Seán Ó Súilleabháin ('Sean Irish' O'Sullivan) learn to read and write in Irish and develop his poetic craft?
Answer: In Butte, Montana, after emigrating.
Seán Ó Súilleabháin acquired literacy in Irish and developed his poetic skills in Butte, Montana, subsequent to his emigration.
Liam Gógan advocated for a standard literary language based on:
Answer: Older forms like Old Irish and Classical Gaelic.
Liam Gógan proposed establishing a standard literary language for Irish founded upon older linguistic forms, specifically Old Irish and Classical Gaelic.
What marked the 'revolution' in Irish-language poetry starting in the late 1940s?
Answer: The introduction of Modernist poetry into the Irish language.
The late 1940s witnessed a significant transformation in Irish-language poetry, characterized by the integration of Modernist poetic principles and techniques.
Máire Mhac an tSaoi's time in Paris influenced her poetry, leading her to explore tensions between:
Answer: Religious beliefs, social mores, and female desire.
Máire Mhac an tSaoi's exposure to Parisian influences informed her poetry, enabling her to delve into the complex interplay between religious convictions, societal norms, and female desire.
Eoghan Ó Tuairisc and his generation challenged critical orthodoxy by:
Answer: Embracing creative freedom and rejecting linguistic purism.
Eoghan Ó Tuairisc and his contemporaries challenged established critical perspectives by advocating for creative liberty and rejecting strict linguistic purism.
Muirís Sionóid's translation of Shakespeare's sonnets aimed to:
Answer: Adapt the sonnet form and iambic pentameter to Connacht Irish.
Muirís Sionóid's translation project sought to adapt the sonnet form and its characteristic iambic pentameter into the Connacht dialect of the Irish language.
The Irish Poetry Reading Archive (IPRA) is hosted by which institution?
Answer: University College Dublin (UCD)
The Irish Poetry Reading Archive (IPRA) is hosted within UCD's Digital Library, serving as a comprehensive resource for Irish poetry.
What argument is presented regarding the political nature of contemporary Irish-language poetry?
Answer: It is inherently political due to the language's reliance on state patronage and its role in asserting identity.
It is argued that contemporary Irish-language poetry carries an inherent political dimension, stemming from the language's dependence on state support and its function as an assertion of identity.
The historical trajectory of Irish poetry is characterized by its exclusive composition solely within the Irish language.
Answer: False
While the Irish language has been the primary medium for Irish poetry, substantial literary contributions are also found in English, Scottish Gaelic, and historically, Hiberno-Latin. This linguistic pluralism underscores the intricate cultural exchanges that have shaped the island's literary heritage.
The Ulster Weaver Poets adhered strictly to Classical Gaelic traditions, composing their works in that formal register.
Answer: False
The Ulster Weaver Poets were characterized by their use of an Ulster Scots dialect and often produced vernacular, popular works, rather than adhering to Classical Gaelic.
Which of the following languages is NOT mentioned as a primary language for Irish poetry?
Answer: Welsh
The source material identifies Irish, English, Scottish Gaelic, and Hiberno-Latin as languages relevant to Irish poetry. Welsh is not mentioned in this context.
The Ulster Weaver Poets are characterized by writing in:
Answer: An Ulster Scots dialect
The Ulster Weaver Poets are identified by their composition in an Ulster Scots dialect, reflecting a distinct regional linguistic tradition.