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The term 'iron rice bowl' fundamentally denotes an occupation characterized by guaranteed job security and lifelong tenure.
Answer: True
The source defines the 'iron rice bowl' as a Chinese term for an occupation with guaranteed job security, akin to life tenure, ensuring a stable income and associated welfare benefits.
The literary origin of the 'iron rice bowl' term is found in a story about a maid who was punished for repeatedly breaking bowls.
Answer: False
The literary origin of the 'iron rice bowl' term, from Ji Yun's journal, *Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations*, describes a maid who was *not* punished for breaking bowls, leading her squire to replace them with iron ones, symbolizing guaranteed sustenance without accountability.
What is the fundamental definition of the Chinese term 'iron rice bowl'?
Answer: A position characterized by guaranteed job security, similar to life tenure.
The 'iron rice bowl' is defined as an occupation characterized by guaranteed job security, similar to life tenure, ensuring a stable income and associated welfare benefits.
Which of the following groups was traditionally associated with holding 'iron rice bowl' positions?
Answer: Military personnel, civil service members, and state-owned enterprise employees.
Traditionally, 'iron rice bowl' positions were held by military personnel, civil service members, and employees of state-owned enterprises, often integrated through the work unit system.
From which literary work did the term 'iron rice bowl' originate?
Answer: Ji Yun's journal, *Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations*.
The term 'iron rice bowl' originated from Ji Yun's journal, *Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations*, which recounts a story symbolizing guaranteed sustenance without accountability.
What were the two primary defining characteristics of an 'iron rice bowl' occupation?
Answer: Guarantee of job entry and strict control over job exit.
An 'iron rice bowl' occupation is primarily defined by a guarantee of job entry and strict control over job exit, ensuring a stable or lifelong position with a steady income and associated welfare benefits.
Following 1949, the institutionalization of the 'iron rice bowl' system in China was primarily driven by the government's replacement of private enterprises with state-owned entities.
Answer: True
The source indicates that after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the state became the principal recruiter and employer by replacing private enterprises with state-owned ones, thereby institutionalizing the 'iron rice bowl' system.
The Interim Regulation on the Registration of Public Institutions defined 'public institutions' as private service organizations utilizing state-owned assets for public activities.
Answer: False
The Interim Regulation on the Registration of Public Institutions defined 'public institutions' as public service organizations established by state organs or other organizations, utilizing state-owned assets for public activities, not private service organizations.
Under the 'iron rice bowl' system, employees received only their regular salaries, without any additional social benefits.
Answer: False
The source explicitly states that beyond regular salaries, 'iron rice bowl' employees received extensive social benefits, including gifts during festivals, welfare, and retirement plans.
The popular saying 'No matter whether one works or not, one gets paid thirty-six a month' highlighted the performance-based pay structure of the 'iron rice bowl' system.
Answer: False
The saying 'No matter whether one works or not, one gets paid thirty-six a month' actually illustrated the *detachment* of pay from individual performance, not a performance-based structure.
The absence of performance-based remuneration and guaranteed lifelong employment within state-run enterprises led to diminished worker motivation and widespread employment redundancy.
Answer: True
The source confirms that the lack of merit pay and assurance of lifelong employment resulted in reduced worker motivation and widespread employment redundancy, leading to low efficiency and increased costs.
The Chinese Communist Party's promise of universal job opportunities was particularly vital due to high urban unemployment and hyperinflation following the Japanese invasion and Civil War.
Answer: True
The source states that the CCP's promise of universal job opportunities was vital because nearly half of the urban labor force was unemployed and hyperinflation made urban life unsustainable after the Japanese invasion and Civil War.
The Great Leap Forward significantly expanded the stability and scope of the 'iron rice bowl' system by creating numerous long-term projects.
Answer: False
The Great Leap Forward's failure led to the closure of many projects and a reduction of the labor force by approximately 20 percent, thereby diminishing, rather than expanding, the scope and stability of the 'iron rice bowl' system.
State-owned enterprise employees under Mao Zedong often lacked work incentive because enterprises surrendered all profits to the state, and wages were fixed regardless of performance.
Answer: True
The source explains that employees in state-owned enterprises under Mao Zedong lacked work incentive because enterprises surrendered all profits to the state, and wages were determined by a nationwide scale, unrelated to performance.
The 'iron rice bowl' system encouraged managers to respond to market signals and workers to be more efficient due to guaranteed employment.
Answer: False
The 'iron rice bowl' system offered little incentive for managers to respond to market signals and workers lacked motivation to be more efficient, precisely because their pay was not tied to output and employment was guaranteed.
State enterprises under the 'iron rice bowl' system were quick to adopt new technologies due to the state's investment in public services.
Answer: False
State enterprises under the 'iron rice bowl' system lagged in adopting new technologies due to high state costs for mandated public services and guaranteed wages, not the opposite.
The Chinese government was reluctant to abolish the 'iron rice bowl' because it served as a crucial mechanism for maintaining social stability.
Answer: True
The source states that the Chinese government was reluctant to abolish the 'iron rice bowl' because it was deemed essential for maintaining social stability and preserving authoritarian control.
The New Marriage Law and the All-China Democratic Women's Federation (ACWF) significantly improved women's status by creating sufficient job opportunities immediately after 1949.
Answer: False
Initially, despite the New Marriage Law's aim, women remained largely unprotected, and insufficient job opportunities were created due to the underdeveloped state of China's economy.
After 1949, most Chinese women in rural areas typically participated in the formal workforce.
Answer: False
After 1949, the majority of Chinese women in rural areas did not participate in the formal workforce, instead remaining at home as caretakers, with only educated women typically offered part-time employment.
The Great Leap Forward inadvertently expanded women's employment opportunities because men were mobilized for industrial projects, leaving agricultural work to women.
Answer: True
During the Great Leap Forward, unrealistic production quotas necessitated a larger labor force, leading to men being mobilized for industrial projects and women taking up agricultural work, thereby expanding their employment opportunities.
The Chinese Communist Party established collective dining halls and childcare facilities to support women's entry into the labor force during the Great Leap Forward.
Answer: True
To facilitate women's entry into the labor force during the Great Leap Forward, the CCP established collective dining halls and childcare facilities to alleviate domestic responsibilities.
Women who joined the labor force during the Great Leap Forward generally experienced improved health due to increased food availability.
Answer: False
Women who joined the labor force during the Great Leap Forward often faced significant health challenges, including suffering from a lack of nutrition and experiencing overwork, rather than improved health.
How did the 'iron rice bowl' system become institutionalized after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949?
Answer: By making the state the principal recruiter and employer, replacing private enterprises.
After 1949, the 'iron rice bowl' system became institutionalized as the state replaced private enterprises with state-owned ones, becoming the principal recruiter and employer.
According to the Interim Regulation on the Registration of Public Institutions, what type of organizations were defined as 'public institutions'?
Answer: Public service organizations established by state organs, utilizing state-owned assets.
The Interim Regulation on the Registration of Public Institutions defined 'public institutions' as public service organizations established by state organs, utilizing state-owned assets for public activities.
In addition to salaries, what comprehensive social benefits did the state provide to 'iron rice bowl' employees?
Answer: Gifts during Chinese festivals, welfare, and retirement plans.
Beyond regular salaries, the state provided 'iron rice bowl' employees with extensive social benefits, including gifts during Chinese festivals, welfare, and retirement plans.
What popular saying encapsulated the uniform salary structure under the 'iron rice bowl' system?
Answer: No matter whether one works or not, one gets paid thirty-six a month.
The uniform salary structure under the 'iron rice bowl' system was famously described by the phrase, 'No matter whether one works or not, one gets paid thirty-six a month,' illustrating the detachment of pay from individual performance.
What was a negative consequence of the lack of performance-based pay and guaranteed lifelong employment within state-run enterprises?
Answer: Widespread employment redundancy and low employee efficiency.
The absence of merit pay and the assurance of lifelong employment led to reduced worker motivation and widespread employment redundancy across many sectors, resulting in low employee efficiency.
Why was the Chinese Communist Party's promise of universal job opportunities particularly vital during its early rule?
Answer: Because nearly half of the urban labor force was unemployed and hyperinflation made urban life unsustainable.
The CCP's promise of universal job opportunities was vital because nearly half of the urban labor force was unemployed and hyperinflation made urban life unsustainable following the Japanese invasion and Civil War.
How did the Great Leap Forward affect the scope and stability of the 'iron rice bowl' system?
Answer: Its failure led to a reduction of the labor force by approximately 20 percent, diminishing the system's scope and stability.
The failure of the Great Leap Forward led to a reduction of the labor force by approximately 20 percent, thereby diminishing the scope and stability of the 'iron rice bowl' system.
Why did state-owned enterprise employees under Mao Zedong often exhibit a lack of work incentive?
Answer: Enterprises surrendered all profits to the state, and wages were fixed regardless of performance.
Employees in state-owned enterprises under Mao Zedong lacked work incentive because enterprises surrendered all profits to the state, and wages were fixed regardless of performance or individual economic gains.
How did the 'iron rice bowl' system impede China's economic potential and productivity, according to academic analysis?
Answer: It offered little incentive for managers to respond to market signals and workers lacked motivation.
The 'iron rice bowl' system offered little incentive for managers to respond to market signals and workers lacked motivation to be more efficient, thereby impeding China's economic potential and productivity.
Beyond a lack of incentives, what other factor contributed to China's economic underperformance under the 'iron rice bowl' system?
Answer: State enterprises lagged in adopting new technologies due to high state costs for services and wages.
State enterprises under the 'iron rice bowl' system lagged in adopting new technologies due to the high costs incurred by the state for mandated public services and guaranteed wages, contributing to economic underperformance.
Why was the Chinese government reluctant to abolish the 'iron rice bowl' despite its recognized negative economic consequences?
Answer: It served as a crucial mechanism for maintaining social stability.
The Chinese government was reluctant to abolish the 'iron rice bowl' because it served as a crucial mechanism for maintaining social stability, which was deemed essential for preserving authoritarian control.
What was the initial impact of the New Marriage Law and the All-China Democratic Women's Federation (ACWF) on women's rights and employment in China?
Answer: Women remained largely unprotected, and insufficient job opportunities were created due to the underdeveloped economy.
Initially, despite the New Marriage Law's aim, women remained largely unprotected, and insufficient job opportunities were created due to the underdeveloped state of China's economy.
What was the typical employment status for most Chinese women in rural areas after 1949?
Answer: They remained at home as caretakers, with only educated women typically offered part-time employment.
After 1949, the majority of Chinese women in rural areas remained at home as caretakers, with only educated women typically offered part-time employment, rather than participating in the formal workforce.
How did the Great Leap Forward inadvertently expand employment opportunities for women?
Answer: By setting unrealistic production quotas that necessitated a larger labor force, leading women to take up agricultural work.
The Great Leap Forward inadvertently expanded women's employment opportunities by setting unrealistic production quotas that necessitated a larger labor force, leading women to take up agricultural work as men were mobilized for industrial projects.
What collective support systems did the Chinese Communist Party implement to facilitate women's entry into the labor force during the Great Leap Forward?
Answer: Collective dining halls and collective childcare facilities.
To facilitate women's entry into the labor force during the Great Leap Forward, the CCP established collective dining halls and collective childcare facilities to alleviate domestic responsibilities.
What health challenges did women face as a result of their increased participation in the labor force during the Great Leap Forward?
Answer: Suffering from a lack of nutrition and experiencing overwork.
Women who joined the labor force during the Great Leap Forward often faced significant health challenges, including suffering from a lack of nutrition and experiencing overwork.
Deng Xiaoping was the key figure who initiated labor reforms in the 1980s with the explicit goal of boosting economic productivity by targeting 'iron rice bowl' jobs.
Answer: True
Deng Xiaoping is identified as the key figure who initiated labor reforms in the 1980s, specifically targeting 'iron rice bowl' jobs to enhance economic productivity.
Deng Xiaoping's supporters advocated for maintaining the centrally-planned economy, believing it was essential for China's modernization.
Answer: False
Deng Xiaoping's supporters advocated for 'smashing' the 'iron rice bowl' and transitioning to a free-market system, directly opposing the maintenance of a centrally-planned economy for modernization.
The 1978 Rural Revolution implicitly began to dismantle the 'iron rice bowl' in agricultural sectors through the replacement of collective farming with the 'household responsibility system'.
Answer: True
The source confirms that the 1978 Rural Revolution, through the adoption of the 'household responsibility system,' implicitly began to dismantle the 'iron rice bowl' in rural areas.
The 'household responsibility system' required farmers to surrender all their crops to collective organizations after meeting quotas.
Answer: False
Under the 'household responsibility system,' farmers could financially benefit from selling crop surpluses *after* meeting collective quotas, not surrender all crops.
Immediate positive outcomes of the contract system in rural China included a notable increase in agricultural productivity.
Answer: True
The source states that immediate positive outcomes of the contract system in rural China included a notable increase in agricultural productivity and improved food supplies.
Deng Xiaoping's reforms in state-owned enterprises included making prices more flexible and ending lifelong employment for new workers.
Answer: True
Deng Xiaoping's reforms included making prices more flexible and, in 1980, implementing fixed-term contracts for new workers, effectively ending lifelong employment.
The 1992 amendment to the Chinese Constitution replaced the planned economy with a 'socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics', allowing only public ownership.
Answer: False
The 1992 amendment to the Chinese Constitution, while establishing a 'socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics,' welcomed diversified forms of ownership, including private and foreign-invested enterprises, not only public ownership.
At the 15th CCP National Congress in 1997, Jiang Zemin announced plans to accelerate reforms for state enterprises, including significant lay-offs.
Answer: True
At the 15th CCP National Congress in September 1997, Jiang Zemin announced plans to accelerate reforms for state enterprises, which included significant lay-offs and divestiture of smaller enterprises.
China's accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001 required it to strengthen the 'iron rice bowl' system.
Answer: False
A critical requirement for China to join the World Trade Organization in 2001 was to 'break the Iron Rice bowl,' not strengthen it, to open up its markets.
The dismantling of the 'iron rice bowl' led to a substantial increase in China's domestic savings in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Answer: False
The dismantling of the 'iron rice bowl' resulted in a substantial *loss* of state-supported savings, causing China's domestic savings to *decrease* in the late 1990s and early 2000s, before a rebound in 2008.
In 1978, many state-owned firms operated at a profit due to efficient management and soft budget constraints.
Answer: False
In 1978, the state-owned enterprise sector was burdened with substantial redundant labor, and many state-owned firms operated at a loss due to soft budget constraints and the government's full-employment policy.
Who was the key figure behind the labor reforms in the 1980s that aimed to enhance China's economic productivity?
Answer: Deng Xiaoping.
Deng Xiaoping was the key figure who initiated labor reforms in the 1980s, targeting 'iron rice bowl' jobs to boost economic productivity.
What fundamental economic transformation did Deng Xiaoping's supporters advocate, necessitating the dismantling of the 'iron rice bowl'?
Answer: A transition from a centrally-planned model to a more free-market system.
Deng Xiaoping's supporters advocated for a transition from a centrally-planned economy to a more free-market system, which required dismantling the 'iron rice bowl'.
How did the 1978 Rural Revolution implicitly begin to dismantle the 'iron rice bowl' in agricultural sectors?
Answer: By replacing collective farming with the 'household responsibility system'.
The 1978 Rural Revolution implicitly began to dismantle the 'iron rice bowl' in rural areas by replacing collective farming with the 'household responsibility system'.
What was a key feature of the 'household responsibility system' regarding farmers' incentives?
Answer: Individual households could contract land and financially benefit from selling crop surpluses after meeting quotas.
A key feature of the 'household responsibility system' was that individual households could contract land and financially benefit from selling crop surpluses after meeting quotas, thereby increasing personal incentive.
What immediate positive outcomes resulted from the implementation of the contract system in rural China?
Answer: A notable increase in agricultural productivity and improved food supplies.
The immediate positive outcomes of the contract system in rural China included a notable increase in agricultural productivity and improved food supplies.
What specific reform did Deng Xiaoping introduce concerning employment practices in state-owned enterprises in 1980?
Answer: The implementation of fixed-term contracts for new workers.
In 1980, Deng Xiaoping's reforms included the implementation of fixed-term contracts for new workers in state-owned enterprises, ending lifelong employment.
Under the new fixed-term contract system for SOEs, what change occurred regarding job inheritance?
Answer: Children could no longer automatically inherit their parents' positions.
Under the new fixed-term contract system, children could no longer automatically inherit their parents' positions, a significant departure from previous practices.
The 1992 amendment to the Chinese Constitution signified a shift towards what economic model?
Answer: A 'socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics'.
The 1992 amendment to the Chinese Constitution replaced the planned economy with a 'socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics,' welcoming diversified forms of ownership.
What major initiative did Jiang Zemin announce at the 15th CCP National Congress in 1997 to reform state enterprises?
Answer: Plans to accelerate reforms for medium-sized and large state enterprises, including significant lay-offs.
At the 15th CCP National Congress in 1997, Jiang Zemin announced plans to accelerate reforms for state enterprises, including significant lay-offs and divestiture of smaller enterprises.
What was a critical requirement for China's accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001, related to the 'iron rice bowl'?
Answer: To 'break the Iron Rice bowl' and open up its markets.
A critical requirement for China to join the World Trade Organization in 2001 was to 'break the Iron Rice bowl' and open up its markets, a policy that generated considerable debate.
What significant economic impact did the dismantling of the 'iron rice bowl' have on China's savings in the early 2000s?
Answer: It caused China's domestic savings to decrease before a sharp rebound in 2008.
The dismantling of the 'iron rice bowl' resulted in a substantial loss of state-supported savings, causing China's domestic savings to decrease in the late 1990s and early 2000s, before a sharp rebound in 2008.
What was the financial condition of many state-owned enterprises (SOEs) during China's economic reform in 1978?
Answer: They were burdened with substantial redundant labor and many operated at a loss.
During China's economic reform in 1978, the state-owned enterprise sector was burdened with substantial redundant labor, and many state-owned firms operated at a loss due to soft budget constraints and the government's full-employment policy.
Guangdong province continued reforms against the 'iron rice bowl' in 2011 by implementing grassroots recruitment and performance-based pay.
Answer: True
In 2011, Guangdong province implemented new strategies such as grassroots recruitment, employment by contract, and performance-based pay as part of its efforts to dismantle the 'iron rice bowl'.
As of 2015, government officials in China still enjoyed 'iron rice bowl' lifelong job security, which is often criticized for inefficiency.
Answer: True
The source confirms that as of 2015, government officials in China continued to enjoy 'iron rice bowl' lifelong job security, a situation frequently criticized for contributing to inefficiency and corruption.
Some scholars argue that the core problem of the 'iron rice bowl' is solely the lifetime employment system.
Answer: False
Some scholars argue that the core problem of the 'iron rice bowl' extends beyond merely lifetime employment and seniority promotion systems, encompassing the inherent contradiction between individual, collective, and state interests.
Scholars predict that if the government fails to compensate laid-off SOE workers, it could lead to increased social stability.
Answer: False
Scholars predict that failure to adequately compensate newly unemployed SOE workers could lead to widespread public dissatisfaction and potential grassroots uprisings, thereby *undermining* social stability.
The 'iron rice bowl' was more prevalent in Taiwan than in mainland China due to Taiwan's larger number of state-owned enterprises.
Answer: False
The 'iron rice bowl' was considerably *less* prevalent in Taiwan due to fewer state-owned enterprises and more foreign-owned companies, contrasting with mainland China.
Taiwan's economic structure, with fewer state-owned enterprises, helped it avoid social unrest stemming from job losses, unlike mainland China.
Answer: True
Taiwan's distinct economic structure, characterized by fewer state-owned enterprises, allowed it to largely avoid the social unrest stemming from job losses and benefit reductions that affected workers in mainland China.
Hong Kong's economic environment, as a hub for foreign investment, naturally reduced the widespread presence of the 'iron rice bowl'.
Answer: True
Hong Kong's role as a hub for foreign investment and its exposure to international market pressures naturally mitigated the widespread presence of the 'iron rice bowl' system.
In Hong Kong, government employment is currently perceived as highly desirable, contrasting with mainland China.
Answer: False
In Hong Kong, government employment has recently been perceived as *less* desirable due to a less favorable job environment, contrasting with mainland China where it is still seen as a promising path.
Richard Lindzen used 'iron rice bowl' to describe government-funded scientists, suggesting an incentive to present research for continued funding.
Answer: True
Richard Lindzen applied the term 'iron rice bowl' to government-funded scientists, suggesting an incentive to present research results in a manner that ensures continued financial support.
In a Western military context, 'rice bowl' refers to a project prioritized based on broader strategic needs rather than departmental interests.
Answer: False
In a Western military context, 'rice bowl' typically refers to a project safeguarded based on the specific interests of a particular department, rather than broader strategic needs.
The term 'iron rice bowl' is used in Singapore in a similar way to China, signifying stable income for officials.
Answer: True
The term 'iron rice bowl' is used in Singapore similarly to China, signifying stable income and lifelong job security for officials.
The Korean term 'Cheolbaptong' implies that public officials have unstable jobs and insecure income.
Answer: False
The Korean term 'Cheolbaptong' (철밥통) implies that public officials have *stable* jobs and a *secure* income, ensuring their basic needs are met, rather than unstable jobs.
The film *The Sand Pebbles* uses the phrase 'it's his rice bowl' to refer to a person's livelihood.
Answer: True
The film *The Sand Pebbles* uses the phrase 'it's his rice bowl' to refer to a person's livelihood or job, specifically in the context of a Coolie's work on the ship.
How did Guangdong province continue the reform efforts against the 'iron rice bowl' in 2011?
Answer: By implementing new strategies such as grassroots recruitment, employment by contract, and performance-based pay.
In 2011, Guangdong province continued its efforts to dismantle the 'iron rice bowl' by implementing new strategies such as grassroots recruitment, employment by contract, and performance-based pay.
What is a common criticism of the lifelong job security still enjoyed by government officials in China?
Answer: It contributes to inefficiency and corruption.
The lifelong job security enjoyed by government officials in China is frequently criticized for contributing to inefficiency and corruption.
According to some scholars, what is the core problem underlying the issues associated with the 'iron rice bowl', beyond just lifetime employment?
Answer: The inherent contradiction between individual, collective, and state interests.
Some scholars argue that the core problem of the 'iron rice bowl' is the inherent contradiction between individual, collective, and state interests, extending beyond merely lifetime employment.
What potential social and political instability do scholars foresee if the government fails to address the disparity in job security between government officials and laid-off SOE workers?
Answer: Widespread public dissatisfaction and potential grassroots uprisings.
Scholars predict that failure to adequately compensate newly unemployed SOE workers could lead to widespread public dissatisfaction and potential grassroots uprisings, undermining social stability.
In what way did the prevalence of the 'iron rice bowl' in Taiwan differ from its presence in mainland China?
Answer: It was considerably less prevalent in Taiwan due to fewer state-owned enterprises and more foreign-owned companies.
The 'iron rice bowl' was considerably less prevalent in Taiwan due to fewer state-owned enterprises and more foreign-owned companies, contrasting with mainland China's extensive state welfare system.
How did Hong Kong's economic environment naturally reduce the impact of the 'iron rice bowl' system?
Answer: By having fewer state-owned enterprises and being more exposed to international market pressures.
Hong Kong's economic environment, characterized by fewer state-owned enterprises and greater exposure to international market pressures as a hub for foreign investment, naturally reduced the widespread presence of the 'iron rice bowl'.
According to Richard Lindzen, how is the term 'iron rice bowl' applied in the Western world, particularly in scientific contexts?
Answer: To describe government-funded scientists who might present research to ensure continued funding.
Richard Lindzen applied the term 'iron rice bowl' to government-funded scientists, suggesting an incentive to present research results in a manner that ensures continued government financial support.
What does the related term 'rice bowl' signify in a military context in the Western world?
Answer: A military project being safeguarded based on the specific interests of a particular department.
In a Western military context, 'rice bowl' refers to a military project being safeguarded based on the specific interests of a particular department, rather than broader strategic needs.
How is the term 'iron rice bowl' understood and used in Singapore?
Answer: It signifies stable income for officials, similar to its use in China.
In Singapore, the term 'iron rice bowl' is used similarly to China, signifying stable income and lifelong job security for officials.
What is the Korean equivalent of 'iron rice bowl,' and what does it imply for public officials?
Answer: 'Cheolbaptong' (철밥통), implying stable jobs and a secure income.
The Korean equivalent of 'iron rice bowl' is 'Cheolbaptong' (철밥통), which implies that public officials have stable jobs and a secure income, ensuring their basic needs are met.
Which film uses the phrase 'it's his rice bowl' to refer to a person's livelihood?
Answer: The Sand Pebbles.
The film *The Sand Pebbles* uses the phrase 'it's his rice bowl' to refer to a person's livelihood or job.