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Savoy constituted the ancestral homeland of the House of Savoy dynasty, a lineage whose members ultimately ascended to the throne as Kings of Italy.
Answer: True
Savoy was indeed the original territory of the House of Savoy, which later unified Italy and established the Kingdom of Italy.
Prior to its annexation, Savoy was administratively structured into provinces, including Genevois (centered in Annecy) and Savoie Propre (centered in Chambéry).
Answer: True
The administrative divisions mentioned, Genevois centered in Annecy and Savoie Propre centered in Chambéry, are accurate descriptions of Savoy's pre-annexation provincial structure.
Which dynasty, originating from Savoy, eventually led the unification of Italy?
Answer: The House of Savoy
The House of Savoy, originating from the Duchy of Savoy, ultimately led the Risorgimento and established the unified Kingdom of Italy.
Which of the following was *not* among the administrative provinces of Savoy prior to its annexation?
Answer: Dauphiné
Dauphiné was a historical province of France, not an administrative division of Savoy prior to its annexation.
What was the historical significance of Chambéry in the context of Savoy?
Answer: It served as the regional capital for the House of Savoy's rule over Piedmont.
Chambéry historically served as a principal administrative center for the House of Savoy, particularly in relation to their rule over Piedmont.
Savoy was annexed to France in 1860 subsequent to a referendum, though this integration encountered opposition from certain segments of the Savoyard populace.
Answer: True
The annexation of Savoy to France in 1860 followed a referendum, and it is historically documented that this process faced opposition from some Savoyard groups.
The 1860 referendum on annexation to France reported an overwhelming 'Yes' vote, contrary to claims of strong opposition.
Answer: True
The reported results of the 1860 referendum indicated a substantial majority in favor of annexation to France, contradicting any notion of an overwhelming 'No' vote.
In 1860, certain Savoyard populations, particularly in northern areas, expressed a preference for maintaining the status quo or for annexation by Switzerland should separation from the Kingdom of Sardinia become unavoidable.
Answer: True
Historical accounts indicate that some Savoyard communities, especially in the north, considered alternatives such as remaining independent or joining Switzerland if separation from Sardinia was imminent.
Giuseppe Garibaldi did not support the 1860 annexation of Savoy and Nice by France; rather, he expressed dissatisfaction with the process.
Answer: True
Giuseppe Garibaldi, a key figure in Italian unification, was critical of the annexation of Savoy and Nice by France, viewing the referendum process with skepticism.
In which year was Savoy annexed to France subsequent to a referendum?
Answer: 1860
Savoy was annexed to France in 1860, following a plebiscite organized for that purpose.
What concern was raised regarding the reported results of the 1860 referendum on annexation to France?
Answer: Allegations of vote-rigging and questionable support were made.
The referendum's results, showing an overwhelming majority for annexation, prompted criticisms and allegations of irregularities, suggesting the outcome might not have fully reflected the populace's genuine will.
If separation from the Kingdom of Sardinia became necessary, which neighboring country did some Savoyard populations express a preference for joining?
Answer: Switzerland
Certain Savoyard populations indicated a preference for annexation by Switzerland as an alternative to joining France, should separation from the Kingdom of Sardinia occur.
What was Giuseppe Garibaldi's reaction to the annexation of Savoy and Nice by France?
Answer: He expressed dissatisfaction with the referendum process.
Giuseppe Garibaldi voiced his discontent with the manner in which the annexation of Savoy and Nice was conducted, particularly the referendum process.
French served as the official language of Savoy from the 15th century onwards. Notably, Vaugelas, a prominent figure from Savoy, achieved renown as a distinguished French linguist.
Answer: True
French was indeed the official language of Savoy from the 15th century, and Vaugelas was a significant Savoyard figure in French linguistics.
The historical linguistic heritage of Savoy is not primarily based on the French language alone; it includes significant dialectal variations, notably the Savoyard dialect related to Arpitan.
Answer: True
While French is the predominant modern language, Savoy's historical linguistic landscape includes the Savoyard dialect, which is related to the Arpitan language, indicating a heritage richer than French alone.
French remains the predominant language spoken in Savoy in contemporary times, notwithstanding its historical linguistic connections to Arpitan.
Answer: True
Despite its historical linguistic roots in Arpitan dialects, French is indeed the dominant language currently spoken in Savoy.
The Savoyard dialect is historically considered related to the Arpitan language, not the German language.
Answer: True
Linguistically, the Savoyard dialect is classified as part of the Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) language group, distinct from Germanic languages.
What language held official status in Savoy from the 15th century until its annexation by France?
Answer: French
French served as the official language of Savoy from the 15th century onwards, prior to its annexation by France.
Historically, to which language family is the Savoyard dialect related?
Answer: Arpitan
The Savoyard dialect is historically considered a dialect of the Arpitan language, a Romance language spoken in parts of France, Switzerland, and Italy.
What is the predominant language spoken in contemporary Savoy?
Answer: French
Despite its historical linguistic heritage, French is the predominant language spoken in Savoy in contemporary times.
Italian irredentism in Savoy was a political movement primarily active from the mid-19th century until World War II, aiming for unification with Italy, not Switzerland.
Answer: True
The statement accurately reflects that Italian irredentism in Savoy was active from the mid-19th century until World War II and focused on unification with Italy, not Switzerland.
During the fascist period, organizations were established in Savoy with the objective of unifying the region with the Kingdom of Italy. By 1942, these groups comprised nearly one hundred members.
Answer: True
Fascist organizations did indeed aim for Savoy's unification with Italy during this period, and their membership reached nearly one hundred by 1942.
When Italy occupied Savoy in November 1942, the King of Italy did not immediately approve the idea of unification; in fact, he opposed it.
Answer: True
Contrary to the idea of immediate approval, King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy maintained an opposition to the unification of Savoy with Italy during the 1942 occupation.
The initial Italian annexation in 1940 covered a small area of Savoy, with a population of 28,500 inhabitants, not exceeding 100,000.
Answer: True
The initial Italian annexation in 1940 was limited in scope, encompassing 832 square kilometers with a population of 28,500.
In November 1942, the Italian occupation of Savoy expanded significantly, encompassing areas such as Grenoble and effectively controlling nearly all of Savoy.
Answer: True
The Italian occupation indeed expanded considerably in November 1942, extending to include major centers like Grenoble and covering almost the entirety of Savoy.
The process of Italianization in Savoy during the occupation was not fully implemented in all schools and was not widely accepted by the local population.
Answer: True
Attempts at Italianization in Savoy's schools during the occupation faced limitations and did not achieve widespread acceptance among the local populace.
During the Italian occupation, many Irredentist Savoyards played an active role in assisting Jews fleeing persecution from Vichy France.
Answer: True
Irredentist Savoyards were notably active in aiding Jewish refugees escaping Vichy France during the period of Italian occupation, highlighting a humanitarian role played by some segments of the population.
Plans for incorporating Savoy into the Kingdom of Italy during the fascist occupation were ultimately halted when Nazi Germany assumed control as the occupying power, replacing Italian forces.
Answer: True
The shift in occupying power from Italy to Nazi Germany in September 1943 effectively terminated any further consideration of Savoy's incorporation into the Kingdom of Italy.
During the fascist occupation, Italian authorities did not promote the Savoyard dialect; instead, they actively promoted the use of Italian.
Answer: True
The Italian authorities during the occupation focused on promoting the Italian language as part of their assimilation policy, rather than supporting the local Savoyard dialect.
During the fascist occupation, attempts were made to Italianize schools in Savoy; however, these efforts were not fully realized.
Answer: True
The Italianization initiatives in Savoyard schools during the occupation encountered limitations and were not fully implemented.
What was the primary objective of Italian irredentism in Savoy?
Answer: To achieve annexation of Savoy by the Kingdom of Italy.
The primary goal of Italian irredentism in Savoy was the annexation of the region by the Kingdom of Italy, driven by a sense of shared heritage with the House of Savoy dynasty.
During the fascist period, what was the approximate membership count of fascist groups advocating for Savoy's unification with Italy by 1942?
Answer: Nearly 100
By 1942, the fascist groups promoting Savoy's unification with Italy had amassed a membership of nearly one hundred individuals.
What was the King of Italy's position regarding the proposed unification of Savoy with Italy during the 1942 occupation?
Answer: He opposed the idea.
King Victor Emmanuel III maintained an opposition to the idea of unifying Savoy with Italy, which significantly impeded any such plans during the occupation.
What was the population of the territories initially annexed by Italy in 1940?
Answer: 28,500
The initial Italian annexation in 1940 encompassed territories with a population of 28,500 inhabitants.
Which major city, in addition to Nice, came under Italian control during the expanded occupation in November 1942?
Answer: Grenoble
During the expanded Italian occupation in November 1942, the city of Grenoble, along with other areas, came under Italian control.
What was the efficacy of the Italianization process initiated in Savoy's schools during the occupation?
Answer: Never fully implemented
The Italianization efforts in Savoyard schools were not fully realized and did not achieve widespread acceptance.
What significant role did Irredentist Savoyards fulfill during the Italian occupation concerning persecuted groups?
Answer: They actively assisted Jews fleeing persecution.
Many Irredentist Savoyards actively aided Jewish refugees escaping persecution from Vichy France during the Italian occupation.
What event ultimately halted the plans for Savoy's incorporation into Italy during the fascist occupation?
Answer: The replacement of Italian forces by Nazi Germany.
The substitution of Italian occupying forces by Nazi Germany in September 1943 effectively ended any possibility of Savoy's incorporation into Italy during the fascist era.
During the fascist occupation, what language did Italian authorities endeavor to promote in Savoy?
Answer: Italian
Italian authorities attempted to promote the Italian language in Savoy during the fascist occupation as part of their assimilation policies.
The *Associazione Oriundi Savoiardi e Nizzardi Italiani*, founded in 1861, existed for approximately 100 years, not 50.
Answer: True
The association was founded in 1861 and ceased operations in 1966, marking a duration of approximately 105 years, thus confirming the statement that it existed for about 100 years.
Following World War II, French authorities, under Charles de Gaulle's leadership, outlawed all organizations associated with Irredentist Savoyards.
Answer: True
Post-war French policy, influenced by Charles de Gaulle, led to the proscription of organizations linked to Irredentist Savoyard movements.
During the 1950s and 1960s, many remaining Irredentist Savoyards redirected their support towards autonomistic political organizations within Savoy.
Answer: True
A notable shift occurred in the mid-20th century, with former Irredentists increasingly supporting regional autonomy movements within Savoy.
The *Associazione Oriundi Savoiardi e Nizzardi Italiani* represented Savoyards and individuals from Nice who were living in Italy, not Italians living in Savoy and Nice.
Answer: True
The association's purpose was to serve Savoyards and Nizzardi expatriates residing in Italy, rather than representing populations within Savoy and Nice themselves.
What organization was founded in Italy by Savoyards and individuals from Nice, and for how long did it exist?
Answer: Associazione Oriundi Savoiardi e Nizzardi Italiani
The *Associazione Oriundi Savoiardi e Nizzardi Italiani* was established in 1861 and operated for approximately a century.
For what duration did the *Associazione Oriundi Savoiardi e Nizzardi Italiani* exist?
Answer: 100 years
Founded in 1861, the *Associazione Oriundi Savoiardi e Nizzardi Italiani* continued its activities for approximately 100 years, closing in 1966.
What became of organizations associated with Irredentist Savoyards following World War II?
Answer: They were outlawed by French authorities.
Following World War II, French authorities outlawed organizations associated with Irredentist Savoyards.
In the mid-20th century, what political direction did many remaining Irredentist Savoyards embrace?
Answer: Advocacy for autonomistic political organizations.
Many remaining Irredentist Savoyards shifted their focus towards advocating for autonomistic political organizations within Savoy during the 1950s and 1960s.
In 1919, France ended the military neutrality of certain parts of Savoy and eliminated the free trade zone, thereby violating treaty provisions established by earlier agreements.
Answer: True
France's actions in 1919 regarding the neutrality and free trade zone in Savoy contravened provisions set forth in earlier treaties, such as the Treaty of Turin.
France was condemned by an international court in 1932 for its non-compliance, not compliance, with the Treaty of Turin regarding Savoy and Nice.
Answer: True
An international court did indeed condemn France in 1932 for failing to adhere to the stipulations of the Treaty of Turin concerning Savoy and Nice.
The Treaty of Turin established provisions for Savoy, including military neutrality and a free trade zone, which France subsequently violated in 1919.
Answer: True
France's termination of Savoy's neutrality and free trade zone in 1919 constituted a violation of the stipulations set forth in the Treaty of Turin.
Which international agreements concerning Savoy's military neutrality and free trade zone did France violate in 1919?
Answer: Congress of Vienna and Treaty of Turin
France violated provisions established by the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Turin when it ended Savoy's military neutrality and free trade zone in 1919.
What was the consequence for France in 1932 concerning its noncompliance with the Treaty of Turin regarding Savoy?
Answer: France was condemned by an international court.
France faced condemnation from an international court in 1932 due to its failure to comply with the terms of the Treaty of Turin concerning Savoy.
In 1871, the French government responded to a significant breakaway movement in Savoy by deploying approximately 10,000 troops to restore order.
Answer: True
The French government did deploy a substantial military force to Savoy in 1871 to quell a movement that challenged the legitimacy of the 1860 annexation.
The 'breakaway movement' in Savoy in 1871 questioned the legitimacy of the 1860 vote and called for a new referendum, rather than declaring the vote legitimate and calling for continued French rule.
Answer: True
The 1871 movement, notably the Republican Committee of Bonneville, challenged the validity of the 1860 annexation vote and advocated for a new plebiscite.
The Republican Committee of Bonneville argued that the 1860 vote for annexation to France was not a result of genuine popular will, but rather of imperial pressure.
Answer: True
The Republican Committee of Bonneville contended that the 1860 annexation vote was unduly influenced by external pressures, challenging its democratic legitimacy.
What action did the French government undertake in 1871 in response to a breakaway movement in Savoy?
Answer: They deployed 10,000 troops to restore order.
In response to the 1871 movement challenging the annexation, the French government dispatched a significant military contingent to restore order.
According to the Republican Committee of Bonneville, what factor influenced the 1860 vote for annexation to France?
Answer: Imperial pressure
The Republican Committee of Bonneville asserted that the 1860 vote was not a genuine expression of popular will but rather the result of imperial pressure.