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Total Categories: 6
The official Japanese narrative asserted that the Mukden Incident of September 18, 1931, constituted a genuine act of aggression by Chinese forces against Japanese railway property.
Answer: False
The Mukden Incident was a false flag operation staged by Japanese military personnel to serve as a pretext for the invasion, not a genuine act of Chinese aggression.
The Wanpaoshan incident, a dispute concerning irrigation, was a principal catalyst for the Japanese invasion, resulting in substantial immediate casualties.
Answer: False
The Wanpaoshan incident, while fueling anti-Chinese sentiment among Japanese extremists, was minor in casualties and not a direct catalyst for the invasion itself, which was triggered by the Mukden Incident.
Prior to the invasion, Zhang Xueliang's policies fostered increased Japanese influence in Manchuria by aligning more closely with Japanese interests.
Answer: False
Zhang Xueliang's alignment with the Nationalist government in 1928 led to a decrease, not an increase, in Japanese influence in Manchuria.
The September 18th Incident is synonymous with the Wanpaoshan incident, both involving disputes over land use.
Answer: False
The September 18th Incident (Mukden Incident) was a staged bombing, while the Wanpaoshan incident involved an irrigation dispute. They are distinct events.
The Huanggutun incident involved the assassination of Zhang Xueliang, which subsequently led to increased Japanese influence in Manchuria.
Answer: False
The Huanggutun incident involved the assassination of Zhang Zuolin, not Zhang Xueliang. This event preceded Zhang Xueliang's alignment with the Nationalist government.
What event served as the immediate pretext for the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931?
Answer: The Mukden Incident, a staged bombing.
The Mukden incident, a false flag operation staged by Japanese military personnel, provided the immediate pretext for the invasion of Manchuria.
What was the described effect of the Wanpaoshan incident in the period preceding the invasion?
Answer: It fueled anti-Chinese sentiment among Japanese extremists, promoting an aggressive policy.
Although minor in casualties, the Wanpaoshan incident was exploited by Japanese extremists to inflame anti-Chinese sentiment and advocate for a more aggressive policy in Manchuria.
Whose actions prior to the invasion significantly diminished Japanese influence in Manchuria?
Answer: Zhang Xueliang
Zhang Xueliang's alignment with the Nationalist government in 1928 progressively diminished Japan's influence in Manchuria.
The Huanggutun incident of 1928 resulted in the assassination of which significant political figure?
Answer: Zhang Zuolin
The Huanggutun incident involved the assassination of the Chinese warlord Zhang Zuolin.
What was the principal strategic role of the South Manchuria Railway during the invasion?
Answer: It was a key strategic asset for Japan, and the Mukden incident occurred near its tracks.
The South Manchuria Railway was a crucial strategic asset for Japan, and the Mukden incident, the invasion's pretext, occurred near its tracks.
The 'Manchurian question,' a focal point for radical Japanese groups, involved:
Answer: Asserting direct Japanese control over Manchuria for resources and strategic interests.
Radical Japanese groups focused on the 'Manchurian question,' advocating for direct Japanese control to secure resources and counter Chinese nationalism.
The Japanese invasion of Manchuria, known as Manshū Jihen, concluded within approximately two weeks in late 1931.
Answer: False
The invasion commenced on September 18, 1931, and lasted until February 27, 1932, spanning over five months.
The Kwantung Army functioned primarily as a defensive contingent in Manchuria, possessing limited offensive capabilities and autonomy.
Answer: False
The Kwantung Army was the primary offensive force and operated with significant autonomy, often disregarding central government directives.
The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation, launched in 1945, was a Japanese military campaign aimed at securing vital resources.
Answer: False
The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation was a Soviet and Mongolian campaign in August 1945 that ended the Japanese occupation.
The Nenjiang railroad bridge was dynamited by Japanese troops to impede the retreat of Chinese forces.
Answer: False
Troops loyal to General Ma Zhanshan dynamited the Nenjiang railroad bridge to obstruct the advance of Japanese forces.
What is the Japanese designation for the invasion of Manchuria?
Answer: Manshū Jihen (満州事変)
The Japanese name for the invasion of Manchuria is Manshū Jihen (満州事変).
The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation of August 1945 was executed by which military forces?
Answer: Soviet Union and Mongolia against Japanese forces.
The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation was a Soviet and Mongolian campaign that led to the end of Japanese occupation in Manchuria.
According to the provided data, what was the estimated strength of the Japanese forces during the invasion?
Answer: Ranging from 30,000 to 60,450 men.
Estimates place the strength of the Japanese forces engaged in the invasion between 30,000 and 60,450 personnel.
What action did General Ma Zhanshan's forces undertake at the Nenjiang railroad bridge?
Answer: They dynamited the bridge to hinder Japanese troop movement.
General Ma Zhanshan's forces dynamited the Nenjiang railroad bridge to obstruct the advance of Japanese troops.
The immediate political consequence of the Japanese invasion was the establishment of an independent Republic of Manchuria, free from Japanese influence.
Answer: False
The immediate political outcome was the establishment of Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet state, not an independent republic free from Japanese influence.
The Lytton Commission, convened by the League of Nations, recommended the formal recognition of Manchukuo as a sovereign state.
Answer: False
The Lytton Commission recommended against recognizing Manchukuo and advocated for the restoration of Manchuria to Chinese sovereignty.
Japan responded to the Lytton Commission's findings by enhancing its cooperation with the League of Nations.
Answer: False
Finding the Lytton Commission's recommendations unacceptable, Japan withdrew entirely from the League of Nations.
The Japanese invasion of Manchuria served to bolster the authority and international standing of the League of Nations.
Answer: False
The invasion critically undermined the League of Nations' authority, demonstrating its inability to deter aggression by major powers.
As a direct consequence of the invasion, Manchuria was formally annexed by Japan and integrated into its national territory.
Answer: False
Manchuria was not directly annexed but became the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.
The Tanggu Truce, signed in 1933, formally initiated a state of declared war between China and Japan.
Answer: False
The Tanggu Truce effectively ended the major hostilities of the invasion, establishing a demilitarized zone, rather than declaring war.
Japan's defiance of the League of Nations and subsequent withdrawal resulted in strengthened international alliances for Japan.
Answer: False
Japan's actions led to international condemnation and isolation, not strengthened alliances.
The League of Nations' perceived inaction concerning the Manchurian invasion emboldened Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini to pursue their own expansionist agendas.
Answer: True
The League's failure to effectively counter Japanese aggression signaled to other expansionist powers that they could act with impunity.
The Tanggu Truce officially recognized Japanese sovereignty over Manchuria and the puppet state of Manchukuo.
Answer: False
The Tanggu Truce established a demilitarized zone and ended major hostilities but did not formally recognize Japanese sovereignty over Manchuria.
What was the principal political outcome of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria?
Answer: The establishment of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.
The primary political consequence of the invasion was the creation of Manchukuo, a state controlled by Japan, in February 1932.
What was the principal conclusion of the Lytton Commission concerning the state of Manchukuo?
Answer: It concluded that Manchukuo should not be recognized and Manchuria returned to Chinese sovereignty.
The Lytton Commission concluded that Manchukuo should not be recognized and recommended the restoration of Manchuria to Chinese sovereignty.
What was Japan's official response to the findings of the Lytton Commission?
Answer: Japan withdrew from the League of Nations.
Finding the Lytton Commission's recommendations unacceptable, Japan withdrew entirely from the League of Nations.
What was the Tanggu Truce, concluded on May 31, 1933?
Answer: An agreement establishing a demilitarized zone and ending major hostilities between China and Japan.
The Tanggu Truce established a demilitarized zone and effectively concluded the primary phase of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.
What was the significance of the Tanggu Truce concerning China's territorial integrity?
Answer: It was seen as a concession that undermined China's territorial integrity by establishing a demilitarized zone.
The Tanggu Truce, by establishing a demilitarized zone, was widely regarded as a concession that compromised China's territorial integrity.
The Japanese Kwantung Army meticulously adhered to directives from the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters to contain the Mukden incident.
Answer: False
The Kwantung Army, under General Shigeru Honjō, expanded operations beyond the directives of the Imperial General Headquarters, disregarding the policy of localization.
The concept of 'gekokujō,' signifying 'the ruler overthrows the ruled,' accurately characterizes the relationship between the Japanese central government and the Kwantung Army during the invasion.
Answer: False
Gekokujō describes subordinates acting against superiors. The Kwantung Army's unauthorized actions against the central government's directives exemplified this concept, but the phrase 'ruler overthrows the ruled' is an inversion; it's subordinates (the 'ruled' in a hierarchy) acting against superiors (the 'rulers').
The Great Depression's impact on Japan was minimal, leaving the nation economically stable and thus not a significant factor in the decision to invade Manchuria.
Answer: False
Japan faced a severe economic crisis due to the Great Depression, and Manchuria was viewed as a crucial economic 'lifeline'.
The conquest of Manchuria was met with widespread public disapproval within Japan, leading to significant anti-war protests.
Answer: False
The conquest of Manchuria was extremely popular in Japan, generating widespread 'war fever' and public support.
Dissenting opinions regarding the invasion were prevalent and widely supported among prominent figures in Japanese society.
Answer: False
While dissenting voices existed, they constituted a minority and did not receive widespread support among prominent figures.
The Japanese government officially sanctioned and ordered the Kwantung Army's actions from the inception of the Mukden Incident.
Answer: False
The Kwantung Army acted with significant autonomy, often exceeding or acting contrary to the directives of the central Japanese government.
Which military entity operated with significant autonomy, frequently disregarding directives from the central Japanese government during the invasion?
Answer: The Kwantung Army.
The Kwantung Army, stationed in Manchuria, acted with considerable autonomy and often defied orders from Tokyo, demonstrating the principle of gekokujō.
In the context of the Manchurian invasion, what does the Japanese concept of 'gekokujō' signify?
Answer: Insubordination or rebellion by subordinates against their superiors.
Gekokujō signifies 'the low overturns the high,' describing subordinates acting against their superiors' directives, as exemplified by the Kwantung Army's actions.
The severe economic crisis in Japan during the Great Depression influenced the decision to invade Manchuria, as the region was perceived as:
Answer: An economic 'lifeline' rich in natural resources.
Manchuria, rich in natural resources, was perceived as a critical economic 'lifeline' to alleviate Japan's severe economic hardships during the Great Depression.
What term denotes the widespread nationalistic fervor and public endorsement of the Manchurian invasion within Japan?
Answer: War fever
The term 'war fever' describes the intense nationalistic enthusiasm and public support for the invasion, viewing Manchuria as vital for Japan's economic survival.
The response of the Japanese Communist Party to the invasion was characterized by:
Answer: Denunciation of the invasion and an anti-war campaign.
The Japanese Communist Party condemned the invasion and initiated an anti-war campaign, though it achieved limited success.
The primary belligerents in the Manchurian conflict were the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China, with minimal involvement from other significant actors.
Answer: False
While Japan and the Republic of China were the main entities, the conflict also involved the Kwantung Army, the puppet state of Manchukuo, and various Chinese Volunteer Armies.
Western casualty estimates for the Japanese forces during the invasion were significantly higher than those for Chinese forces.
Answer: False
Western estimates indicated approximately 10,000 Japanese fatalities and an estimated 50,000 military and civilian deaths on the Chinese side.
Following Japan's occupation, Chinese public enterprises were systematically dissolved and entirely supplanted by private Japanese businesses.
Answer: False
Chinese public enterprises were taken over and converted into state-owned entities under the Manchukuo government, consolidating Japanese economic control.
General Ma Zhanshan is identified as a Chinese collaborator who actively assisted the Japanese Kwantung Army in suppressing resistance.
Answer: False
General Ma Zhanshan was a prominent Chinese leader who actively resisted the Japanese invasion, becoming a national hero for his actions.
The 'Peoples Preservation Committee' in Liaoning province declared the province's secession from China, aligning with Japanese objectives.
Answer: True
Following the flight of the provincial government, this committee was formed and declared secession, aligning with Japanese aims.
Based on Western assessments documented in the source, what were the approximate casualty figures?
Answer: 10,000 Japanese dead and 50,000 Chinese dead.
Western claims estimated approximately 10,000 Japanese fatalities and an estimated 50,000 military and civilian deaths on the Chinese side.
The transformation of Chinese public enterprises into state-owned entities under Manchukuo facilitated:
Answer: Consolidate Japanese economic control over the region.
The conversion of Chinese public enterprises into state-owned entities under Manchukuo served to consolidate Japanese economic control and integrate the region into Japan's economic sphere.
Identify a prominent Chinese leader who actively resisted the Japanese invasion.
Answer: Ma Zhanshan
General Ma Zhanshan was a key Chinese leader who actively resisted the Japanese invasion, notably at the Nenjiang Bridge.
The term 'Pacification of Manchukuo' refers to:
Answer: The campaign to suppress ongoing resistance and guerrilla warfare after the occupation.
The 'Pacification of Manchukuo' denotes the sustained campaign undertaken by Japan to quell persistent resistance, including guerrilla warfare, subsequent to the initial occupation.
How did the casualty figures reported by the Chinese Nationalist Government compare to Western estimates?
Answer: Nationalist claims were lower for Chinese casualties than Western claims.
The Chinese Nationalist Government's investigation reported lower figures for Chinese casualties compared to Western estimates.
The formation of the 'Peoples Preservation Committee' in Liaoning province signified:
Answer: The province's secession from China in alignment with Japanese goals.
The 'Peoples Preservation Committee' declared Liaoning province's secession from China, aligning with Japanese strategic aims.
The concept of the 'Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere' articulated:
Answer: An imperial concept promoted by Japan envisioning a bloc of Asian nations led by itself.
The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere was an imperialistic concept proposing a bloc of Asian nations under Japanese leadership, ostensibly free from Western influence.