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John Bell Hood, known to his associates as 'Sam,' was born in Kentucky on June 1, 1831.
Answer: True
The historical record indicates John Bell Hood was born in Owingsville, Kentucky, on June 1, 1831, and was known by the nickname 'Sam'.
Hood graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1853, ranking 44th out of 52 cadets, and accumulated a significant number of demerits, placing him near expulsion.
Answer: True
Hood's academic record at West Point indicated a rank of 44th out of 52 cadets upon graduation in 1853, accompanied by numerous demerits that nearly led to his expulsion.
John Bell Hood's parents were John Wills Hood, a doctor, and Theodosia French Hood.
Answer: True
John Bell Hood's parents were John Wills Hood, a physician, and Theodosia French Hood.
Notable figures who were classmates of Hood at West Point included future Union generals James B. McPherson and John M. Schofield.
Answer: True
Among Hood's contemporaries at West Point were future Union generals James B. McPherson and John M. Schofield.
According to the source, where was John Bell Hood born?
Answer: Owingsville, Kentucky
John Bell Hood was born in Owingsville, Kentucky.
What nickname was John Bell Hood known by among his friends?
Answer: Sam
John Bell Hood was known to his associates and friends by the nickname 'Sam'.
What was John Bell Hood's academic standing upon graduating from West Point in 1853?
Answer: Ranked 44th out of 52 cadets, nearly expelled.
Hood graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1853, ranking 44th out of 52 cadets, and accumulated a significant number of demerits, placing him near expulsion.
Who were John Bell Hood's parents?
Answer: John Wills Hood and Theodosia French Hood
John Bell Hood's parents were John Wills Hood, a physician, and Theodosia French Hood.
John Bell Hood, born in Kentucky, attained the rank of general within the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
Answer: True
John Bell Hood served as a general in the Confederate States Army throughout the American Civil War.
Prior to the Civil War, Hood served in the U.S. Army in Texas, where he sustained his first wound from an arrow during an engagement with Comanches.
Answer: True
While serving in Texas before the Civil War, John Bell Hood received his initial wound, an arrow, during a skirmish with Comanche forces.
At the start of the Civil War, Hood offered his services to the Union and was initially commissioned as a cavalry major.
Answer: False
Upon the commencement of the Civil War, Hood offered his allegiance to Texas and joined the Confederate army, initially as a cavalry captain, not to the Union as a major.
Hood was promoted to Brigadier General in March 1862 and subsequently gained recognition commanding the Texas Brigade.
Answer: True
Hood was elevated to the rank of Brigadier General on March 26, 1862, and subsequently commanded the Texas Brigade, a formation with which he cultivated a reputation for aggressive battlefield conduct.
In 1860, Hood declined an appointment as chief instructor of cavalry at West Point to remain with his active field regiment and preserve his options regarding the impending conflict.
Answer: True
Hood declined the appointment as chief instructor of cavalry at West Point in 1860 to remain with his active field regiment and maintain flexibility concerning his military future as war approached.
A dispute arose between Hood and Brigadier General Nathan Evans concerning captured ambulances, which General Lee ultimately resolved.
Answer: True
A dispute arose between Hood and Brigadier General Nathan Evans over captured ambulances, which led to Hood's brief arrest. General Robert E. Lee ultimately intervened, restoring Hood to his command.
What was John Bell Hood's primary military affiliation during the American Civil War?
Answer: A Confederate general in the Confederate States Army.
John Bell Hood served as a general in the Confederate States Army throughout the American Civil War.
How did John Bell Hood sustain his first wound while serving in the U.S. Army?
Answer: An arrow wound during an engagement with Comanches.
Prior to the Civil War, Hood served in the U.S. Army in Texas, where he sustained his first wound, an arrow, during an engagement against Comanches.
What was Hood's initial rank and affiliation when he offered his services at the start of the Civil War?
Answer: Captain in the Confederate Army
Upon the commencement of the Civil War, Hood offered his allegiance to Texas and was commissioned into the Confederate army as a cavalry captain.
Which command did Hood receive that significantly helped establish his reputation as an aggressive leader?
Answer: The Texas Brigade
Hood gained a reputation for aggressive leadership while commanding the Texas Brigade, following his promotion to Brigadier General.
Why did Hood decline the position of chief instructor of cavalry at West Point in 1860?
Answer: To remain with his active field regiment and keep options open for the impending war.
Hood declined the appointment as chief instructor of cavalry at West Point in 1860 to remain with his active field regiment and preserve his strategic options concerning the impending conflict.
How was the dispute between Hood and Brigadier General Nathan Evans regarding captured ambulances resolved?
Answer: General Lee intervened and restored Hood to command.
A dispute arose between Hood and Brigadier General Nathan Evans concerning captured ambulances, which led to Hood's brief arrest. General Robert E. Lee ultimately intervened, restoring Hood to his command.
Hood was 33 years old when he assumed command of the Army of Tennessee, making him the youngest army commander in the conflict.
Answer: True
At the age of 33, Hood assumed command of the Army of Tennessee, a distinction that rendered him the youngest army commander serving on either side of the conflict.
Hood's critical correspondence concerning General Johnston's strategy was dispatched directly to Richmond, bypassing official military channels, which contributed to Johnston's subsequent relief.
Answer: True
The critical letters regarding General Johnston's strategy were sent by Hood directly to President Davis in Richmond, circumventing standard military communication protocols, a factor in Johnston's removal from command.
On September 1, 1864, Hood ordered the evacuation of Atlanta and the destruction of all military supplies and installations within the city.
Answer: True
On September 1, 1864, Hood ordered the evacuation of Atlanta, directing the destruction of military supplies and installations within the city.
The Franklin-Nashville Campaign concluded with the Army of Tennessee suffering a decisive defeat at Nashville, thereby ceasing to function as an effective fighting force.
Answer: True
The campaign culminated in a catastrophic defeat for the Army of Tennessee at Nashville, rendering it largely ineffective for the remainder of the war.
What distinction did Hood hold when he took command of the Army of Tennessee at the age of 33?
Answer: He was the youngest army commander on either side of the war.
At the age of 33, Hood assumed command of the Army of Tennessee, a distinction that rendered him the youngest army commander serving on either side of the conflict.
How did Hood's criticism of General Johnston's strategy reach the Confederate government?
Answer: Via letters sent directly to President Davis, bypassing official channels.
Hood conveyed critical assessments of General Johnston's strategic decisions directly to Richmond, circumventing standard military communication protocols.
What was the result of Hood's four major offensive attacks during the Atlanta Campaign?
Answer: They resulted in significant Confederate casualties and failed to achieve objectives.
The four major offensive actions initiated by Hood during the Atlanta Campaign proved unsuccessful, resulting in substantial Confederate casualties, including significant losses at the Battle of Ezra Church.
What strategic objective did Hood and Jefferson Davis share regarding the campaign north through Alabama and Tennessee?
Answer: To attack Sherman's supply lines and potentially aid Lee.
The strategic objective shared by Hood and Jefferson Davis for the campaign north through Alabama and Tennessee was to disrupt Sherman's supply lines, engage and defeat Union forces, gather recruits, and subsequently reinforce Lee's position at Petersburg.
What was the ultimate fate of the Army of Tennessee following the Franklin-Nashville Campaign?
Answer: It was decisively defeated at Nashville and ceased to be effective.
The culmination of the Franklin-Nashville Campaign was the decisive defeat of the Army of Tennessee at the Battle of Nashville, which effectively rendered it incapable of sustained combat operations.
John Bell Hood sustained two major wounds during the Civil War: his left arm was incapacitated at Gettysburg, and his right leg was amputated after Chickamauga.
Answer: True
Hood sustained severe combat injuries during the Civil War: his left arm was incapacitated by a wound at Gettysburg, and his right leg necessitated amputation following his injury at Chickamauga.
At the Battle of Antietam, Hood's division sustained heavy casualties, engaging primarily in the cornfield and West Woods.
Answer: True
At the Battle of Antietam, Hood's division engaged in intense fighting within the cornfield and West Woods, incurring casualties numbering nearly 1,000 out of approximately 2,000 men.
At Gettysburg, Hood suggested flanking the Union left, but his division's attack ultimately did not result in the capture of Little Round Top.
Answer: True
While Hood suggested flanking the Union left at Gettysburg, his division's attack deviated eastward and engaged Union forces near Little Round Top, but the position itself was not captured by his troops, and Hood sustained a severe wound.
During the Battle of Chickamauga, Hood was severely wounded while leading a charge that exploited a gap in the Union line.
Answer: True
Hood was indeed wounded while leading a critical charge at Chickamauga, exploiting a gap in the Federal line, which led to the amputation of his leg; however, the charge did not result in the capture of General Braxton Bragg.
Hood successfully trapped and destroyed Schofield's army at the Battle of Spring Hill, Tennessee.
Answer: False
The Battle of Spring Hill in Tennessee saw Hood's attempt to intercept Schofield's army thwarted by command deficiencies, enabling the Union forces to evade capture.
At the Battle of Franklin, Hood ordered his troops to assault Union breastworks across open ground without artillery support, resulting in heavy losses.
Answer: True
At the Battle of Franklin, Hood directed his troops in assaults across open terrain against formidable Union breastworks, lacking adequate artillery support. This resulted in devastating casualties and the failure to penetrate the Confederate defenses.
What were the two severe combat injuries John Bell Hood sustained during the Civil War?
Answer: An incapacitating wound to his left arm at Gettysburg and the amputation of his right leg after Chickamauga.
Hood sustained severe combat injuries during the Civil War: his left arm was incapacitated by a wound at Gettysburg, and his right leg necessitated amputation following his injury at Chickamauga.
What was the outcome for Hood's brigade at the Battle of Gaines's Mill?
Answer: They broke the Union line but suffered over 400 casualties.
During the Battle of Gaines's Mill, Hood commanded a charge that successfully breached the Union line, albeit at the cost of over 400 casualties sustained by his brigade.
What was the approximate casualty rate for Hood's division at the Battle of Antietam?
Answer: Nearly 1,000 casualties out of 2,000 men.
At the Battle of Antietam, Hood's division engaged in intense fighting within the cornfield and West Woods, incurring casualties numbering nearly 1,000 out of approximately 2,000 men.
What tactical suggestion did Hood make to Longstreet regarding the Gettysburg assault?
Answer: A move to flank the Union left.
Hood proposed a maneuver to flank the Union left at Gettysburg; however, this suggestion was not adopted. His division's subsequent assault deviated eastward.
What significant event occurred for Hood at the Battle of Chickamauga?
Answer: He led a charge that broke the Union center, but was severely wounded.
During the Battle of Chickamauga, Hood led a charge that exploited a gap in the Federal line, but he sustained a severe wound necessitating the amputation of his right leg.
What occurred at the Battle of Spring Hill during Hood's campaign in Tennessee?
Answer: Schofield's army escaped due to Hood's command issues.
The Battle of Spring Hill in Tennessee saw Hood's attempt to intercept Schofield's army thwarted by command deficiencies, enabling the Union forces to evade capture.
What role did Hood play in the Battle of Gaines's Mill?
Answer: He led a charge that broke the Union line, but his brigade suffered heavy casualties.
During the Battle of Gaines's Mill, Hood commanded a charge that successfully breached the Union line, albeit at the cost of over 400 casualties sustained by his brigade.
Following the Civil War, Hood engaged in the insurance industry in Louisiana; however, a yellow fever epidemic claimed the lives of his wife and eldest daughter.
Answer: True
The yellow fever epidemic that struck Hood's family in Louisiana tragically resulted in the deaths of his wife and eldest daughter, leaving him to care for ten orphaned children.
In March 1865, Hood requested an assignment in the Trans-Mississippi Theater and agreed to surrender his forces.
Answer: True
In March 1865, Hood requested a transfer to the Trans-Mississippi Theater and assented to Lieutenant General Richard Taylor's proposal for the surrender of his remaining forces.
John Bell Hood was officially paroled on May 31, 1865, in Natchez, Mississippi.
Answer: True
The official parole for John Bell Hood was issued in Natchez, Mississippi, on May 31, 1865.
After the war, Hood served as president of the Life Association of America, an insurance company in New Orleans.
Answer: True
Following the Civil War, Hood engaged in business as a cotton broker and assumed the presidency of the Life Association of America, an insurance enterprise.
Hood's memoir, 'Advance and Retreat,' was written to justify his actions and respond to criticisms leveled against him.
Answer: True
Hood's memoir, titled 'Advance and Retreat: Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate States Armies,' was primarily intended to provide justification for his military decisions and address criticisms directed at him.
What personal tragedy struck Hood and his family following the collapse of his post-war insurance business?
Answer: His wife and eldest daughter died from yellow fever, leaving ten orphaned children.
Post-war, Hood's business failed, exacerbated by a yellow fever epidemic that tragically claimed the lives of his wife and eldest daughter, leaving him to care for ten orphaned children.
What was the primary purpose of John Bell Hood's memoir, 'Advance and Retreat'?
Answer: To justify his actions and respond to criticisms leveled against him.
Hood's memoir, titled 'Advance and Retreat: Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate States Armies,' was primarily intended to provide justification for his military decisions and address criticisms directed at him.
Historian Bruce Catton believed Hood's leadership was characterized by caution and strategic patience, making him an ideal replacement for General Johnston.
Answer: False
Historian Bruce Catton suggested that Hood's leadership was characterized by impulsiveness, which resulted in substantial troop casualties, and posited that replacing General Joseph E. Johnston with Hood constituted a grave error.
In a letter before Gettysburg, General Lee expressed confidence that the Army of Northern Virginia would be invincible if properly led.
Answer: True
In a communication to Hood prior to the Battle of Gettysburg, General Lee articulated his conviction that the Army of Northern Virginia possessed the potential for invincibility if adequately organized and led.
Mary Boykin Chesnut described Hood as having a 'sad Quixote face,' being shy, tall, and thin, with blue eyes and light hair, and possessing a fierce light in his eyes during battle.
Answer: True
Mary Boykin Chesnut characterized Hood's appearance as possessing a 'sad Quixote face,' noting his tall, thin stature, shy demeanor, blue eyes, and light hair, alongside a fierce intensity observed during combat.
General Lee considered Hood an industrious and bold battlefield fighter but expressed concerns about his off-field carelessness and suitability for army command.
Answer: True
General Lee characterized Hood as an industrious and bold battlefield combatant, yet expressed reservations regarding his off-field carelessness and questioned his overall suitability for army command.
Union General Sherman planned to exploit Hood's perceived reckless and gambling tendencies to his advantage.
Answer: True
General Sherman's strategy involved exploiting Hood's perceived tendencies toward recklessness and gambling to achieve his own objectives.
Sherman viewed Hood's movement into Tennessee as a threat that required his immediate attention and pursuit.
Answer: False
General Sherman perceived Hood's movement into Tennessee not as a direct threat requiring pursuit, but as an action that facilitated his own strategic aims by clearing opposing forces from his operational path.
In correspondence with General Sherman, Hood articulated a perspective asserting the inferiority of 'negroes' and characterizing the Union's objective as elevating this group above white men.
Answer: True
Hood's letter to Sherman did not express the view that 'negroes' were equal to white men; rather, he argued they were an inferior race whom the Union sought to place above white individuals.
John Bell Hood is interred at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans, and Fort Hood was named in his honor until its recent renaming.
Answer: True
John Bell Hood is interred at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans. Fort Hood, a U.S. Army installation, bore his name until its renaming in May 2023.
Stephen Vincent Benét's poem described Hood as a cunning fox, adept at strategic maneuvering.
Answer: False
In his poem, Stephen Vincent Benét characterized Hood not as a cunning fox, but rather as possessing a lion-like spirit, inclined to lead 'forlorn hopes'.
Sam Watkins' appraisal of Hood in 'Company Aytch' suggested that Hood's command was ultimately constrained by circumstances beyond his control.
Answer: True
While Watkins' epitaph praised Hood's bravery ('a lion's heart'), his later appraisal posited that Hood 'did all that he could' and that the Confederate cause was irrevocably lost prior to Hood assuming command, rather than praising him as a strategist who rarely lost battles.
According to historian Bruce Catton, what was the primary flaw in Hood's leadership that led to high troop losses?
Answer: His impulsiveness and aggressive tactics.
According to historian Bruce Catton, Hood's leadership was characterized by impulsiveness, which resulted in substantial troop casualties.
How did Mary Boykin Chesnut describe Hood's appearance and demeanor?
Answer: A 'sad Quixote face,' shy but with a fierce light in his eyes during battle.
Mary Boykin Chesnut characterized Hood's appearance as possessing a 'sad Quixote face,' noting his tall, thin stature, shy demeanor, blue eyes, and light hair, alongside a fierce intensity observed during combat.
What was General Lee's assessment of Hood's suitability for commanding an army?
Answer: Lee doubted Hood's overall suitability, citing his battlefield industriousness but off-field carelessness.
General Lee characterized Hood as an industrious and bold battlefield combatant, yet expressed reservations regarding his off-field carelessness and questioned his overall suitability for army command.
How did General Sherman intend to exploit Hood's leadership tendencies?
Answer: By using Hood's perceived reckless and gambling tendencies to his advantage.
General Sherman's strategy involved exploiting Hood's perceived tendencies toward recklessness and gambling to achieve his own objectives.
How did General Sherman view Hood's movement into Tennessee?
Answer: As an opportunity that advanced his own strategic goals.
General Sherman perceived Hood's movement into Tennessee not as a direct threat requiring pursuit, but as an action that facilitated his own strategic aims by clearing opposing forces from his operational path.
What did Sam Watkins suggest about Hood's command in his later appraisal?
Answer: Hood did all he could, but the cause was lost before he took command.
In his later appraisal, Sam Watkins posited that Hood 'did all that he could,' suggesting that the Confederate cause was irrevocably lost prior to Hood assuming command.
Where is John Bell Hood interred?
Answer: Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans
John Bell Hood is interred at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans.
Which U.S. Army installation was named in honor of John Bell Hood until its recent renaming?
Answer: Fort Hood
Fort Hood, a U.S. Army installation, bore the name of John Bell Hood until its renaming in May 2023, mandated by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021.
What was Hood's view on "negroes" as expressed in his letter to Sherman?
Answer: He argued that 'negroes' were an inferior race and that the Union sought to place this inferior race above white men.
Hood's correspondence with General Sherman articulated his belief that 'negroes' constituted an inferior race, and that the Union's objective was to elevate this group above white individuals.