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Carlos Herrera succeeded José María Orellana as President of Guatemala.
Answer: False
Carlos Herrera preceded José María Orellana as President. Lázaro Chacón González succeeded Orellana.
José María Orellana was born in Guatemala City on July 11, 1872.
Answer: False
José María Orellana Pinto was born in El Jícaro, El Progreso, Guatemala, not Guatemala City.
While serving as Chief of Staff to President Manuel Estrada Cabrera, Orellana survived a bomb attack in 1907.
Answer: True
On April 29, 1907, José María Orellana, then Chief of Staff, survived a bomb attack alongside President Manuel Estrada Cabrera.
The coup d'état led by General Orellana against President Carlos Herrera was primarily motivated by Herrera's approval of concessions to the United Fruit Company.
Answer: False
The coup was sponsored by the United Fruit Company because President Carlos Herrera had resisted approving concessions to the company, not because he approved them.
General Jorge Ubico assisted José María Orellana in the 1921 coup that deposed President Carlos Herrera.
Answer: True
General Jorge Ubico is explicitly mentioned as assisting General José María Orellana in the 1921 coup d'état.
José María Orellana was a member of the Conservative Party in Guatemala.
Answer: False
José María Orellana was a member of the Liberal Party, not the Conservative Party.
Orellana's presidency began with him serving as Constitutional President immediately after the coup.
Answer: False
José María Orellana initially served as Interim President before becoming Constitutional President.
The assassination attempt on President Manuel Estrada Cabrera in 1907 also targeted José María Orellana.
Answer: True
José María Orellana was riding with President Manuel Estrada Cabrera during the 1907 bomb attack and both survived.
What was José María Orellana Pinto's primary military rank?
Answer: General of Division
José María Orellana Pinto held the military rank of General of Division.
Which of the following individuals preceded José María Orellana as President of Guatemala?
Answer: Carlos Herrera
Carlos Herrera preceded José María Orellana as President of Guatemala.
In what year did José María Orellana survive a bomb attack while serving as Chief of Staff to President Manuel Estrada Cabrera?
Answer: 1907
José María Orellana survived a bomb attack on April 29, 1907, while serving as Chief of Staff.
Who sponsored the coup d'état led by General Orellana against President Carlos Herrera in December 1921?
Answer: The United Fruit Company
The coup d'état led by General Orellana against President Carlos Herrera was sponsored by the United Fruit Company.
José María Orellana was a member of which political party in Guatemala?
Answer: Liberal Party
José María Orellana was a member of the Liberal Party in Guatemala.
What was the duration of José María Orellana's presidency?
Answer: 1921 to 1926
José María Orellana served as President of Guatemala from December 10, 1921, to September 26, 1926.
Where was José María Orellana Pinto born?
Answer: El Jícaro, El Progreso
José María Orellana Pinto was born in El Jícaro, El Progreso, Guatemala.
Which other prominent military figure assisted General Orellana in the 1921 coup against President Carlos Herrera?
Answer: Jorge Ubico
General Jorge Ubico assisted General José María Orellana in the 1921 coup that deposed President Carlos Herrera.
Upon becoming Constitutional President, Orellana immediately reversed all concessions made to the United Fruit Company by previous administrations.
Answer: False
Upon becoming Constitutional President, Orellana ratified concessions made to the United Fruit Company by his predecessor, Manuel Estrada Cabrera, which Carlos Herrera had previously refused to approve.
President Orellana successfully united Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador into a tripartite republic.
Answer: False
President Orellana encouraged the creation of a tripartite republic, but this effort ultimately proved unsuccessful.
Orellana's economic policy favored granting favorable contracts to foreign companies, including the sale of the Electric Company to an American firm.
Answer: True
President Orellana granted favorable contracts to foreign companies, including the sale of the Electric Company to the American Bond and Share Company.
The Méndez-Williamson railroad contract, ratified by Orellana, aimed to build a railway between Zacapa and Anguiatú.
Answer: True
The Méndez-Williamson railroad contract, ratified by Orellana, specifically aimed to construct a railway between Zacapa and Anguiatú.
During Orellana's term, the Guatemalan Congress approved contracts for light, heat, and electric power services with a German company in Guatemala City.
Answer: False
The Guatemalan Congress approved contracts for light, heat, and electric power services with the Central America Power Company in Guatemala City, which is not specified as German. A contract with AEG from Berlin, Germany, was for the Santa María power plant and Los Altos Railway, not general services in Guatemala City.
The Orellana government focused on developing natural resources by issuing a Hydrocarbons law and approving oil exploration contracts with US companies.
Answer: True
The Orellana government, through the Guatemalan Congress, issued a Hydrocarbons law and approved oil exploration contracts with US companies.
Orellana's government sold the extraction rights for gum raw material in Petén to Percy W. Shufeldt, who operated without paying taxes.
Answer: True
The extraction rights for gum raw material in Petén were sold to Percy W. Shufeldt, who was permitted to operate without paying taxes.
The Méndez-Williamson railroad contract was initially signed in 1908 by President Manuel Estrada Cabrera.
Answer: True
The Méndez-Williamson railroad contract was indeed an agreement initially signed in 1908 by President Manuel Estrada Cabrera.
Orellana's government ratified the Central American Union Covenant held in San Jose, Costa Rica.
Answer: True
The Guatemalan Congress, during Orellana's term, ratified the Central American Union Covenant held in San Jose, Costa Rica.
What was one of the first major actions José María Orellana took regarding foreign companies after becoming Constitutional President?
Answer: He ratified concessions made to the United Fruit Company by his predecessor, Manuel Estrada Cabrera.
Upon becoming Constitutional President, Orellana ratified concessions to the United Fruit Company that his predecessor, Manuel Estrada Cabrera, had made and Carlos Herrera had refused.
What initiative did President Orellana promote concerning Central American unity, which ultimately failed?
Answer: The creation of a tripartite republic uniting Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador.
President Orellana promoted the creation of a tripartite republic to unite Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, but this initiative was unsuccessful.
To which company did President Orellana's government sell the Electric Company, which had been expropriated from German shareholders?
Answer: American Bond and Share Company
President Orellana's government sold the Electric Company to the American Bond and Share Company.
What was the primary purpose of the Méndez-Williamson railroad contract that Orellana ratified?
Answer: To construct a railway between Zacapa and Anguiatú on the Guatemalan-Salvadorean border.
The Méndez-Williamson railroad contract, ratified by Orellana, specifically aimed to build a railway connecting Zacapa and Anguiatú.
Which of the following legislative actions was taken by the Guatemalan Congress during Orellana's term regarding natural resources?
Answer: A Hydrocarbons law and approval of oil exploration contracts with US companies.
During Orellana's term, the Guatemalan Congress issued a Hydrocarbons law and approved oil exploration contracts with US companies.
Which department in northern Guatemala was involved in the sale of gum raw material extraction rights to Percy W. Shufeldt during Orellana's presidency?
Answer: Petén
The northern department of Petén was where the extraction of gum raw material rights were sold to Percy W. Shufeldt.
What was the name of the power plant that AEG from Berlin, Germany, was contracted to continue and complete during Orellana's term?
Answer: Santa María power plant
AEG from Berlin, Germany, was contracted to continue and complete the Santa María power plant during Orellana's presidency.
During Orellana's presidency, the government actively promoted the return of Archbishop Luis Javier Muñoz y Capurón from exile.
Answer: False
The Guatemalan Congress, during Orellana's term, ratified executive Decree 798, which ensured that Archbishop Luis Javier Muñoz y Capurón remained in exile.
The Orellana government approved a contract for the installation of an electric tram and a public telegram office in Guatemala City.
Answer: True
The Orellana government approved contracts for both the installation of an electric tram and the construction of a public telegram office in Guatemala City.
The dockworkers strike in Puerto Barrios in mid-1924 successfully achieved an 8-hour workday and increased wages due to government mediation.
Answer: False
The dockworkers strike in Puerto Barrios ended due to government repression, with leaders jailed and expelled, and demands were not met.
Employees of the International Railways of Central America (IRCA) went on strike in late 1924 demanding a reduction in working hours and higher wages.
Answer: True
IRCA employees initiated a strike in late 1924, demanding reduced working hours, higher wages, and respect for their labor union.
Orellana's government responded to the IRCA railroad strike by negotiating a peaceful resolution with the five thousand striking workers.
Answer: False
Orellana's government responded to the IRCA strike by violently repressing the five thousand striking workers, not by negotiating a peaceful resolution.
A monument was erected in Avenida Reforma during Orellana's presidency to honor a prominent military leader.
Answer: False
The monument erected in Avenida Reforma in 1923 honored Dr. Lorenzo Montúfar y Rivera, a liberal writer and ideologist, not a military leader.
Orellana's government endorsed the development of a national soap industry.
Answer: True
During Orellana's term, the Guatemalan Congress endorsed and encouraged the development of a national soap industry.
What was the outcome of the dockworkers strike in Puerto Barrios in mid-1924 under Orellana's presidency?
Answer: The strike ended due to repression, with leaders jailed and expelled.
The dockworkers strike in Puerto Barrios was met with government repression, resulting in injuries, deaths, and the jailing and expulsion of leaders.
What were the demands of the International Railways of Central America (IRCA) employees during their strike in late 1924?
Answer: A reduction in working hours, higher wages, and respect for their labor union.
IRCA employees demanded a reduction in working hours, higher wages, and recognition for their labor union, the Railway Society.
What was the significance of the monument erected in Avenida Reforma in 1923 during Orellana's term?
Answer: It honored a liberal writer and ideologist, Dr. Lorenzo Montúfar y Rivera.
The monument erected in Avenida Reforma in 1923 commemorated the birth centennial of Dr. Lorenzo Montúfar y Rivera, a liberal writer and ideologist.
Which company was contracted by the Orellana government to build a public telegram office in Guatemala City?
Answer: All America Cables Incorporated company
The Orellana government approved a contract with the All America Cables Incorporated company to build a public telegram office in Guatemala City.
What was the name of the labor union representing the International Railways of Central America (IRCA) employees during their 1924 strike?
Answer: The Railway Society
The labor union representing IRCA employees during their 1924 strike was known as the Railway Society.
José María Orellana Pinto served as President of Guatemala for a period of approximately five years, during which the Quetzal was established as the national currency.
Answer: True
José María Orellana served from December 1921 to September 1926, approximately five years, and the Quetzal was instituted as the national currency during his term.
José María Orellana was known by the nickname 'Don Chema', a colloquial term for people named José María in Guatemala.
Answer: True
José María Orellana was indeed known as 'Don Chema', which is a colloquial term for individuals named José María in Guatemala.
José María Orellana is mentioned by name in Nobel Laureate Miguel Angel Asturias's novel 'El Señor Presidente'.
Answer: False
José María Orellana is referenced in Miguel Angel Asturias's novels by his nickname 'Rapadurero', not by his actual name.
Orellana's image appears on Guatemalan one quetzal bills because he established the Quetzal as the national currency.
Answer: True
The Quetzal was instituted as the national currency during Orellana's presidency, which is why his image is featured on the one quetzal bills.
Manuel María Contreras Orellana, José María Orellana's brother, led a coup against interim president Baudilio Palma.
Answer: False
Manuel María Contreras Orellana was José María Orellana's cousin, not his brother.
José María Orellana died of a violent angina attack while on vacation in Antigua Guatemala, according to official reports.
Answer: True
Official reports from Diario de Centro America stated that José María Orellana died of a violent angina attack in Antigua Guatemala.
Prior to his death, Orellana enacted martial law, which led to the indefinite suspension of private newspapers.
Answer: True
On May 25, 1926, Orellana enacted martial law, which resulted in the indefinite cessation of private newspaper publications.
Lázaro Chacón, upon assuming the presidency after Orellana's death, maintained martial law to ensure stability.
Answer: False
Upon becoming interim President, Lázaro Chacón immediately lifted martial law and allowed private newspapers to resume publication.
The 'chemas' nickname for one quetzal bills is derived from José María Orellana's first name.
Answer: False
The nickname 'chemas' for one quetzal bills is derived from José María Orellana's full name, 'José María', not just his first name.
What was one of José María Orellana's known nicknames, which also became a colloquial term for Guatemalan currency?
Answer: Don Chema
José María Orellana was known as 'Don Chema', and the one quetzal bills are colloquially referred to as 'chemas'.
In which of Miguel Angel Asturias's novels is José María Orellana referenced by his nickname 'Rapadurero'?
Answer: El Señor Presidente
Nobel Laureate Miguel Angel Asturias referenced José María Orellana by his nickname 'Rapadurero' in his novel 'El Señor Presidente', among others.
Why is José María Orellana's image featured on the one quetzal bills of Guatemalan currency?
Answer: The Quetzal was instituted as the national currency during his presidency.
José María Orellana's image is on the one quetzal bills because the Quetzal was established as the national currency during his presidential term.
What was the official cause of José María Orellana's death, as reported by Diario de Centro America?
Answer: A violent angina attack
Diario de Centro America officially reported José María Orellana's death as a violent angina attack.
What significant governmental action did President Orellana take on May 25, 1926, prior to his death?
Answer: He enacted martial law, suspending individual constitutional guarantees.
On May 25, 1926, President Orellana enacted martial law, suspending individual constitutional guarantees, citing 'insidious and unpatriotic activities'.
Who assumed the interim presidency immediately after José María Orellana's death?
Answer: Lázaro Chacón
General Lázaro Chacón assumed the role of interim President immediately following Orellana's death.
What was one of the immediate actions taken by Lázaro Chacón upon becoming interim President?
Answer: He lifted martial law and allowed private newspapers to resume publication.
Upon assuming the interim presidency, Lázaro Chacón's first actions included lifting martial law and permitting private newspapers to resume publication.
What was the name of José María Orellana's cousin who later led a coup against interim president Baudilio Palma?
Answer: Manuel María Contreras Orellana
Manuel María Contreras Orellana, José María Orellana's cousin, led a coup against interim president Baudilio Palma in December 1930.
What was the name of the biography of Estrada Cabrera by Rafael Arévalo Martínez that mentions José María Orellana?
Answer: ¡Ecce Pericles!
Rafael Arévalo Martínez's biography of Estrada Cabrera, '¡Ecce Pericles!', mentions José María Orellana.
In what city did José María Orellana die during a vacation trip?
Answer: Antigua Guatemala
José María Orellana died in Antigua Guatemala during a vacation trip.