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The Latin phrase 'Jus ad bellum' translates literally to 'war for peace'.
Answer: False
The literal translation of 'Jus ad bellum' is 'the right to war,' not 'war for peace'.
Jus ad bellum is primarily concerned with the ethical conduct of soldiers during warfare.
Answer: False
Jus ad bellum pertains to the justification for initiating war, whereas the ethical conduct of soldiers during warfare falls under Jus in bello.
Just war theory consists of only one component: Jus ad bellum.
Answer: False
Just war theory is comprised of three main components: Jus ad bellum (the right to go to war), Jus in bello (just conduct within war), and Jus post bellum (justice after the war).
The fundamental principle of just war theory is that war is always morally justifiable under any circumstances.
Answer: False
The fundamental principle of just war theory is that war is only morally justifiable under specific, stringent conditions, aiming to limit its occurrence and severity.
What is the literal translation of the Latin phrase 'Jus ad bellum'?
Answer: The right to wage war
The Latin phrase 'Jus ad bellum' translates literally to 'the right to war'.
Which component of just war theory addresses the ethical standards for fighting *during* a conflict?
Answer: Jus in bello
Jus in bello addresses the ethical standards for fighting during a conflict, distinct from Jus ad bellum which concerns the justification for initiating war.
What is the primary function of Jus ad bellum within the broader theory of just war?
Answer: To establish criteria for when war is morally permissible.
The primary function of Jus ad bellum within the broader theory of just war is to establish the criteria for when resorting to war is morally permissible.
Evidence suggests that ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and Hatti did not possess concepts related to the justification of war.
Answer: False
Historical evidence indicates that ancient civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Hatti, and Ancient Egypt, possessed concepts related to the justification of war, suggesting that morally defensible reasons for conflict have ancient roots.
Ancient Egyptians believed war was only justifiable for self-defense.
Answer: False
Ancient Egyptians believed war could be justified not only for self-defense but also for defending allies and combating perceived evil powers, reflecting a complex ethical framework for conflict.
Hugo Grotius is widely recognized as the father of just war theory.
Answer: False
St. Augustine of Hippo is widely recognized as the father of just war theory; Hugo Grotius is more accurately credited as the father of international law.
St. Thomas Aquinas developed criteria for just war primarily to allow rulers to pursue personal glory.
Answer: False
St. Thomas Aquinas developed criteria for just war, notably in his 'Summa Theologiae,' with the primary objective of protecting civilians and preventing wars initiated for private interests or personal glory.
Francisco de Vitoria argued that war could be justified for the acquisition of power by states.
Answer: False
Francisco de Vitoria argued against war for the acquisition of power by states, asserting instead that war must serve the common good and be justified by legitimate causes.
Hugo Grotius, in his seminal work 'On the Law of War and Peace,' emphasized the critical importance of proportionality and accountability in warfare.
Answer: True
Hugo Grotius, recognized as the father of international law, indeed stressed the importance of proportionality and accountability in his influential treatise 'On the Law of War and Peace'.
According to St. Thomas Aquinas, a war declared publicly by a legitimate authority is equivalent to murder.
Answer: False
St. Thomas Aquinas argued that a war declared publicly by a legitimate authority is distinct from murder; it is a necessary, albeit grave, undertaking under specific conditions.
According to the provided text, who is widely recognized as the father of just war theory?
Answer: St. Augustine of Hippo
St. Augustine of Hippo is widely recognized as the father of just war theory.
St. Thomas Aquinas's criteria for just war aimed to achieve which primary objective?
Answer: To protect civilians and prevent wars for private interests.
St. Thomas Aquinas's criteria for just war aimed primarily to protect civilians and prevent wars initiated for private interests or personal glory.
Which historical figure, often called the father of international law, emphasized proportionality and accountability in war?
Answer: Hugo Grotius
Hugo Grotius, often called the father of international law, emphasized proportionality and accountability in his work 'On the Law of War and Peace'.
According to the text, who expanded just war theory during the Renaissance to argue that war must serve the common good?
Answer: Francisco de Vitoria
Francisco de Vitoria expanded just war theory during the Renaissance to argue that war must serve the common good.
Which ancient civilization is mentioned as having concepts related to morally defensible reasons for war?
Answer: Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt is mentioned as having concepts related to morally defensible reasons for war.
The source mentions that St. Thomas Aquinas's criteria for just war were outlined in which work?
Answer: Summa Theologiae
St. Thomas Aquinas's criteria for just war were outlined in his work 'Summa Theologiae'.
According to the source, what distinguishes legitimate warfare conducted by the state from unlawful killing or murder, in Aquinas's view?
Answer: The declaration being public and by the proper authority.
In Aquinas's view, legitimate warfare conducted by the state is distinguished from unlawful killing by being declared publicly and by the proper authority.
The principle of just cause requires that the primary goal of war must be the acquisition of new territory.
Answer: False
The principle of just cause prohibits wars fought for the acquisition of new territory; its aim is to re-establish a just peace, not territorial expansion.
Humanitarian intervention is considered a potential aspect of just cause when a state's actions are deemed egregious and 'shock the conscience' of the international community.
Answer: True
Humanitarian intervention may be considered a component of just cause, especially when a state's conduct is so severe that it 'shocks the conscience' of the international community, a concept further explored by principles like the Responsibility to Protect.
The principle of legitimate authority asserts that wars can be justly waged by any group with a strong grievance.
Answer: False
The principle of legitimate authority requires that wars be waged by a properly constituted authority, typically a sovereign state, not merely by any group with a grievance.
The principle of probability of success requires absolute certainty of victory before initiating war.
Answer: False
The principle of probability of success requires reasonable grounds to believe the objectives can be achieved, not absolute certainty of victory.
The probability of success principle is considered purely a moral consideration, detached from practical outcomes.
Answer: False
The probability of success principle incorporates practical considerations, requiring a logical assessment of potential outcomes rather than being purely a moral, detached consideration.
The principle of last resort demands that military action must be the very first step taken in any international dispute.
Answer: False
The principle of last resort dictates that military action should only be considered after all peaceful and diplomatic means of resolving a dispute have been exhausted.
Initiating a war with carpet bombing aligns with the principle of last resort.
Answer: False
Initiating a war with extreme measures like carpet bombing is generally contrary to the principle of last resort, which favors escalating force gradually after exhausting peaceful options.
Proportionality in Jus ad bellum means the means used must be proportionate to the end goal.
Answer: True
The principle of proportionality in Jus ad bellum requires that the anticipated benefits of war must outweigh the expected harm and destruction; the means must be proportionate to the end goal.
A war fought to annex a small village, causing massive civilian casualties, would be considered proportional.
Answer: False
A war fought to annex a small village that results in massive civilian casualties would likely be considered disproportionate, as the harm would excessively outweigh the objective.
Soldiers acting under orders from a legitimate authority are generally considered individually responsible for war crimes if captured.
Answer: False
Soldiers acting under the orders of a legitimate authority are typically not considered individually responsible for war crimes if captured. They are generally treated as prisoners of war, as the responsibility lies with the command structure.
Which principle of Jus ad bellum dictates that war should only be initiated if all peaceful means of resolution have been exhausted?
Answer: Last Resort
The principle of last resort dictates that war should only be initiated after all peaceful and diplomatic means of resolving a dispute have been exhausted.
The principle of 'just cause' prohibits wars fought for which specific purpose?
Answer: Annexing territory.
The principle of just cause prohibits wars fought for the purpose of annexing territory.
What concept, related to humanitarian intervention, suggests that a state's actions may justify external intervention if they 'shock the conscience' of the international community?
Answer: Just Cause Principle
The 'Just Cause Principle' within just war theory encompasses situations where a state's actions are so egregious that they 'shock the conscience' of the international community, potentially justifying humanitarian intervention.
Which principle requires that the anticipated benefits of going to war must outweigh the expected harm and destruction?
Answer: Proportionality
The principle of proportionality requires that the anticipated benefits of going to war must outweigh the expected harm and destruction.
The principle of 'legitimate authority' asserts that war must be waged by:
Answer: A properly constituted authority, usually rooted in state sovereignty.
The principle of 'legitimate authority' asserts that war must be waged by a properly constituted authority, typically rooted in state sovereignty.
What does the principle of 'probability of success' require before initiating war?
Answer: Reasonable grounds to believe the objectives can be achieved.
The principle of 'probability of success' requires reasonable grounds to believe that the objectives of the war can be achieved.
Which of the following is NOT explicitly prohibited as a cause for war under the principle of 'just cause' according to the text?
Answer: Defense against an armed attack
Defense against an armed attack is not prohibited as a cause for war under the principle of 'just cause'; rather, it is a primary justification for self-defense.
How does the principle of 'last resort' influence the scale or method of military engagement?
Answer: It suggests starting with smaller interventions and escalating only if necessary.
The principle of last resort suggests that military engagement should escalate gradually, starting with smaller interventions only if necessary, rather than initiating conflict with overwhelming force.
The concept of 'state sovereignty' is most directly related to which principle of Jus ad bellum?
Answer: Legitimate Authority
The concept of 'state sovereignty' is most directly related to the principle of 'Legitimate Authority,' as it underpins the authority of states to wage war.
Why might anticipatory self-defense challenge the traditional understanding of 'just cause'?
Answer: It justifies war based on a *threat* of future harm, not an actual attack.
Anticipatory self-defense may challenge the traditional understanding of 'just cause' because it justifies war based on a *threat* of future harm, rather than an actual, ongoing armed attack.
The principle of proportionality requires that the destruction caused by war should not be:
Answer: Excessive compared to the objective being pursued.
The principle of proportionality requires that the destruction caused by war should not be excessive compared to the objective being pursued.
What practical consideration influences the 'probability of success' principle for states contemplating war?
Answer: It influences coalition building and strategic planning.
A practical consideration influencing the 'probability of success' principle is that it encourages strategic planning and can affect a state's ability to build coalitions and gain international support.
The League of Nations was established after World War II to prevent unjust wars.
Answer: False
The League of Nations was established after World War I, while the United Nations was formed after World War II, both with the aim of preventing future conflicts.
Article 2, paragraph 4 of the UN Charter completely prohibits the use of force by any state under all circumstances.
Answer: False
Article 2, paragraph 4 of the UN Charter prohibits the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, but it does not prohibit force under *all* circumstances, notably allowing for self-defense as per Article 51.
Article 51 of the UN Charter explicitly denies the right to self-defense.
Answer: False
Article 51 of the UN Charter explicitly affirms the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a member state.
The UN Charter's articles on the use of force are unrelated to the historical principles of Jus ad bellum.
Answer: False
The UN Charter's articles on the use of force, particularly Articles 2(4) and 51, are deeply related to and codify key historical principles of Jus ad bellum.
What does Article 2, paragraph 4 of the UN Charter primarily seek to prohibit?
Answer: The use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.
Article 2, paragraph 4 of the UN Charter primarily seeks to prohibit the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.
Which UN Charter article affirms the right to self-defense in response to an armed attack?
Answer: Article 51
Article 51 of the UN Charter affirms the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a member state.
The UN Charter's prohibition on the use of force (Article 2(4)) is a cornerstone of modern international law concerning:
Answer: The prohibition of aggression.
The UN Charter's prohibition on the use of force (Article 2(4)) is a cornerstone of modern international law concerning the prohibition of aggression.
Which historical development aimed to prevent unjust wars following major global conflicts in the 20th century?
Answer: The formation of the United Nations.
The formation of the United Nations aimed to prevent unjust wars following the major global conflicts of the 20th century.
Tanisha Fazal's research indicates an increase in formal declarations of war since the 1950s.
Answer: False
Tanisha Fazal's research indicates a significant decrease, not an increase, in formal declarations of war since the 1950s.
The application of Jus ad bellum principles to cyberspace is a long-established area of legal scholarship.
Answer: False
The application of Jus ad bellum principles to cyberspace is a relatively recent and evolving area of legal scholarship, presenting new challenges for traditional frameworks.
Non-state actors, like terrorist groups, easily fit into traditional Jus ad bellum frameworks because they operate under state sovereignty.
Answer: False
Non-state actors pose challenges to traditional Jus ad bellum frameworks precisely because they often do not operate under established norms of state sovereignty.
Tanisha Fazal's research highlights a significant trend concerning which aspect of warfare since the 1950s?
Answer: The frequency of formal declarations of war.
Tanisha Fazal's research highlights a significant decrease in the frequency of formal declarations of war since the 1950s.
What is a key challenge posed by non-state actors to traditional Jus ad bellum frameworks?
Answer: They often do not operate under established norms of state sovereignty.
A key challenge posed by non-state actors is that they often do not operate under established norms of state sovereignty, complicating the application of traditional Jus ad bellum frameworks.
The Martens Clause is primarily relevant to the principles governing conduct *during* war (Jus in bello).
Answer: False
While the Martens Clause has implications for conduct during war, its relevance extends to Jus ad bellum principles, particularly concerning humanitarian intervention when state actions 'shock the conscience' of the international community.
The Martens Clause is mentioned as being relevant to Jus ad bellum principles, particularly concerning:
Answer: Humanitarian intervention when actions shock the conscience.
The Martens Clause is particularly relevant to Jus ad bellum principles concerning humanitarian intervention, especially when state actions 'shock the conscience' of the international community.