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The Karkota Dynasty of Kashmir: History and Governance

At a Glance

Title: The Karkota Dynasty of Kashmir: History and Governance

Total Categories: 6

Category Stats

  • Founding and Early Rulers: 18 flashcards, 13 questions
  • Key Rulers and Their Impact: 14 flashcards, 13 questions
  • Cultural and Architectural Achievements: 10 flashcards, 10 questions
  • Historical Sources and Interpretations: 7 flashcards, 11 questions
  • Socio-Economic and Religious Landscape: 7 flashcards, 9 questions
  • Dynastic Transition and Legacy: 4 flashcards, 3 questions

Total Stats

  • Total Flashcards: 60
  • True/False Questions: 30
  • Multiple Choice Questions: 29
  • Total Questions: 59

Instructions

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Study Guide: The Karkota Dynasty of Kashmir: History and Governance

Study Guide: The Karkota Dynasty of Kashmir: History and Governance

Founding and Early Rulers

The Karkota dynasty ruled exclusively over the Kashmir valley from its inception until its end.

Answer: False

The Karkota dynasty's influence extended beyond the Kashmir valley to encompass parts of the northern Indian subcontinent.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.
  • Over which geographical areas did the Karkota dynasty primarily exert its influence?: The Karkota dynasty primarily ruled over the Kashmir valley and extended its influence to some northern regions of the Indian subcontinent. Maps indicate their heartland was around Srinagar, with their empire reaching its maximum extent around 750 CE.
  • What is the relationship between the Alchon Huns and the establishment of the Karkota dynasty?: Scholars generally agree that the Karkota dynasty's establishment followed the rule of the Hunas, specifically the Alchon Huns, in the Kashmir region.

According to Kalhana, Durlabhavardhana founded the Karkota dynasty after marrying the daughter of the last Gonanda ruler, Baladitya.

Answer: True

Kalhana's account posits that Durlabhavardhana, married to the daughter of Baladitya, the last Gonanda ruler, established the Karkota dynasty.

Related Concepts:

  • According to Kalhana's account in the Rajatarangini, who founded the Karkota dynasty and how?: According to Kalhana, Durlabhavardhana, who was in the service of the last Gonanda dynasty ruler Baladitya, founded the Karkota dynasty. After Baladitya's death, Durlabhavardhana, married to Baladitya's daughter, ascended the throne, claiming descent from the mythical Naga king Karkotaka.
  • What were the reign period and alternative names associated with Durlabhaka, son of Durlabhavardhana?: Durlabhaka, also known as Pratapaditya and adopting his maternal grandfather's surname, is assigned a reign from 662 to 712 CE. His reign saw increased trade relations and the development of the Classical Karkota style of sculpture.
  • What was the approximate reign period of Durlabhavardhana, the founder of the Karkota dynasty according to Kalhana?: Kalhana assigns Durlabhavardhana a reign of thirty-six years, from 625 to 661/662 CE. He was also known as Prajnaditya and was noted for gifting villages to Brahmins.

Atreyi Biswas proposed that Durlabhaka Pratapaditya was the first ruler of the Karkota dynasty, challenging Kalhana's account.

Answer: True

Scholar Atreyi Biswas has presented an alternative interpretation, suggesting Durlabhaka Pratapaditya as the inaugural ruler of the Karkota dynasty, diverging from Kalhana's narrative.

Related Concepts:

  • What alternative view exists regarding the founder of the Karkota dynasty, as proposed by Atreyi Biswas?: Atreyi Biswas suggests that Durlabhaka Pratapaditya, who defeated the last Alchon Hun ruler Yudhisthira, was the first ruler of the Karkota dynasty. This interpretation adjusts the timeline and lineage presented in the Rajatarangini.
  • What is the scholarly disagreement regarding the establishment of the Karkota dynasty?: Scholars disagree on the precise details of the Karkota dynasty's establishment. While Kalhana suggests it followed the Hunas, alternative interpretations by scholars like Atreyi Biswas challenge the literal accounts, proposing different founding rulers and timelines based on numismatic and literary evidence.
  • What were the reign period and alternative names associated with Durlabhaka, son of Durlabhavardhana?: Durlabhaka, also known as Pratapaditya and adopting his maternal grandfather's surname, is assigned a reign from 662 to 712 CE. His reign saw increased trade relations and the development of the Classical Karkota style of sculpture.

Durlabhavardhana, founder of the Karkota dynasty, reigned for approximately 70 years.

Answer: False

Kalhana assigns Durlabhavardhana a reign of approximately thirty-six years, from 625 to 661/662 CE, not seventy years.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the reign period and alternative names associated with Durlabhaka, son of Durlabhavardhana?: Durlabhaka, also known as Pratapaditya and adopting his maternal grandfather's surname, is assigned a reign from 662 to 712 CE. His reign saw increased trade relations and the development of the Classical Karkota style of sculpture.
  • What were the reign dates for the Karkota ruler Durlabhaka?: Durlabhaka, also known as Pratapaditya, is assigned a reign from 662 to 712 CE.
  • What was the approximate reign period of Durlabhavardhana, the founder of the Karkota dynasty according to Kalhana?: Kalhana assigns Durlabhavardhana a reign of thirty-six years, from 625 to 661/662 CE. He was also known as Prajnaditya and was noted for gifting villages to Brahmins.

Durlabhaka, son of Durlabhavardhana, was also known as Pratapaditya and ruled from 662 to 712 CE.

Answer: True

Durlabhaka, son of Durlabhavardhana, also identified as Pratapaditya, governed the Karkota dynasty from approximately 662 to 712 CE.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the reign dates for the Karkota ruler Durlabhaka?: Durlabhaka, also known as Pratapaditya, is assigned a reign from 662 to 712 CE.
  • What were the reign period and alternative names associated with Durlabhaka, son of Durlabhavardhana?: Durlabhaka, also known as Pratapaditya and adopting his maternal grandfather's surname, is assigned a reign from 662 to 712 CE. His reign saw increased trade relations and the development of the Classical Karkota style of sculpture.
  • What was the approximate reign period of Durlabhavardhana, the founder of the Karkota dynasty according to Kalhana?: Kalhana assigns Durlabhavardhana a reign of thirty-six years, from 625 to 661/662 CE. He was also known as Prajnaditya and was noted for gifting villages to Brahmins.

Durlabhavardhana commissioned the Martand Sun Temple and established the capital city of Parihaspura.

Answer: False

While Durlabhavardhana was an early ruler, the Martand Sun Temple was commissioned by Lalitaditya Muktapida, and Parihaspura served as the capital city during the Karkota period, though its establishment is not solely attributed to Durlabhavardhana.

Related Concepts:

  • What notable cities and shrines were commissioned by Lalitaditya Muktapida?: Lalitaditya commissioned numerous shrines, including the Martand Sun Temple, and established several towns, including a new capital at Parihaspura. He also supported numerous Buddhist structures.
  • What cities and temples were established during Durlabhaka's reign?: Durlabhaka established the city of Pratāpapura and the shrine of Malhanasvamin. His wife, Narendraprabha, founded the Narendreśvara Temple.
  • What was the approximate reign period of Durlabhavardhana, the founder of the Karkota dynasty according to Kalhana?: Kalhana assigns Durlabhavardhana a reign of thirty-six years, from 625 to 661/662 CE. He was also known as Prajnaditya and was noted for gifting villages to Brahmins.

The Karkota dynasty was a republic, with power vested in elected councils rather than a single ruler.

Answer: False

The Karkota dynasty was a monarchy, governed by a succession of kings, rather than a republic with power vested in elected councils.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Karkota dynasty's government structure?: The Karkota dynasty was a monarchy, indicating rule by a single sovereign, typically a king.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.
  • What form of government did the Karkota dynasty employ?: The Karkota dynasty was a monarchy, meaning it was ruled by a king.

According to Kalhana, who founded the Karkota dynasty?

Answer: Durlabhavardhana

According to Kalhana's Rajatarangini, Durlabhavardhana is identified as the founder of the Karkota dynasty.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the scholarly disagreement regarding the establishment of the Karkota dynasty?: Scholars disagree on the precise details of the Karkota dynasty's establishment. While Kalhana suggests it followed the Hunas, alternative interpretations by scholars like Atreyi Biswas challenge the literal accounts, proposing different founding rulers and timelines based on numismatic and literary evidence.
  • Which dynasties or groups are mentioned as predecessors to the Karkota dynasty in Kashmir?: The Karkota dynasty's establishment is believed to have followed the rule of the Hunas, specifically the Alchon Huns, in the Kashmir region. Kalhana also mentions the Gonanda dynasty (II) as a predecessor.
  • What is the main historical chronicle that details the Karkota dynasty's history?: The primary historical source for the Karkota dynasty is the Rajatarangini, an 11th-century work by the historian Kalhana. This chronicle provides an extensive narrative of the dynasty's rulers and events.

What geographical areas were historically under the Karkota dynasty's influence?

Answer: Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent

The Karkota dynasty's influence extended over the Kashmir valley and included significant parts of the northern Indian subcontinent.

Related Concepts:

  • Over which geographical areas did the Karkota dynasty primarily exert its influence?: The Karkota dynasty primarily ruled over the Kashmir valley and extended its influence to some northern regions of the Indian subcontinent. Maps indicate their heartland was around Srinagar, with their empire reaching its maximum extent around 750 CE.
  • Which modern-day countries encompass the historical territories of the Karkota dynasty?: The territories historically ruled by the Karkota dynasty are now part of Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.

Which dynasty is mentioned as a predecessor to the Karkota dynasty in Kashmir?

Answer: The Huna dynasty (specifically Alchon Huns)

The Huna dynasty, particularly the Alchon Huns, is mentioned as a predecessor to the Karkota dynasty in Kashmir.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.
  • What is the relationship between the Alchon Huns and the establishment of the Karkota dynasty?: Scholars generally agree that the Karkota dynasty's establishment followed the rule of the Hunas, specifically the Alchon Huns, in the Kashmir region.
  • Over which geographical areas did the Karkota dynasty primarily exert its influence?: The Karkota dynasty primarily ruled over the Kashmir valley and extended its influence to some northern regions of the Indian subcontinent. Maps indicate their heartland was around Srinagar, with their empire reaching its maximum extent around 750 CE.

What was the approximate reign period of Durlabhavardhana, according to Kalhana?

Answer: 625-661/662 CE

According to Kalhana, Durlabhavardhana reigned approximately from 625 to 661/662 CE.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the approximate reign period of Durlabhavardhana, the founder of the Karkota dynasty according to Kalhana?: Kalhana assigns Durlabhavardhana a reign of thirty-six years, from 625 to 661/662 CE. He was also known as Prajnaditya and was noted for gifting villages to Brahmins.
  • What were the reign dates for the Karkota ruler Durlabhaka?: Durlabhaka, also known as Pratapaditya, is assigned a reign from 662 to 712 CE.
  • What were the reign period and alternative names associated with Durlabhaka, son of Durlabhavardhana?: Durlabhaka, also known as Pratapaditya and adopting his maternal grandfather's surname, is assigned a reign from 662 to 712 CE. His reign saw increased trade relations and the development of the Classical Karkota style of sculpture.

What is the scholarly disagreement regarding the establishment of the Karkota dynasty?

Answer: Disagreement on the precise founding details, with alternative interpretations challenging Kalhana's account.

Scholarly debate exists regarding the precise founding details of the Karkota dynasty, with alternative interpretations challenging the traditional accounts presented by Kalhana.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the scholarly disagreement regarding the establishment of the Karkota dynasty?: Scholars disagree on the precise details of the Karkota dynasty's establishment. While Kalhana suggests it followed the Hunas, alternative interpretations by scholars like Atreyi Biswas challenge the literal accounts, proposing different founding rulers and timelines based on numismatic and literary evidence.
  • What is the relationship between the Alchon Huns and the establishment of the Karkota dynasty?: Scholars generally agree that the Karkota dynasty's establishment followed the rule of the Hunas, specifically the Alchon Huns, in the Kashmir region.
  • What is the main historical chronicle that details the Karkota dynasty's history?: The primary historical source for the Karkota dynasty is the Rajatarangini, an 11th-century work by the historian Kalhana. This chronicle provides an extensive narrative of the dynasty's rulers and events.

What does the source suggest about the Karkota dynasty's government structure?

Answer: It was a monarchy ruled by a king.

The available sources suggest that the Karkota dynasty was structured as a monarchy, with power vested in a king.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Karkota dynasty's government structure?: The Karkota dynasty was a monarchy, indicating rule by a single sovereign, typically a king.
  • What form of government did the Karkota dynasty employ?: The Karkota dynasty was a monarchy, meaning it was ruled by a king.
  • What is the main historical chronicle that details the Karkota dynasty's history?: The primary historical source for the Karkota dynasty is the Rajatarangini, an 11th-century work by the historian Kalhana. This chronicle provides an extensive narrative of the dynasty's rulers and events.

Key Rulers and Their Impact

Candrapida, also known as Vajraditya, ruled from approximately 712/713 to 720 CE and sought aid from the Chinese Emperor Xuanzong against Arab invasions.

Answer: True

Candrapida, identified as Vajraditya, reigned from circa 712/713 to 720 CE and engaged in diplomatic efforts with Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China for assistance against Arab incursions.

Related Concepts:

  • What significant diplomatic interaction did Candrapida have with Emperor Xuanzong of Tang?: In 713 CE, Candrapida requested aid from Emperor Xuanzong of Tang against Arab invasions. Later, in 720 CE, Xuanzong sent an envoy to bestow upon him the title "King of Kashmir," leading to an imperial alliance.
  • When did Candrapida rule, and what other names or titles are associated with him?: Candrapida ruled from approximately 712/713 to 720 CE and was also known by the name Vajraditya. The Chinese chronicles refer to him as Zhentuoluobili.

Tarapida, known for his benevolent rule, was assassinated by his brother Candrapida.

Answer: False

Kalhana describes Tarapida as tyrannical and oppressive, not benevolent. Furthermore, it was Tarapida who orchestrated the assassination of his brother Candrapida.

Related Concepts:

  • What is known about Tarapida's reign and character?: Tarapida, also known as Udayaditya, ruled for four years. Kalhana describes him as tyrannical and oppressive towards Brahmins, and his reign ended with his murder, reportedly due to magic-rites performed by Brahmins.
  • How did Candrapida's reign end?: According to Kalhana, Candrapida was assassinated by his brother, Tarapida, who hired a Brahmin to carry out the act.

Lalitaditya Muktapida is renowned as a great conqueror, with his military campaigns extending across India, Afghanistan, and Central Asia, though the extent is debated.

Answer: True

Lalitaditya Muktapida is celebrated for his extensive military campaigns, which, according to historical accounts, reached across India, Afghanistan, and Central Asia, although the precise scope remains a subject of scholarly debate.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the reputation of Lalitaditya Muktapida as a ruler?: Lalitaditya Muktapida, who ruled from 724/725 to 760/761 CE, is renowned as a great conqueror. Kalhana credits him with extensive military campaigns across India, Afghanistan, and Central Asia, though the extent of these conquests is debated by modern scholars.
  • What are the estimated reign dates for Lalitaditya Muktapida?: Lalitaditya Muktapida is estimated to have ruled from 724/725 to 760/761 CE.
  • What notable cities and shrines were commissioned by Lalitaditya Muktapida?: Lalitaditya commissioned numerous shrines, including the Martand Sun Temple, and established several towns, including a new capital at Parihaspura. He also supported numerous Buddhist structures.

Kuvalayapida, son of Lalitaditya, had a long and stable reign of over twenty years.

Answer: False

Kuvalayapida, son of Lalitaditya, had a reign of approximately one year and one month, marked by a succession struggle, rather than a long and stable period.

Related Concepts:

  • What characterized the reign of Kuvalayapida, son of Lalitaditya?: Kuvalayapida, son of Lalitaditya and his first queen Kamaladevi, had a short reign of about one year and a month. His rule was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother, and he eventually abdicated, retreating to a forest.
  • What is the reputation of Lalitaditya Muktapida as a ruler?: Lalitaditya Muktapida, who ruled from 724/725 to 760/761 CE, is renowned as a great conqueror. Kalhana credits him with extensive military campaigns across India, Afghanistan, and Central Asia, though the extent of these conquests is debated by modern scholars.
  • What are the estimated reign dates for Lalitaditya Muktapida?: Lalitaditya Muktapida is estimated to have ruled from 724/725 to 760/761 CE.

Vajraditya, another son of Lalitaditya, was known for his cruelty and the introduction of slave trade during his seven-year reign.

Answer: True

Vajraditya, son of Lalitaditya, ruled for seven years and is characterized by his cruelty and the introduction of slave trade during his tenure.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the key events and characteristics of Vajraditya's reign?: Vajraditya, son of Lalitaditya and his second queen Chakramardika, also known as Bappiyaka, ruled for seven years. His reign was described as cruel, and it saw a raid by the Governor of Sindh and the introduction of slave trade.

Jayapida, also known as Vinayaditya, was a patron of the arts and learning, fostering significant developments in Kashmiri poetics.

Answer: True

Jayapida, also known as Vinayaditya, was a notable patron of arts and learning, significantly advancing Kashmiri poetics and establishing a school of literary criticism.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the notable aspects of Jayapida's rule, particularly regarding his patronage?: Jayapida, also known as Vinayaditya, ruled for 31 years. He was a liberal patron of arts and learning, inviting scholars and fostering a significant development in Kashmiri poetics, leading to the establishment of a school of literary criticism.
  • What significant literary developments occurred during the Karkota period, especially under Jayapida?: Jayapida's court fostered a significant moment in Kashmiri poetics, birthing a school of literary criticism. Key figures like Vamana and Udbhata engaged in critical discussions on poetic theory, creating a comprehensive framework for aesthetics.
  • What cultural and intellectual developments occurred during Lalitaditya Muktapida's reign?: Lalitaditya's reign is considered a peak for Kashmiri sculpture and saw the flourishing of a brilliant intellectual and artistic culture. He was also a patron of arts and invited scholars from abroad, promoting the study of religions.

Jayapida's later reign was marked by tyranny, including rescinding land grants to Brahmins, which led to his peaceful retirement.

Answer: False

Jayapida's later reign was indeed marked by tyranny and the rescinding of land grants, but this led to his death by curse, not a peaceful retirement.

Related Concepts:

  • What actions by Jayapida led to Brahmin emigration from Kashmir?: Jayapida's later tyrannical rule included attempts to rescind land grants (agraharas) to Brahmins and the imposition of a heavy taxation regime, which prompted some Brahmins to leave Kashmir.
  • How did Jayapida's reign change and lead to his death?: In his later years, Jayapida became tyrannical, attempting to rescind land grants (agraharas) to Brahmins and imposing heavy taxation, which prompted some Brahmins to leave Kashmir. He was ultimately cursed to death by a Brahmin.
  • What were the notable aspects of Jayapida's rule, particularly regarding his patronage?: Jayapida, also known as Vinayaditya, ruled for 31 years. He was a liberal patron of arts and learning, inviting scholars and fostering a significant development in Kashmiri poetics, leading to the establishment of a school of literary criticism.

Which ruler was known as Vajraditya and sought diplomatic ties with the Tang Emperor Xuanzong?

Answer: Candrapida

Candrapida, also known as Vajraditya, sought diplomatic ties with the Tang Emperor Xuanzong.

Related Concepts:

  • When did Candrapida rule, and what other names or titles are associated with him?: Candrapida ruled from approximately 712/713 to 720 CE and was also known by the name Vajraditya. The Chinese chronicles refer to him as Zhentuoluobili.

What was a key characteristic of Tarapida's reign, according to Kalhana?

Answer: Tyrannical and oppressive behavior

Kalhana characterizes Tarapida's reign as tyrannical and oppressive, particularly towards Brahmins.

Related Concepts:

  • What is known about Tarapida's reign and character?: Tarapida, also known as Udayaditya, ruled for four years. Kalhana describes him as tyrannical and oppressive towards Brahmins, and his reign ended with his murder, reportedly due to magic-rites performed by Brahmins.

Which ruler established the city of Pratāpapura and the shrine of Malhanasvamin?

Answer: Durlabhaka

Durlabhaka established the city of Pratāpapura and the shrine of Malhanasvamin during his reign.

Related Concepts:

  • What cities and temples were established during Durlabhaka's reign?: Durlabhaka established the city of Pratāpapura and the shrine of Malhanasvamin. His wife, Narendraprabha, founded the Narendreśvara Temple.

Which of the following rulers was known for his tyrannical actions in later years, including attempting to rescind land grants to Brahmins?

Answer: Jayapida

Jayapida's later reign was characterized by tyrannical actions, including the rescinding of land grants to Brahmins.

Related Concepts:

  • What actions by Jayapida led to Brahmin emigration from Kashmir?: Jayapida's later tyrannical rule included attempts to rescind land grants (agraharas) to Brahmins and the imposition of a heavy taxation regime, which prompted some Brahmins to leave Kashmir.
  • How did Jayapida's reign change and lead to his death?: In his later years, Jayapida became tyrannical, attempting to rescind land grants (agraharas) to Brahmins and imposing heavy taxation, which prompted some Brahmins to leave Kashmir. He was ultimately cursed to death by a Brahmin.

Which ruler's reign saw a raid by the Governor of Sindh and the introduction of slave trade?

Answer: Vajraditya

Vajraditya's reign was marked by a raid from the Governor of Sindh and the introduction of slave trade.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the key events and characteristics of Vajraditya's reign?: Vajraditya, son of Lalitaditya and his second queen Chakramardika, also known as Bappiyaka, ruled for seven years. His reign was described as cruel, and it saw a raid by the Governor of Sindh and the introduction of slave trade.

Which of the following cities was established by Jayapida?

Answer: Jayapura

Jayapida established the city of Jayapura during his reign.

Related Concepts:

  • What new city and religious structures did Jayapida establish?: Jayapida established a new capital town at Jayapura and commissioned the construction of several Buddhist Viharas and Buddha statues.
  • What is the approximate duration of Jayapida's reign?: Jayapida ruled for 31 years, from 779 to 813 CE.
  • What were the notable aspects of Jayapida's rule, particularly regarding his patronage?: Jayapida, also known as Vinayaditya, ruled for 31 years. He was a liberal patron of arts and learning, inviting scholars and fostering a significant development in Kashmiri poetics, leading to the establishment of a school of literary criticism.

Cultural and Architectural Achievements

Parihaspur served as the primary capital city for the Karkota dynasty.

Answer: True

Parihaspur was established as the capital city of the Karkota dynasty, serving as a significant center of administration and culture.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the designated capital city of the Karkota dynasty?: The capital city of the Karkota dynasty was Parihaspur. This city was also the site of significant Buddhist structures like a stupa, chaitya, and vihara, reflecting the religious landscape of the era.
  • What were the significant contributions of the Karkota dynasty in the fields of art and architecture?: The Karkota dynasty saw a proliferation of sculpture, with Lalitaditya's reign being considered the zenith of Kashmiri sculpture. They also commissioned numerous shrines, temples, monasteries, and cities, including the Martand Sun Temple and the capital Parihaspura.
  • Within which historical era did the Karkota dynasty primarily operate?: The Karkota dynasty ruled during the Classical India period.

The Martand Sun Temple, one of India's oldest Sun temples, was built during the Karkota period by King Lalitaditya.

Answer: True

The Martand Sun Temple, recognized as one of India's oldest Sun temples, was commissioned by King Lalitaditya during the Karkota period.

Related Concepts:

  • Which significant sun temple was built during the Karkota dynasty's rule, and by whom?: The Martand Sun Temple, located in the Anantnag district, was constructed by Lalitaditya. It is recognized as India's oldest known Sun temple and was one of the largest temple complexes of its time.
  • What notable cities and shrines were commissioned by Lalitaditya Muktapida?: Lalitaditya commissioned numerous shrines, including the Martand Sun Temple, and established several towns, including a new capital at Parihaspura. He also supported numerous Buddhist structures.
  • What were the significant contributions of the Karkota dynasty in the fields of art and architecture?: The Karkota dynasty saw a proliferation of sculpture, with Lalitaditya's reign being considered the zenith of Kashmiri sculpture. They also commissioned numerous shrines, temples, monasteries, and cities, including the Martand Sun Temple and the capital Parihaspura.

Lalitaditya's reign marked a peak for Kashmiri sculpture and fostered a brilliant intellectual and artistic culture.

Answer: True

Lalitaditya Muktapida's reign is considered a zenith for Kashmiri sculpture and fostered a vibrant intellectual and artistic milieu.

Related Concepts:

  • What cultural and intellectual developments occurred during Lalitaditya Muktapida's reign?: Lalitaditya's reign is considered a peak for Kashmiri sculpture and saw the flourishing of a brilliant intellectual and artistic culture. He was also a patron of arts and invited scholars from abroad, promoting the study of religions.
  • What was the status of sculpture during the Karkota dynasty, particularly under Lalitaditya?: Sculpture proliferated during the Karkota dynasty, with Lalitaditya's reign being considered the zenith of Kashmiri sculpture. He commissioned numerous gold and silver images for temples and monasteries across different faiths.
  • What were the significant contributions of the Karkota dynasty in the fields of art and architecture?: The Karkota dynasty saw a proliferation of sculpture, with Lalitaditya's reign being considered the zenith of Kashmiri sculpture. They also commissioned numerous shrines, temples, monasteries, and cities, including the Martand Sun Temple and the capital Parihaspura.

Vamana and Udbhata were prominent literary figures associated with Jayapida's court, contributing to poetics and literary criticism.

Answer: True

Vamana and Udbhata were key literary figures patronized by Jayapida, making significant contributions to the field of poetics and literary criticism.

Related Concepts:

  • Which prominent literary figures were associated with Jayapida's court?: Jayapida's court included literary theorists like Vamana, who served as a minister, and Udbhata, who was the chief scholar. Udbhata produced several significant works on poetics, and Vamana composed sutra texts, contributing to a new era of critical literary discussion.
  • What significant literary developments occurred during the Karkota period, especially under Jayapida?: Jayapida's court fostered a significant moment in Kashmiri poetics, birthing a school of literary criticism. Key figures like Vamana and Udbhata engaged in critical discussions on poetic theory, creating a comprehensive framework for aesthetics.

The Karkota dynasty commissioned numerous shrines and temples, including the Martand Sun Temple and the capital Parihaspura, significantly contributing to art and architecture.

Answer: True

The Karkota dynasty's patronage resulted in the construction of numerous significant architectural works, including the Martand Sun Temple and the capital city of Parihaspura, marking substantial contributions to art and architecture.

Related Concepts:

  • What were the significant contributions of the Karkota dynasty in the fields of art and architecture?: The Karkota dynasty saw a proliferation of sculpture, with Lalitaditya's reign being considered the zenith of Kashmiri sculpture. They also commissioned numerous shrines, temples, monasteries, and cities, including the Martand Sun Temple and the capital Parihaspura.
  • What was the designated capital city of the Karkota dynasty?: The capital city of the Karkota dynasty was Parihaspur. This city was also the site of significant Buddhist structures like a stupa, chaitya, and vihara, reflecting the religious landscape of the era.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.

What was the designated capital city of the Karkota dynasty?

Answer: Parihaspur

Parihaspur served as the designated capital city for the Karkota dynasty.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the designated capital city of the Karkota dynasty?: The capital city of the Karkota dynasty was Parihaspur. This city was also the site of significant Buddhist structures like a stupa, chaitya, and vihara, reflecting the religious landscape of the era.
  • Over which geographical areas did the Karkota dynasty primarily exert its influence?: The Karkota dynasty primarily ruled over the Kashmir valley and extended its influence to some northern regions of the Indian subcontinent. Maps indicate their heartland was around Srinagar, with their empire reaching its maximum extent around 750 CE.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.

Which ruler is credited with constructing the Martand Sun Temple?

Answer: Lalitaditya

The Martand Sun Temple is credited to King Lalitaditya, a prominent ruler of the Karkota dynasty.

Related Concepts:

  • Which significant sun temple was built during the Karkota dynasty's rule, and by whom?: The Martand Sun Temple, located in the Anantnag district, was constructed by Lalitaditya. It is recognized as India's oldest known Sun temple and was one of the largest temple complexes of its time.

Which period is considered the zenith for Kashmiri sculpture during the Karkota dynasty?

Answer: Lalitaditya Muktapida's reign

Lalitaditya Muktapida's reign is regarded as the zenith for Kashmiri sculpture during the Karkota period.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the status of sculpture during the Karkota dynasty, particularly under Lalitaditya?: Sculpture proliferated during the Karkota dynasty, with Lalitaditya's reign being considered the zenith of Kashmiri sculpture. He commissioned numerous gold and silver images for temples and monasteries across different faiths.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.
  • What were the significant contributions of the Karkota dynasty in the fields of art and architecture?: The Karkota dynasty saw a proliferation of sculpture, with Lalitaditya's reign being considered the zenith of Kashmiri sculpture. They also commissioned numerous shrines, temples, monasteries, and cities, including the Martand Sun Temple and the capital Parihaspura.

What literary development occurred during Jayapida's reign?

Answer: The establishment of a school of literary criticism

Jayapida's patronage fostered the development of a significant school of literary criticism in Kashmir.

Related Concepts:

  • Which prominent literary figures were associated with Jayapida's court?: Jayapida's court included literary theorists like Vamana, who served as a minister, and Udbhata, who was the chief scholar. Udbhata produced several significant works on poetics, and Vamana composed sutra texts, contributing to a new era of critical literary discussion.
  • What were the notable aspects of Jayapida's rule, particularly regarding his patronage?: Jayapida, also known as Vinayaditya, ruled for 31 years. He was a liberal patron of arts and learning, inviting scholars and fostering a significant development in Kashmiri poetics, leading to the establishment of a school of literary criticism.
  • What significant literary developments occurred during the Karkota period, especially under Jayapida?: Jayapida's court fostered a significant moment in Kashmiri poetics, birthing a school of literary criticism. Key figures like Vamana and Udbhata engaged in critical discussions on poetic theory, creating a comprehensive framework for aesthetics.

What is the significance of Ratnakara's Haravijaya composed during the Karkota period?

Answer: It is the largest surviving Mahākāvya in Sanskrit, consisting of fifty cantos.

Ratnakara's Haravijaya, composed during the Karkota period, holds significance as the largest surviving Mahākāvya in Sanskrit, comprising fifty cantos.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of Ratnakara's Haravijaya, composed during the Karkota period?: Ratnakara's Haravijaya, composed under the patronage of Cippatajayapida, is the largest surviving Mahākāvya (epic poem) in Sanskrit, consisting of fifty cantos and 4,351 verses. It is based on the story of Shiva's defeat of Andhaka.

Historical Sources and Interpretations

Kalhana's Rajatarangini is the primary historical chronicle detailing the Karkota dynasty's history.

Answer: True

The Rajatarangini, authored by Kalhana in the 11th century, is considered the principal historical source for the Karkota dynasty's narrative.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the main historical chronicle that details the Karkota dynasty's history?: The primary historical source for the Karkota dynasty is the Rajatarangini, an 11th-century work by the historian Kalhana. This chronicle provides an extensive narrative of the dynasty's rulers and events.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.
  • Within which historical era did the Karkota dynasty primarily operate?: The Karkota dynasty ruled during the Classical India period.

Scholars universally agree that Kalhana's Rajatarangini provides a purely objective and factual account of the Karkota dynasty.

Answer: False

Scholarly consensus suggests the Rajatarangini is a blend of historical, political, and mythical narratives, with its objectivity and factual accuracy debated by historians.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the main historical chronicle that details the Karkota dynasty's history?: The primary historical source for the Karkota dynasty is the Rajatarangini, an 11th-century work by the historian Kalhana. This chronicle provides an extensive narrative of the dynasty's rulers and events.
  • What are the scholarly concerns regarding the historical accuracy of the Rajatarangini concerning the Karkota dynasty?: Scholars like Zutshi and others view the Rajatarangini as a blend of mythical, political, social, spiritual, and geographical narratives, rather than a purely objective historical account. Its historical accuracy is debated, particularly concerning the embellishment of rulers' achievements, like those of Lalitaditya.
  • What is the scholarly disagreement regarding the establishment of the Karkota dynasty?: Scholars disagree on the precise details of the Karkota dynasty's establishment. While Kalhana suggests it followed the Hunas, alternative interpretations by scholars like Atreyi Biswas challenge the literal accounts, proposing different founding rulers and timelines based on numismatic and literary evidence.

Marc Aurel Stein accepted claims of Lalitaditya Muktapida's vast conquests as historical fact, while Hermann Goetz dismissed them as mythology.

Answer: False

The scholarly assessment is reversed: Hermann Goetz accepted the claims of Lalitaditya's vast conquests as historical fact, whereas Marc Aurel Stein viewed them as mythological.

Related Concepts:

  • How do scholars like Stein and Hermann Goetz differ in their assessment of Lalitaditya Muktapida's military achievements as described by Kalhana?: While Hermann Goetz accepted Kalhana's claims of Lalitaditya's vast conquests as historical fact, scholars like Marc Aurel Stein rejected them as "mythology," citing Kalhana's potential ignorance of territories outside Kashmir. Tansen Sen's comparison with Chinese and Tibetan sources supports Stein's view.

Besides the Rajatarangini, the Kuttanimata and chronicles of Buddhist pilgrims like Xuanzang are the only other sources providing information about the Karkota dynasty.

Answer: False

While the Rajatarangini, Kuttanimata, and Buddhist pilgrim chronicles are important sources, other historical texts, such as the Nilamata Purana and Vishnudharmottara Purana, also provide information on the Karkota dynasty.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the main historical chronicle that details the Karkota dynasty's history?: The primary historical source for the Karkota dynasty is the Rajatarangini, an 11th-century work by the historian Kalhana. This chronicle provides an extensive narrative of the dynasty's rulers and events.
  • Other sources providing information about the Karkota dynasty.: Other sources include the Nilamata Purana, the Vishnudharmottara Purana, chronicles of Buddhist pilgrims like Xuanzang and Yijing, and the Kuttanimata, a didactic work on erotics that also offered insights into contemporary life.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.

Michael Witzel suggests a chronological correction of approximately 25 years needs to be applied to the Karkota dynasty's timeline as presented in the Rajatarangini.

Answer: True

Michael Witzel's scholarly analysis suggests that a chronological adjustment of approximately 25 years is necessary for the Karkota dynasty's timeline as detailed in the Rajatarangini.

Related Concepts:

  • What chronological adjustment does Michael Witzel suggest for the Karkota dynasty based on Kalhana's Rajatarangini?: Michael Witzel notes that while the fourth book of the Rajatarangini aligns chronologically with Chinese sources, a correction of approximately 25 years needs to be applied throughout the dynasty's timeline.
  • What alternative view exists regarding the founder of the Karkota dynasty, as proposed by Atreyi Biswas?: Atreyi Biswas suggests that Durlabhaka Pratapaditya, who defeated the last Alchon Hun ruler Yudhisthira, was the first ruler of the Karkota dynasty. This interpretation adjusts the timeline and lineage presented in the Rajatarangini.

Which historical chronicle is considered the primary source for the Karkota dynasty's history?

Answer: The Rajatarangini

The Rajatarangini, written by Kalhana, is regarded as the principal historical chronicle detailing the Karkota dynasty's history.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the main historical chronicle that details the Karkota dynasty's history?: The primary historical source for the Karkota dynasty is the Rajatarangini, an 11th-century work by the historian Kalhana. This chronicle provides an extensive narrative of the dynasty's rulers and events.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.
  • Within which historical era did the Karkota dynasty primarily operate?: The Karkota dynasty ruled during the Classical India period.

What scholarly concern is raised regarding the historical accuracy of Kalhana's Rajatarangini concerning the Karkota dynasty?

Answer: It is considered a blend of mythical and historical narratives, with debated accuracy.

Scholars express concern that the Rajatarangini integrates mythical elements with historical accounts, leading to debates regarding its precise accuracy for the Karkota period.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the main historical chronicle that details the Karkota dynasty's history?: The primary historical source for the Karkota dynasty is the Rajatarangini, an 11th-century work by the historian Kalhana. This chronicle provides an extensive narrative of the dynasty's rulers and events.
  • What is the scholarly disagreement regarding the establishment of the Karkota dynasty?: Scholars disagree on the precise details of the Karkota dynasty's establishment. While Kalhana suggests it followed the Hunas, alternative interpretations by scholars like Atreyi Biswas challenge the literal accounts, proposing different founding rulers and timelines based on numismatic and literary evidence.
  • What are the scholarly concerns regarding the historical accuracy of the Rajatarangini concerning the Karkota dynasty?: Scholars like Zutshi and others view the Rajatarangini as a blend of mythical, political, social, spiritual, and geographical narratives, rather than a purely objective historical account. Its historical accuracy is debated, particularly concerning the embellishment of rulers' achievements, like those of Lalitaditya.

How did scholars like Marc Aurel Stein and Hermann Goetz differ regarding Lalitaditya Muktapida's military achievements?

Answer: Stein dismissed the conquests as mythology; Goetz accepted them as historical fact.

Marc Aurel Stein considered the accounts of Lalitaditya's vast conquests to be mythology, while Hermann Goetz accepted them as historical fact.

Related Concepts:

  • How do scholars like Stein and Hermann Goetz differ in their assessment of Lalitaditya Muktapida's military achievements as described by Kalhana?: While Hermann Goetz accepted Kalhana's claims of Lalitaditya's vast conquests as historical fact, scholars like Marc Aurel Stein rejected them as "mythology," citing Kalhana's potential ignorance of territories outside Kashmir. Tansen Sen's comparison with Chinese and Tibetan sources supports Stein's view.

What was the dual purpose attributed to the Nilamata Purana commissioned during the Karkota polity?

Answer: To establish Durlabhavardhana as king and reconstruct Kashmir as a sacred space.

The Nilamata Purana was commissioned to establish Durlabhavardhana's legitimacy as king and to reconstruct Kashmir as a sacred space.

Related Concepts:

  • What role did the Vishnudharmottara Purana play in the Karkota polity?: The Vishnudharmottara Purana served similar purposes to the Nilamata Purana within the Karkota polity, acting as a local and contemporary source that contributed to the dynasty's legitimacy and cultural narrative.
  • What was the dual purpose of the Nilamata Purana, as commissioned by Durlabhavardhana?: The Nilamata Purana was commissioned to reconstruct Kashmir as a sacred space by attributing Brahminical divinity to its features and to establish Durlabhavardhana as its rightful king. However, the text contains interpolations and cannot be considered purely objective history.

What does Michael Witzel's suggested chronological adjustment imply about the Rajatarangini's timeline for the Karkota dynasty?

Answer: The timeline needs to be corrected by about 25 years.

Michael Witzel's suggestion implies that the Rajatarangini's timeline for the Karkota dynasty requires a chronological correction of approximately 25 years.

Related Concepts:

  • What chronological adjustment does Michael Witzel suggest for the Karkota dynasty based on Kalhana's Rajatarangini?: Michael Witzel notes that while the fourth book of the Rajatarangini aligns chronologically with Chinese sources, a correction of approximately 25 years needs to be applied throughout the dynasty's timeline.
  • What alternative view exists regarding the founder of the Karkota dynasty, as proposed by Atreyi Biswas?: Atreyi Biswas suggests that Durlabhaka Pratapaditya, who defeated the last Alchon Hun ruler Yudhisthira, was the first ruler of the Karkota dynasty. This interpretation adjusts the timeline and lineage presented in the Rajatarangini.

What was the primary purpose of commissioning the Nilamata Purana and the Vishnudharmottara Purana within the Karkota polity?

Answer: To contribute to the dynasty's legitimacy and cultural narrative.

The commissioning of the Nilamata Purana and the Vishnudharmottara Purana served the primary purpose of bolstering the dynasty's legitimacy and contributing to its cultural narrative.

Related Concepts:

  • What role did the Vishnudharmottara Purana play in the Karkota polity?: The Vishnudharmottara Purana served similar purposes to the Nilamata Purana within the Karkota polity, acting as a local and contemporary source that contributed to the dynasty's legitimacy and cultural narrative.
  • What was the dual purpose of the Nilamata Purana, as commissioned by Durlabhavardhana?: The Nilamata Purana was commissioned to reconstruct Kashmir as a sacred space by attributing Brahminical divinity to its features and to establish Durlabhavardhana as its rightful king. However, the text contains interpolations and cannot be considered purely objective history.

Socio-Economic and Religious Landscape

The Karkota rulers exclusively patronized Hinduism, neglecting Buddhist practices within their territories.

Answer: False

Karkota rulers patronized both Hinduism, evidenced by Vishnu shrines, and Buddhism, with evidence of monasteries, indicating a syncretic religious environment.

Related Concepts:

  • What religious affiliations or practices were evident among the Karkota rulers and their subjects?: Karkota rulers constructed shrines dedicated to Vishnu, indicating a revival or patronage of Hinduism. Simultaneously, Buddhism continued to flourish under their rule, with evidence of Buddhist monasteries and structures. This suggests a syncretic religious environment.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.
  • Over which geographical areas did the Karkota dynasty primarily exert its influence?: The Karkota dynasty primarily ruled over the Kashmir valley and extended its influence to some northern regions of the Indian subcontinent. Maps indicate their heartland was around Srinagar, with their empire reaching its maximum extent around 750 CE.

The Karkota economy relied solely on barter systems, with no evidence of metallic currency.

Answer: False

The Karkota economy utilized both barter systems and metallic coins, alongside cowrie shells, as currency.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Karkota dynasty's economic system?: The Karkota economy used metallic coins and cowrie shells as currency. The state levied various taxes, including customs duties, prostitution levies, and market taxes, with rampant corruption noted by contemporary writers.
  • What forms of currency were used by the Karkota dynasty?: The Karkota dynasty utilized both metallic coins and cowrie shells as forms of currency.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.

Socially, the Karkota period saw influential merchant communities, materialism among elites, and the prevalence of Sati and Devadasi systems.

Answer: True

Sources indicate that Karkota society featured influential merchant classes, materialism among elites, and the practice of Sati and the Devadasi system.

Related Concepts:

  • What were some of the social conditions and practices prevalent during the Karkota dynasty, as suggested by sources like the Kuttanimata?: Society during the Karkota period appeared unequal, with merchant communities holding significant influence. Materialism was common among elites, prostitution received state patronage, and practices like Sati and the Devadasi system were prevalent.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.
  • Within which historical era did the Karkota dynasty primarily operate?: The Karkota dynasty ruled during the Classical India period.

Coins issued by Karkota rulers consistently featured the inscription 'Kidara' on the reverse, suggesting a link to Kidarite coinage.

Answer: True

Coins minted by most Karkota rulers, up to Muktapida and Jayapida, typically bore the inscription 'Kidara' on the reverse, indicating a connection to Kidarite coinage.

Related Concepts:

  • What is notable about the coins issued by the Karkota rulers?: Coins issued by most Karkota rulers up to Muktapida and Jayapida have been found. These coins consistently featured an inscription of "Kidara" on the reverse, indicating a possible influence or continuation of Kidarite coinage.
  • What forms of currency were used by the Karkota dynasty?: The Karkota dynasty utilized both metallic coins and cowrie shells as forms of currency.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the Karkota dynasty's religious environment?

Answer: Exclusive worship of Shiva

The Karkota religious environment was characterized by patronage of Vishnu shrines, flourishing Buddhism, and syncretic practices, but not exclusive worship of Shiva.

Related Concepts:

  • What religious affiliations or practices were evident among the Karkota rulers and their subjects?: Karkota rulers constructed shrines dedicated to Vishnu, indicating a revival or patronage of Hinduism. Simultaneously, Buddhism continued to flourish under their rule, with evidence of Buddhist monasteries and structures. This suggests a syncretic religious environment.
  • What were some of the social conditions and practices prevalent during the Karkota dynasty, as suggested by sources like the Kuttanimata?: Society during the Karkota period appeared unequal, with merchant communities holding significant influence. Materialism was common among elites, prostitution received state patronage, and practices like Sati and the Devadasi system were prevalent.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty's government structure?: The Karkota dynasty was a monarchy, indicating rule by a single sovereign, typically a king.

What economic tools were utilized by the Karkota dynasty?

Answer: Metallic coins and cowrie shells

The Karkota dynasty utilized metallic coins and cowrie shells as primary economic tools for transactions.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Karkota dynasty's economic system?: The Karkota economy used metallic coins and cowrie shells as currency. The state levied various taxes, including customs duties, prostitution levies, and market taxes, with rampant corruption noted by contemporary writers.
  • What forms of currency were used by the Karkota dynasty?: The Karkota dynasty utilized both metallic coins and cowrie shells as forms of currency.
  • What were some of the social conditions and practices prevalent during the Karkota dynasty, as suggested by sources like the Kuttanimata?: Society during the Karkota period appeared unequal, with merchant communities holding significant influence. Materialism was common among elites, prostitution received state patronage, and practices like Sati and the Devadasi system were prevalent.

Which of the following is mentioned as a social practice prevalent during the Karkota dynasty?

Answer: State patronage of prostitution

The Kuttanimata indicates that state patronage of prostitution was a social practice prevalent during the Karkota dynasty.

Related Concepts:

  • What were some of the social conditions and practices prevalent during the Karkota dynasty, as suggested by sources like the Kuttanimata?: Society during the Karkota period appeared unequal, with merchant communities holding significant influence. Materialism was common among elites, prostitution received state patronage, and practices like Sati and the Devadasi system were prevalent.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty's economic system?: The Karkota economy used metallic coins and cowrie shells as currency. The state levied various taxes, including customs duties, prostitution levies, and market taxes, with rampant corruption noted by contemporary writers.
  • Within which historical era did the Karkota dynasty primarily operate?: The Karkota dynasty ruled during the Classical India period.

What inscription is notably found on coins issued by most Karkota rulers up to Muktapida and Jayapida?

Answer: Kidara

Coins issued by most Karkota rulers up to Muktapida and Jayapida consistently featured the inscription 'Kidara' on the reverse.

Related Concepts:

  • What is notable about the coins issued by the Karkota rulers?: Coins issued by most Karkota rulers up to Muktapida and Jayapida have been found. These coins consistently featured an inscription of "Kidara" on the reverse, indicating a possible influence or continuation of Kidarite coinage.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.

What information does the Kuttanimata provide about Karkota period society?

Answer: It offers insights into social conditions, including prostitution and elite materialism.

The Kuttanimata provides valuable insights into Karkota period society, detailing social conditions such as the prevalence of prostitution and materialism among elites.

Related Concepts:

  • What kind of information does the Kuttanimata provide about the Karkota period?: The Kuttanimata, written by a court poet of Jayapida, offers a lively account of contemporary Kashmiri life, despite being a didactic work on erotics. It provides insights into social conditions, including the prevalence of prostitution and state patronage.
  • What were some of the social conditions and practices prevalent during the Karkota dynasty, as suggested by sources like the Kuttanimata?: Society during the Karkota period appeared unequal, with merchant communities holding significant influence. Materialism was common among elites, prostitution received state patronage, and practices like Sati and the Devadasi system were prevalent.
  • What role did the Vishnudharmottara Purana play in the Karkota polity?: The Vishnudharmottara Purana served similar purposes to the Nilamata Purana within the Karkota polity, acting as a local and contemporary source that contributed to the dynasty's legitimacy and cultural narrative.

Dynastic Transition and Legacy

The Karkota dynasty's rule concluded with the rise of the Gupta dynasty in 855 CE.

Answer: False

The Karkota dynasty's rule concluded around 855 CE with the establishment of the Utpala dynasty by Avanti Varman, not the Gupta dynasty.

Related Concepts:

  • When did Karkota dynasty officially end?: The Karkota dynasty's rule concluded around 855 CE, with the establishment of the Utpala dynasty.
  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.
  • How did the Karkota dynasty's rule conclude?: The Karkota dynasty's rule ended in 855 CE when Avanti Varman ascended the throne, establishing the Utpala dynasty.

The Utpala dynasty succeeded the Karkota dynasty, established by Avanti Varman in 855 CE.

Answer: True

The Utpala dynasty, founded by Avanti Varman in 855 CE, succeeded the Karkota dynasty, marking a transition in Kashmiri rule.

Related Concepts:

  • Which dynasty succeeded the Karkota dynasty in Kashmir?: The Utpala dynasty succeeded the Karkota dynasty, with Avanti Varman establishing it in 855 CE.
  • How did the Karkota dynasty's rule conclude?: The Karkota dynasty's rule ended in 855 CE when Avanti Varman ascended the throne, establishing the Utpala dynasty.
  • When did Karkota dynasty officially end?: The Karkota dynasty's rule concluded around 855 CE, with the establishment of the Utpala dynasty.

Which dynasty succeeded the Karkota dynasty in Kashmir?

Answer: The Utpala dynasty

The Utpala dynasty succeeded the Karkota dynasty in Kashmir, established by Avanti Varman.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the Karkota dynasty, and during which period did it rule?: The Karkota dynasty was a ruling dynasty that governed the Kashmir valley and parts of the northern Indian subcontinent from approximately 625 to 855 CE. Their reign marked a time of political expansion, economic growth, and Kashmir's rise as a cultural and scholarly hub.
  • Over which geographical areas did the Karkota dynasty primarily exert its influence?: The Karkota dynasty primarily ruled over the Kashmir valley and extended its influence to some northern regions of the Indian subcontinent. Maps indicate their heartland was around Srinagar, with their empire reaching its maximum extent around 750 CE.
  • What is the relationship between the Alchon Huns and the establishment of the Karkota dynasty?: Scholars generally agree that the Karkota dynasty's establishment followed the rule of the Hunas, specifically the Alchon Huns, in the Kashmir region.

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