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The precise geographical location of Kazallu is definitively documented and known to contemporary scholars.
Answer: False
Despite various proposed theories, the precise geographical location of Kazallu remains undetermined by contemporary scholarship, as indicated by multiple sources.
A tablet from Gudea of Lagash implies Kazallu's location was to the east of Mesopotamia.
Answer: False
A tablet from Gudea of Lagash indicates that Kazallu was situated to the *west* of Mesopotamia, in the land of Martu.
The Martu people were documented as facilitating transit between Ur and Kazallu.
Answer: False
A letter to Ibbi-Sin reports that the Martu people were actively *hindering* travel between Ur and Kazallu, not facilitating it.
Contemporary scholars have hypothesized that Kazallu could be situated in the vicinity of modern Azragiya on the Euphrates.
Answer: True
One of the alternative geographical suggestions made by researchers is that Kazallu is likely modern Azragiya on the Euphrates, 4 km northwest of Fallujah.
What is the current state of knowledge regarding the precise geographical location of the ancient city of Kazallu?
Answer: Its precise geographical location remains unknown to modern scholars.
The precise geographical location of Kazallu remains undetermined by contemporary scholarship, despite various proposed theories.
Based on a tablet from Gudea of Lagash, what was the indicated geographical location of Kazallu?
Answer: West of Mesopotamia in the land of Martu.
A tablet from Gudea of Lagash indicates that Kazallu was situated to the west of Mesopotamia, within the territory known as the land of Martu.
According to a letter addressed to Ibbi-Sîn, what was the impact of the Martu people on transit between Ur and Kazallu?
Answer: They actively hindered travel between the cities.
A letter to Ibbi-Sîn reports that the Martu people were actively obstructing travel between the cities of Ur and Kazallu.
What is a prominent modern scholarly hypothesis concerning Kazallu's geographical proximity to Babylon?
Answer: It was approximately 15 kilometers from Babylon, just west of the Euphrates.
One modern scholarly theory posits that Kazallu was located approximately 15 kilometers from Babylon, situated just west of the Euphrates River.
Based on texts from Drehem, what is the suggested geographical relationship between Kazallu and Girtab?
Answer: To the east of Girtab.
Texts from Drehem indicate that Kazallu was situated to the east of the city of Girtab.
What do Old Babylonian archival records indicate regarding the general region of Kazallu's location?
Answer: The area of Marad (modern Tell as-Sadoum).
Old Babylonian records propose that Kazallu was situated within the broader region of Marad, which is identified with the modern archaeological site of Tell as-Sadoum.
Which contemporary location has been proposed as a potential site for Kazallu, situated 4 km northwest of Fallujah?
Answer: Azragiya on the Euphrates
Researchers have suggested modern Azragiya on the Euphrates, located 4 km northwest of Fallujah, as a likely site for Kazallu.
Which of the following represents a proposed geographical location for Kazallu, situated approximately 15 km from Babylon?
Answer: Just west of the Euphrates.
Some modern scholars believe that Kazallu was located approximately 15 kilometers from Babylon, situated just west of the Euphrates River.
Sargon of Akkad secured a decisive military victory against Kazallu, resulting in the city's complete devastation.
Answer: True
Sargon of Akkad achieved a conclusive victory against Kazallu, under King Kashtubila, leading to the city being laid to waste, as described in a literary account.
The narrative detailing Sargon's destruction of Kazallu is regarded as a contemporary historical record from the 24th century BCE.
Answer: False
The account of Sargon's devastation of Kazallu is considered a literary composition, having been written a millennium or more after the events it describes, not a contemporary historical record.
Rimush, the second monarch of the Akkadian Empire, apprehended Ašarēd, the governor of Kazallu, during a period of rebellion.
Answer: True
Rimush's report on suppressing a revolt by Kazallu explicitly states that he captured Ašarēd, the governor of Kazallu.
During Manishtushu's reign, Kazallu exhibited no evidence of sustained activity, as it was absent from all contemporary inscriptions.
Answer: False
Land grant inscriptions from Manishtushu's reign mention feasts in Kazallu and refer to people from the city, indicating its continued activity.
Kazallu engaged in a significant rebellion against Naram-Sin, spearheaded by the city of Kish.
Answer: True
Kazallu is documented as having joined the 'great revolt' led by Kish against Naram-Sin, the fourth ruler of the Akkadian Empire.
Puzur-Numusda was the governor of Kazallu who suffered defeat at the hands of Rimush during the 'great revolt'.
Answer: False
Puzur-Numusda was the governor of Kazallu defeated by Naram-Sin during the 'great revolt,' while Ašarēd was the governor captured by Rimush during an earlier revolt.
What was the definitive result of the military conflict between Kazallu, led by King Kashtubila, and Sargon of Akkad?
Answer: Sargon's victory was so decisive that he laid the city to waste.
Sargon of Akkad achieved a conclusive victory against Kazallu, resulting in the city's utter devastation, as attested by a literary account.
What is the historical classification of the textual account that details Sargon's destruction of Kazallu?
Answer: It is a literary composition written a millennium or more after the events.
The narrative recounting Sargon's devastation of Kazallu was composed a millennium or more subsequent to the events it purports to describe, classifying it as a literary composition rather than a contemporaneous historical record.
How did Rimush, the second monarch of the Akkadian Empire, address a rebellion initiated by Kazallu?
Answer: He struck down 12,052 men, took 5,862 captives, captured the governor, and destroyed the city's wall.
Rimush's official report details his suppression of the Kazallu revolt, including significant casualties, captives, the capture of Governor Ašarēd, and the destruction of the city's wall.
What epigraphic evidence suggests sustained activity in Kazallu during the reign of Manishtushu?
Answer: Land grant inscriptions mentioning feasts and people from the city.
Land grant inscriptions from Manishtushu's reign document feasts occurring in Kazallu and reference individuals originating from the city, thereby signifying its continued vitality.
Against which Akkadian sovereign did Kazallu align itself in the 'great revolt' instigated by Kish?
Answer: Naram-Sin
Kazallu is documented as having joined the 'great revolt' led by Kish against Naram-Sin, the fourth ruler of the Akkadian Empire.
Who was the *ensi* (governor) of Kazallu vanquished by Naram-Sin during the 'great revolt'?
Answer: Puzur-Numusda
Naram-Sin's inscription explicitly mentions defeating Puzur-Numusda, who was the governor of Kazallu during the 'great revolt'.
During the reign of which Akkadian ruler were land grant inscriptions discovered that mention feasts in Kazallu, thereby signifying ongoing activity?
Answer: Manishtushu
Land grant inscriptions from the reign of Manishtushu, the third king of the Akkadian Empire, mention feasts taking place in Kazallu, indicating its continued activity.
The narrative recounting Sargon's devastation of Kazallu is classified as a literary composition due to its composition date:
Answer: A millennium or more after the events it describes.
The story detailing Sargon's devastation of Kazallu is considered a literary composition because it was written a millennium or more after the events it describes, not as a contemporary historical record.
Who was the monarch of Kazallu who engaged in military conflict against Sargon of Akkad?
Answer: Kashtubila
Under its king Kashtubila, Kazallu engaged in warfare against Sargon of Akkad.
Which city spearheaded the 'great revolt' against Naram-Sin, in which Kazallu participated?
Answer: Kish
Kazallu joined the 'great revolt' led by Kish against Naram-Sin, the fourth ruler of the Akkadian Empire.
Prior to the Ur III period, Kazallu was under the suzerainty of the ascendant power of Ur.
Answer: False
Before the Ur III period, Kazallu was briefly under the control of Elam, specifically under Puzur-Inshushinak, before Elam fell to Ur.
Ur-Nammu, the inaugural ruler of the Ur III empire, asserted that he had secured the liberation of Kazallu and other cities from Anšan.
Answer: True
Ur-Nammu, the first ruler of the Ur III empire, explicitly stated that he 'established their freedom' for Kazallu and other cities, implying their prior oppression by Anšan.
Under the Ur III empire, Kazallu was directly administered by the central authority of Ur, bypassing local governance.
Answer: False
During the Ur III empire, Kazallu was administered by *ensi*, who were local governors appointed by the central authority, rather than being governed directly.
Ititi, Izariq, and Kallamu are documented as *ensi* (governors) of Kazallu during the Ur III period.
Answer: True
Several governors of Kazallu are known by name during the Ur III period, including Ititi, Izariq, and Kallamu, as documented in year names.
Ibbi-Sin's correspondence to Puzur-Numušda I, the governor of Kazallu, commended Girbubu for his effective resistance against Ishbi-Erra.
Answer: False
Ibbi-Sin's letter to Puzur-Numušda I complained that Girbubu was *not* doing enough to oppose Ishbi-Erra, rather than praising him.
A letter addressed to Ibbi-Sin indicated a substantial decrease in grain prices in Isin and Kazallu, attributed to an ample supply.
Answer: False
A letter to Ibbi-Sin reported that grain prices in Isin and Kazallu had risen to one *gur* per shekel, indicating scarcity, not abundance.
Qīšum is identified as a monarch of Kazallu during the Old Babylonian period.
Answer: False
Qīšum is identified as an *ensi*, or governor, of Kazallu, not a king, and the context of his mention is related to Ur III period administration.
What was the political condition of Kazallu immediately preceding the Ur III period?
Answer: It was under the control of Elam.
Prior to the Ur III period, Kazallu was briefly under the control of Elam, specifically under Puzur-Inshushinak.
What specific action did Ur-Nammu, the inaugural ruler of the Ur III empire, assert concerning Kazallu?
Answer: He established their freedom for Kazallu and other cities from Anšan.
Ur-Nammu explicitly stated that he 'established their freedom' for Kazallu and other cities, implying their prior subjugation by Anšan.
What was the administrative framework for Kazallu during the Ur III empire?
Answer: By ensi, who were local governors appointed by the central authority.
During the Ur III empire, Kazallu was administered by *ensi*, local governors appointed by the central authority of Ur.
Which of the following individuals is documented as an *ensi* (governor) of Kazallu during the Ur III period?
Answer: Kallamu
Kallamu is explicitly listed as one of the known governors of Kazallu during the Ur III period, appointed in Shulgi's 43rd year.
What was the primary content of Ibbi-Sin's letter to Puzur-Numušda I, the governor of Kazallu?
Answer: Complaining that Girbubu was not doing enough to oppose Ishbi-Erra.
Ibbi-Sin's letter to Puzur-Numušda I expressed dissatisfaction that Girbubu, the governor of Girkal, was inadequately resisting Ishbi-Erra.
As per a letter dispatched to Ibbi-Sin, what was the prevailing condition of grain prices in Isin and Kazallu?
Answer: Grain prices had risen to one gur per shekel, and 20 talents of silver had been spent.
A letter to Ibbi-Sin reported that grain prices in Isin and Kazallu had escalated to one *gur* per shekel, with 20 talents of silver already expended for grain acquisition.
Who was Qīšum, as referenced in the 'Further reading' section of the provided material?
Answer: An ensi, or governor, of Kazallu.
The 'Further reading' section identifies Qīšum as an *ensi*, or governor, of Kazallu.
What was the reported grain price in the letter to Ibbi-Sin concerning the expedition to Isin and Kazallu?
Answer: One gur per shekel.
A letter to Ibbi-Sin reported that grain prices in Isin and Kazallu had risen to one *gur* per shekel.
According to the letter to Ibbi-Sin, what was the principal motivation for the Martu's incursion into the country's interior?
Answer: To capture many major fortresses.
A letter to Ibbi-Sin reported that the Martus had entered the country's interior, capturing many major fortresses, indicating a military objective.
What implication did Ur-Nammu convey regarding Kazallu and other cities when he declared he 'established their freedom'?
Answer: They had been oppressed by Anšan.
Ur-Nammu's statement that he 'established their freedom' for Kazallu and other cities implies their prior subjugation or oppression by Anšan.
What was the fate of Elam's suzerainty over Kazallu immediately preceding the Ur III period?
Answer: Elam fell to the rising power of Ur, ending its control over Kazallu.
Kazallu was briefly under Elamite control before Elam itself fell to the rising power of Ur, marking the beginning of the Ur III empire and ending Elam's control.
Which of the following individuals is NOT documented as an *ensi* (governor) of Kazallu during the Ur III period?
Answer: Ašarēd
Ititi, Šu-Mama, and Apillaša are listed as governors of Kazallu during the Ur III period. Ašarēd was a governor during the Akkadian period, defeated by Rimush.
Kazallu is infrequently referenced in records from the Isin-Larsa period, implying an era of tranquility.
Answer: False
During the Isin-Larsa period, Kazallu is frequently mentioned in records of conflicts, indicating a period of instability rather than peace.
Warad-Sin's second regnal year name records the demolition of Kazallu's city wall.
Answer: True
Warad-Sin's second year name explicitly states: 'Year the city wall of Kazallu was destroyed and the army of Mutibal occupying Larsa was smitten by weapons.'
Kudur-Mabuk, the ruler of Larsa, suffered defeat at the hands of Kazallu's military forces.
Answer: False
Kudur-Mabuk, the ruler of Larsa, reported successfully repelling the forces of Kazallu, indicating he was victorious, not defeated.
Erra-imitti, a sovereign of Isin, asserted responsibility for the destruction of Kazallu.
Answer: True
Erra-imitti, a ruler of Isin, is documented as having claimed the destruction of Kazallu.
Rīm-Anum of Uruk claimed a military triumph over a coalition comprising Kazallu, Emutbal, Esznunna, and Isin.
Answer: True
Rīm-Anum of Uruk recorded in a year name his victory over the combined forces of Emutbal, Esznunna, Isin, and Kazallu.
Sumu-El's regnal year names document several military successes against Kazallu.
Answer: True
Sumu-El's 4th and 15th year names both record military victories against Kazallu and its army.
What is the frequency of Kazallu's appearance in historical records during the Isin-Larsa period?
Answer: It is frequently mentioned in records of conflicts from that era.
Throughout the Isin-Larsa period, Kazallu is recurrently documented in the annals of military conflicts, indicating its active role in the era's instability.
What specific military engagement involving Kazallu is recorded in Warad-Sin's second regnal year name?
Answer: The destruction of Kazallu's city wall and the defeat of the army of Mutibal.
Warad-Sin's second year name explicitly records the destruction of Kazallu's city wall and the defeat of the army of Mutibal, indicating a significant military engagement.
What was the outcome of Kudur-Mabuk's, the ruler of Larsa, military engagements with forces from Kazallu?
Answer: He successfully repelled the forces of Kazallu.
Kudur-Mabuk, the ruler of Larsa, reported successfully repelling the forces of Kazallu, indicating his military success against them.
Which sovereign of Isin asserted responsibility for the destruction of Kazallu?
Answer: Erra-imitti
Erra-imitti, a ruler of Isin, is documented as having claimed the destruction of Kazallu.
Rīm-Anum of Uruk asserted a military triumph over a coalition that incorporated which of the following entities?
Answer: Emutbal, Esznunna, Isin, and Kazallu
Rīm-Anum of Uruk recorded his victory over a combined force comprising Emutbal, Esznunna, Isin, and Kazallu.
Sumu-El's 4th regnal year name documents which specific event pertaining to Kazallu?
Answer: The defeat of Kazallu and the destruction of Akusum.
Sumu-El's 4th year name records: 'Year Akusum was destroyed and the army of Kazallu was smitten by weapons,' indicating a defeat for Kazallu.
As documented in Warad-Sin's second regnal year name, what was the fate of Kazallu's city wall?
Answer: It was destroyed.
Warad-Sin's second year name explicitly states: 'Year the city wall of Kazallu was destroyed and the army of Mutibal occupying Larsa was smitten by weapons.'
What specific event concerning Kazallu did Sumu-El's 15th regnal year name document?
Answer: A victory against the army of Kazallu and its king.
Sumu-El's 15th year name reports: 'Year Sumuel the king defeated with his weapons the army of Kazallu and his king,' indicating a military victory.
Numushda was recognized as the patron deity of Kazallu, with Namrat serving as his consort.
Answer: True
Textual evidence confirms Numushda as the patron god of Kazallu and Namrat as his consort, with their statues being brought into the city by Sin-Iqisham.
The Sumerian literary composition 'Lament for Sumer and Ur' portrays Kazallu as a flourishing urban center that evaded devastation.
Answer: False
The 'Lament for Sumer and Ur' describes Kazallu as a 'city of teeming multitudes' thrown into confusion and desolation, with its patron god leaving and its orchards scorched.
Shulgi's 12th regnal year name commemorates the demolition of Kazallu's principal temple.
Answer: False
Shulgi's 12th year name commemorates the event: 'Year Numushda of Kazallu was brought into his temple,' indicating a religious dedication, not destruction.
Sin-Iqisham's regnal year name documents the creation and dedication of cultic statues for Numuszda, Namrat, and Lugal-apiak within Kazallu.
Answer: True
A year name of Sin-Iqisham records that he 'made (statues) of / for Numuszda, Namrat and Lugal-apiak and brought them into the city of Kazallu,' indicating a religious dedication.
Which deity was formally recognized as the patron god of Kazallu?
Answer: Numushda
Numushda is explicitly identified as the patron god of Kazallu, with Namrat as his consort.
In the Sumerian literary composition 'Lament for Sumer and Ur,' how is Kazallu characterized?
Answer: As a city of teeming multitudes thrown into confusion and desolation.
The 'Lament for Sumer and Ur' describes Kazallu as a 'city of teeming multitudes' that was thrown into confusion, with its patron god leaving and its orchards scorched.
What notable event pertaining to Kazallu is commemorated in Shulgi's 12th regnal year name?
Answer: Year Numushda of Kazallu was brought into his temple.
Shulgi's 12th year name records the event: 'Year Numushda of Kazallu was brought into his temple,' indicating a religious or political act involving the city's patron deity.
What cultic actions did Sin-Iqisham undertake concerning the deities of Kazallu, as documented in his regnal year name?
Answer: He made statues of / for Numuszda, Namrat and Lugal-apiak and brought them into the city of Kazallu.
Sin-Iqisham's year name records his act of creating and bringing statues of Numuszda, Namrat, and Lugal-apiak into the city of Kazallu, signifying a religious dedication.
Which of the following was NOT a deity formally associated with Kazallu?
Answer: Ishbi-Erra
Numushda, Namrat, and Lugal-awak are identified as deities associated with Kazallu. Ishbi-Erra was a ruler of Isin, not a deity.
As depicted in the 'Lament for Sumer and Ur,' what was the salient characteristic of Kazallu's riverbed?
Answer: Empty, indicating a lack of water.
The 'Lament for Sumer and Ur' describes Kazallu's desolation, including an empty riverbed and a lack of water.
As described in the 'Lament for Sumer and Ur,' what was the state of Kazallu's orchards?
Answer: Scorched.
The 'Lament for Sumer and Ur' details Kazallu's desolation, explicitly mentioning scorched orchards.
As per the 'Lament for Sumer and Ur,' what was the fate of Numucda, Kazallu's patron deity?
Answer: He left the city.
The 'Lament for Sumer and Ur' recounts Numucda, Kazallu's patron god, leaving the city amidst its destruction.
Kazallu maintained its presence in historical records significantly beyond the collapse of the Old Babylonian Empire.
Answer: False
Kazallu ceases to appear in historical records following the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire, which occurred around 1595 BCE.
Prior to its ultimate subjugation by Babylon, Kazallu functioned as a vassal state within a larger imperial structure.
Answer: False
Before its ultimate subjugation by Babylon, Kazallu briefly functioned as an independent city-state, not a vassal state.
The ultimate destruction of Kazallu is ascribed to the Babylonian ruler Hammurabi.
Answer: False
The 13th year name of Babylonian ruler Sumu-abum explicitly states that he seized/destroyed Kazallu, not Hammurabi.
At what historical period did Kazallu cease to be referenced in extant historical records?
Answer: Following the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire.
Kazallu disappears from historical records subsequent to the collapse of the Old Babylonian Empire, around 1595 BCE.
What was the political condition of Kazallu immediately prior to its ultimate subjugation by Babylon?
Answer: It briefly functioned as an independent city-state.
Prior to its eventual conquest by Babylon, Kazallu briefly operated as an autonomous city-state.
Which Babylonian monarch is explicitly attributed with the ultimate destruction of Kazallu?
Answer: Sumu-abum
The 13th year name of Babylonian ruler Sumu-abum explicitly states: 'Year Sumu-abum seized/destroyed Kazallu,' marking its final recorded destruction.
What is the approximate date for the collapse of the Old Babylonian Empire, subsequent to which Kazallu ceases to appear in historical records?
Answer: Around 1595 BC
The city of Kazallu disappears from historical records following the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire, which occurred around 1595 BCE.