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Total Categories: 6
The Kingdom of Hungary between 1920 and 1946 was primarily known as the Horthy Republic.
Answer: False
The period from 1920 to 1946 in Hungary is commonly referred to as the Regency or the Horthy era, reflecting the governance under Regent Miklós Horthy, rather than a formal 'Horthy Republic'.
Miklós Horthy served as the King of Hungary for the majority of the period between 1920 and 1946.
Answer: False
Miklós Horthy served as the Regent of Hungary, not as King, during the period from 1920 to 1944. Hungary maintained the legal status of a kingdom but lacked a reigning monarch.
Horthy established a democratic system based on universal suffrage upon coming to power.
Answer: False
Upon assuming power, Horthy established an authoritarian regime, not a democratic system. While a parliament existed, Horthy held significant dictatorial powers, including the ability to dissolve the legislature.
In 1921, the Hungarian Diet formally dethroned Charles IV and abolished the rights of the House of Habsburg to the Hungarian throne.
Answer: True
Following Charles IV's unsuccessful attempts to reclaim the throne in 1921, the Hungarian Diet passed legislation formally dethroning him and permanently excluding the Habsburg dynasty from the Hungarian throne.
As Regent, Miklós Horthy lacked the authority to dissolve the Hungarian Diet.
Answer: False
As Regent, Miklós Horthy possessed significant executive authority, including the power to dissolve the Hungarian Diet at his discretion, which was a key feature of his authoritarian rule.
Historians generally agree that Hungary's regime between 1930 and 1944 was a fully developed fascist state.
Answer: False
While Hungary's regime under Horthy exhibited authoritarian, nationalist, and anti-communist characteristics, often described as para-fascist, historians debate whether it constituted a 'fully developed fascist state' in the same vein as Germany or Italy. Its specific political and economic structures differed.
The term 'Regency' refers to the period when Hungary was ruled by a democratically elected president after the monarchy was abolished.
Answer: False
The term 'Regency' refers to the period when Miklós Horthy served as Regent, representing an absent monarch, within a constitutional framework that maintained the monarchy's legal status. It was not a republic led by an elected president.
The concept of a 'monarchy without a king' meant Hungary had no constitutional framework during the Horthy era.
Answer: False
The 'monarchy without a king' described a constitutional framework where the monarchical functions were performed by a Regent (Horthy), maintaining the legal structure of a kingdom even without a reigning monarch.
István Deák described Hungary between 1919 and 1944 as a leftist state opposing Bolshevism.
Answer: False
Historian István Deák characterized Hungary between 1919 and 1944 as a rightist country, emphasizing its 'nationalist Christian' policies and opposition to Bolshevism, cosmopolitanism, and Freemasonry, rather than describing it as a leftist state.
The 'White Terror' referred to a period of communist purges against anti-communist elements after World War I.
Answer: False
The 'White Terror' in Hungary following World War I was characterized by violent purges carried out by anti-communist and monarchist elements against perceived leftist sympathizers and communists, not the other way around.
The Horthy regime is sometimes described by historians as para-fascist due to its conservative, nationalist, and anti-communist character.
Answer: True
The Horthy regime's authoritarian, nationalist, conservative, and anti-communist orientation has led many historians to classify it as para-fascist.
Which of the following was a common description for the Kingdom of Hungary between 1920 and 1946?
Answer: The Regency or Horthy era
The period of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1920 to 1946 is commonly referred to as the Regency or the Horthy era, denoting the governance under Regent Miklós Horthy.
Who was the central figure acting as Regent in Hungary for most of the period from 1920 to 1946?
Answer: Miklós Horthy
Miklós Horthy served as the Regent of Hungary for the majority of the period between 1920 and 1944, acting as the head of state in the absence of a monarch.
What type of political system did Miklós Horthy establish?
Answer: An authoritarian system
Miklós Horthy established an authoritarian political system characterized by centralized power and limited democratic freedoms, often described as para-fascist.
What was the outcome of the attempts by former King Charles IV to reclaim the Hungarian throne in 1921?
Answer: He was arrested and exiled after the Royal Hungarian Army remained loyal to Horthy.
Former King Charles IV made two attempts to reclaim the throne in 1921. Both failed due to the loyalty of the Hungarian Army to Regent Horthy, resulting in Charles's arrest and exile.
What significant action did the Hungarian Diet take regarding the Habsburg dynasty in November 1921?
Answer: They nullified the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, dethroning Charles IV.
In November 1921, the Hungarian Diet passed legislation that nullified the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, thereby formally dethroning Charles IV and permanently ending the Habsburg claim to the Hungarian throne.
Which of the following powers did Horthy possess as Regent?
Answer: The ability to dissolve the Diet at will.
As Regent, Miklós Horthy held significant executive powers, including the authority to dissolve the Hungarian Diet, which underscored the authoritarian nature of his rule.
Historians debate whether Hungary's regime in the 1930s and 1940s could be classified within international fascism, citing factors like:
Answer: Its economic dependence on Germany, antisemitic laws, and participation in the Holocaust.
Factors such as economic dependence on Germany, discriminatory antisemitic legislation, and participation in the Holocaust are cited by historians when debating Hungary's classification within the broader context of international fascism during this period.
The term 'Regency' for the Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946) signifies:
Answer: The rule of Miklós Horthy as Regent, representing an absent monarch.
The 'Regency' refers to the period when Miklós Horthy served as Regent, exercising the powers of the head of state in a kingdom that legally retained its monarchical status but had no reigning king.
The description 'monarchy without a king' for Hungary (1920-1946) refers to:
Answer: A constitutional monarchy where the monarchical functions were performed by a Regent.
The term 'monarchy without a king' describes Hungary's constitutional status from 1920 to 1946, where Miklós Horthy served as Regent, fulfilling the role of head of state within a monarchical framework.
According to historian István Deák, Hungary between 1919 and 1944 was characterized by:
Answer: A 'nationalist Christian' policy opposing Bolshevism and cosmopolitanism.
István Deák described Hungary during this period as a rightist state with a 'nationalist Christian' policy, characterized by opposition to Bolshevism and cosmopolitanism, and centered around Admiral Horthy.
What was the motto of the Kingdom of Hungary during the period 1920-1946?
Answer: Regnum Mariae Patrona Hungariae
The motto of the Kingdom of Hungary during this period was *Regnum Mariae Patrona Hungariae*, translating to 'Kingdom of Mary, the Patron of Hungary'.
What was the 'White Terror' in Hungary following World War I?
Answer: Violent purges by anti-communists and monarchists against leftists and Jews.
The 'White Terror' refers to the period of violent reprisals and purges conducted by counter-revolutionary forces against communists, socialists, and other perceived leftist elements in Hungary between 1919 and 1920.
What does the term *Magyar Királyság* refer to?
Answer: The Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946)
*Magyar Királyság* is the Hungarian name for the Kingdom of Hungary, specifically referring to the state that existed from 1920 to 1946 during the Horthy Regency.
The Treaty of Trianon resulted in Hungary losing less than half of its territory and population.
Answer: False
The Treaty of Trianon resulted in Hungary losing approximately two-thirds of its pre-war territory and over three million ethnic Hungarians, a far greater proportion than 'less than half'.
Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia were among the nations that gained territory from Hungary due to the Treaty of Trianon.
Answer: True
The Treaty of Trianon transferred significant territories from Hungary to Czechoslovakia (Upper Hungary), Romania (Transylvania), and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia, including Vojvodina).
The Treaty of Trianon led to Hungary losing vital agricultural and industrial regions, increasing its economic dependence on exports.
Answer: True
The Treaty of Trianon resulted in the loss of significant agricultural lands and industrial centers, fundamentally altering Hungary's economic structure and increasing its reliance on foreign trade.
Which treaty significantly reduced Hungary's territory and population after World War I?
Answer: The Treaty of Trianon
The Treaty of Trianon, signed in 1920, imposed severe territorial concessions on Hungary, drastically reducing its size and population.
According to the Treaty of Trianon, which country gained Transylvania from Hungary?
Answer: Romania
The Treaty of Trianon assigned the region of Transylvania, historically part of Hungary, to Romania.
What were the primary economic consequences for Hungary following the Treaty of Trianon?
Answer: Loss of significant agricultural and industrial areas, increasing export dependence.
The Treaty of Trianon resulted in Hungary losing crucial agricultural and industrial regions, which severely impacted its economy and led to increased dependence on exports for sustenance.
The Treaty of Trianon led to Hungary losing significant territories, including:
Answer: Transylvania to Romania and Upper Hungary to Czechoslovakia.
The Treaty of Trianon resulted in Hungary ceding substantial territories, most notably Transylvania to Romania and Upper Hungary (Slovakia) to Czechoslovakia.
Hungary's main foreign policy goal during the Horthy era was to maintain the territorial status quo established after World War I.
Answer: False
Hungary's primary foreign policy objective during the Horthy era was revisionism, actively seeking to overturn the territorial losses imposed by the Treaty of Trianon, not to maintain the status quo.
In the late 1930s, Hungary aligned itself with France and Great Britain to revise the Treaty of Trianon.
Answer: False
In the late 1930s, Hungary increasingly aligned itself with Germany and Italy, powers that supported revision of the post-WWI treaties, rather than France and Great Britain, who were more inclined to uphold the existing order.
Hungary regained territory from Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia through the First and Second Vienna Awards.
Answer: True
Through diplomatic arbitration facilitated by Germany and Italy, known as the First and Second Vienna Awards, Hungary regained territories previously lost to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
The Second Vienna Award in 1940 resulted in Hungary regaining control of Upper Hungary (Slovakia).
Answer: False
The Second Vienna Award in 1940 granted Hungary Northern Transylvania from Romania, not Upper Hungary (Slovakia). Upper Hungary had been assigned to Czechoslovakia by the Treaty of Trianon.
István Bethlen's government focused its efforts on revising the Treaty of Trianon.
Answer: True
A central tenet of István Bethlen's premiership was the pursuit of revising the Treaty of Trianon, aiming to regain territories lost after World War I through diplomatic means.
Hungary's relationship with Nazi Germany remained distant and uninvolved after 1938.
Answer: False
Following 1938, Hungary's relationship with Nazi Germany intensified, characterized by increasing economic dependence and alignment in foreign policy, culminating in participation in World War II alongside the Axis powers.
In 1941, the Kingdom of Hungary had regained significant territory, reaching an area of approximately 172,149 km².
Answer: True
By 1941, through territorial revisions and participation in the invasion of Yugoslavia, Hungary had expanded its territory significantly, reaching approximately 172,149 km².
What was the dominant foreign policy objective of Hungary during the Horthy era?
Answer: Revising the territorial losses imposed by the Treaty of Trianon
The primary foreign policy objective of Hungary under Horthy was revisionism, aiming to regain territories lost through the Treaty of Trianon.
Hungary's foreign policy shift in the late 1930s involved aligning with which powers?
Answer: Germany and Italy
In the late 1930s, Hungary's foreign policy shifted towards closer alignment with Germany and Italy, seeking their support for revising the Treaty of Trianon.
Which territorial gain did Hungary achieve through the Second Vienna Award in 1940?
Answer: Northern Transylvania
The Second Vienna Award in 1940, arbitrated by Germany and Italy, resulted in Hungary regaining Northern Transylvania from Romania.
What territorial revision did Hungary achieve through the First Vienna Award?
Answer: Southern Czechoslovakia
The First Vienna Award in 1938, arbitrated by Germany and Italy, resulted in Hungary regaining southern parts of Czechoslovakia (Felvidék).
What was the primary goal of István Bethlen's government concerning the Treaty of Trianon?
Answer: To seek revision and regain lost territories.
István Bethlen's government actively pursued the revision of the Treaty of Trianon, aiming to restore Hungary's pre-war territorial integrity.
What was the political and economic status of Hungary in relation to Nazi Germany after 1938?
Answer: Hungary became increasingly economically dependent and followed Germany's agenda.
After 1938, Hungary's political and economic alignment with Nazi Germany grew significantly, leading to increased economic dependence and adherence to Germany's foreign policy objectives.
In 1941, the Kingdom of Hungary's size (172,149 km²) reflected:
Answer: Territorial gains from the Vienna Awards and participation in the invasion of Yugoslavia.
The area of 172,149 km² in 1941 reflected Hungary's territorial gains through the Vienna Awards and its participation in the invasion of Yugoslavia, partially reversing the losses from the Treaty of Trianon.
How did Hungary attempt to revise the Treaty of Trianon in the interwar period?
Answer: By aligning with Germany and Italy to challenge the post-WWI order.
Hungary pursued revision of the Treaty of Trianon primarily by aligning itself with Germany and Italy, powers that sought to overturn the post-World War I international order.
Hungary officially joined the Axis powers in 1941 after declaring war on the Soviet Union.
Answer: False
Hungary had already joined the Axis powers in November 1940. The declaration of war on the Soviet Union occurred in June 1941, following the German invasion.
Germany occupied Hungary in March 1944 because Hungary refused to participate in Operation Barbarossa.
Answer: False
Germany occupied Hungary in March 1944 (Operation Margarethe) due to concerns about Hungary's potential withdrawal from the war and its attempts to seek an armistice with the Allies, not because it refused to participate in Operation Barbarossa, which had occurred years earlier.
Following Operation Panzerfaust in October 1944, Miklós Horthy was replaced by Ferenc Szálasi as the sole head of state.
Answer: False
Operation Panzerfaust led to Horthy's deposition, but Ferenc Szálasi was installed as Prime Minister and 'Leader of the Nation,' heading a puppet regime. Horthy was not replaced by Szálasi as the 'sole head of state' in a constitutional sense, but rather Szálasi assumed dictatorial powers.
Between May and June 1944, hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews were transported to Nazi concentration camps.
Answer: True
During May and June 1944, following the German occupation, Hungarian authorities facilitated the rapid deportation of approximately 437,000 Hungarian Jews to Nazi extermination camps, primarily Auschwitz.
The Hungarian Second Army Group achieved a major victory during the Battle of Stalingrad.
Answer: False
The Hungarian Second Army Group suffered catastrophic losses and was virtually annihilated during the Battle of Stalingrad, marking a significant defeat rather than a victory.
Hungary opposed the invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941 and did not allow German troops passage.
Answer: False
Hungary supported the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941, allowing German troops passage and subsequently annexing territory from the defeated country.
Hungary declared war on the Soviet Union in June 1941 primarily to reclaim territories lost in the Treaty of Trianon.
Answer: False
While territorial revision was a constant goal, Hungary's declaration of war on the Soviet Union in June 1941 was motivated by fears of Romanian shifts in allegiance and support for Germany's Operation Barbarossa, rather than solely by a direct desire to reclaim Trianon territories from the USSR.
Operation Panzerfaust in October 1944 aimed to remove Ferenc Szálasi and restore Miklós Horthy to power.
Answer: False
Operation Panzerfaust was a German-orchestrated coup that aimed to depose Miklós Horthy and install Ferenc Szálasi, the leader of the Arrow Cross Party, as the head of a pro-Nazi government, not to restore Horthy.
Ferenc Szálasi led a government that continued the war alongside the Axis powers after October 1944.
Answer: True
Following his installation by the Germans in October 1944, Ferenc Szálasi led the Hungarist regime, which continued to fight alongside the Axis powers until the final collapse of the war.
Between 1944 and 1945, Hungary was solely under Soviet control without any German influence.
Answer: False
The period between 1944 and 1945 saw Hungary under German occupation initially, followed by the advance of Soviet forces and the establishment of a Soviet-influenced transitional government. It was not solely under Soviet control, nor was German influence entirely absent until the final defeat.
What event prompted Germany to occupy Hungary in March 1944?
Answer: Hungary's attempt to negotiate an armistice with the Allies.
Germany occupied Hungary in March 1944 (Operation Margarethe) primarily because Hungary was attempting to negotiate an armistice with the Allied powers, raising concerns about its loyalty to the Axis.
Who became the 'Leader of the Nation' and Prime Minister after Germany deposed Miklós Horthy in October 1944?
Answer: Ferenc Szálasi
Following the German-orchestrated deposition of Miklós Horthy in October 1944, Ferenc Szálasi of the Arrow Cross Party was installed as the 'Leader of the Nation' and Prime Minister.
What was the fate of the Hungarian Second Army Group during the Battle of Stalingrad?
Answer: It was almost entirely lost.
The Hungarian Second Army Group suffered devastating losses during the Battle of Stalingrad, with its forces being virtually annihilated by the Soviet counteroffensive.
What action did Hungary take regarding the invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941?
Answer: It supported the invasion by allowing German troop passage and annexing territory.
Hungary supported the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941 by granting passage to German troops and subsequently annexing territories, notably the Bačka region.
Why did Hungary declare war on the Soviet Union in June 1941?
Answer: Due to fears of Romanian shifts in allegiance and to support Germany's Operation Barbarossa.
Hungary declared war on the Soviet Union in June 1941 partly out of concern over potential Romanian realignment and to support Germany's invasion during Operation Barbarossa.
What was Operation Panzerfaust in October 1944?
Answer: A German operation to install Ferenc Szálasi and depose Miklós Horthy.
Operation Panzerfaust was a German military operation in October 1944 that forcibly removed Regent Miklós Horthy and installed Ferenc Szálasi and the Arrow Cross Party in power.
What was the 'Hungarist state' established in late 1944?
Answer: A puppet regime led by Ferenc Szálasi, continuing the war for the Axis.
The 'Hungarist state' was a puppet regime established by Nazi Germany after deposing Horthy, led by Ferenc Szálasi of the Arrow Cross Party, which continued the war effort on behalf of the Axis powers.
What characterized Hungary's political structure between 1944 and 1945?
Answer: A period of German occupation followed by a Soviet-backed transitional government.
Between 1944 and 1945, Hungary experienced German occupation under the Szálasi regime, followed by the advance of Soviet forces and the establishment of a provisional government heavily influenced by the Soviet Union.
The *numerus clausus* law of 1920 was designed to increase the admission of minority students to universities.
Answer: False
The *numerus clausus* law of 1920 was enacted to restrict the admission of minority students, particularly Jewish students, to universities, ostensibly by limiting enrollment based on 'national, racial, and ethnic origin,' though later criteria shifted.
Hungary experienced continuous economic prosperity throughout the 1920s, unaffected by the Great Depression.
Answer: False
While Hungary achieved some economic stabilization and growth during the 1920s, this prosperity was severely disrupted by the onset of the Great Depression in 1929, which had significant negative impacts.
The Hungarian korona was replaced by the pengő in 1927.
Answer: True
In 1927, as part of economic stabilization efforts, the Hungarian currency was reformed, with the pengő replacing the previous korona.
István Bethlen's government stabilized the economy primarily through domestic austerity measures.
Answer: False
István Bethlen's government stabilized the economy primarily through securing substantial foreign loans and introducing a new currency (the pengő), rather than solely through domestic austerity.
Hungary's economic relationship with Germany became less significant after the mid-1930s.
Answer: False
From the mid-1930s onwards, Hungary's economic ties with Germany grew increasingly significant, leading to greater economic dependence on Germany.
After 1928, the *numerus clausus* law based university admissions primarily on racial origin.
Answer: False
While the *numerus clausus* law initially included provisions based on 'national, racial, and ethnic origin,' after 1928, the criteria were officially shifted to focus on social standing and class, although discriminatory practices persisted.
The failure of the Creditanstalt bank in Vienna had no significant impact on Hungary's economy.
Answer: False
The collapse of the Austrian Creditanstalt bank in 1931 was a major event in the European financial crisis and significantly contributed to the exacerbation of the Great Depression's effects on Hungary's economy.
In 1941, Roman Catholics constituted the largest religious group in Hungary, followed by Jews.
Answer: False
In 1941, Roman Catholics formed the largest religious group (55%), followed by Calvinists (19%) and Eastern Orthodox (11.6%). Jews constituted approximately 4.9% of the population.
The *numerus clausus* law, enacted in 1920, primarily targeted ethnic Hungarians seeking university admission.
Answer: False
The *numerus clausus* law primarily targeted minority groups, most notably Jewish students, by limiting their university admissions, rather than ethnic Hungarians.
The *numerus clausus* law enacted in 1920 primarily aimed to restrict the admission of which group to universities?
Answer: Jewish students
The *numerus clausus* law, enacted in 1920, was primarily used to limit the enrollment of Jewish students in Hungarian universities, reflecting prevailing antisemitic sentiments.
What was a key factor in Hungary's economic stabilization during the 1920s under Prime Minister István Bethlen?
Answer: Securing substantial foreign loans
István Bethlen's government achieved economic stabilization in the 1920s largely through the acquisition of significant foreign loans and the introduction of a new currency, the pengő.
What currency replaced the Hungarian korona in 1927?
Answer: The Pengő
In 1927, the Hungarian pengő was introduced as the new national currency, replacing the korona as part of a broader economic stabilization program.
Which of the following was a key method used by István Bethlen's government to stabilize Hungary's economy in the 1920s?
Answer: Securing significant foreign loans
István Bethlen's government stabilized Hungary's economy in the 1920s primarily through securing substantial foreign loans and introducing a new currency, the pengő.
How did Hungary's economic relationship with Germany evolve from the mid-1930s onwards?
Answer: Hungary's economy became increasingly dependent on Germany.
From the mid-1930s, Hungary's economic ties with Germany strengthened, leading to increased dependence on German markets and trade, particularly as political alignment grew.
After 1928, what criteria replaced racial origin for university admissions under the *numerus clausus* law?
Answer: Social standing and class
Following amendments after 1928, the *numerus clausus* law officially shifted its admission criteria from racial origin to social standing and class, although discriminatory practices continued.
The failure of the Creditanstalt bank in Vienna in 1929 contributed to:
Answer: The collapse of Hungary's prosperity during the Great Depression.
The failure of the Austrian Creditanstalt bank in 1931 was a significant event that exacerbated the global Great Depression, leading to a collapse of prosperity in Hungary and other European economies.
In 1941, what was the approximate percentage of Jews in Hungary's population?
Answer: 4.9%
In 1941, individuals identifying as Jewish constituted approximately 4.9% of Hungary's total population.
After the Szálasi regime collapsed in 1945, Hungary immediately transitioned into the Second Hungarian Republic.
Answer: False
Following the collapse of the Szálasi regime and the end of World War II, Hungary entered a transitional period. A provisional government was formed, and the Second Hungarian Republic was formally proclaimed on February 1, 1946, not immediately in 1945.
The monarchy was formally abolished in Hungary on February 1, 1946, replaced by the Second Hungarian Republic.
Answer: True
On February 1, 1946, the Hungarian monarchy was formally abolished, and the Second Hungarian Republic was established, marking a significant shift in the country's political structure.
The Hungarian Communist Party played a significant role in the High National Council established after World War II.
Answer: True
Following World War II, the Hungarian Communist Party, alongside other political factions, was instrumental in the formation and operation of the High National Council, which served as a collective head of state during the transitional period.
The *Magyar Állam* (Hungarian State) was the name adopted after World War II before the proclamation of the Second Hungarian Republic.
Answer: True
Following the collapse of the Szálasi regime and the end of the war, Hungary was referred to as the *Magyar Állam* (Hungarian State) under a provisional government before the formal establishment of the Second Hungarian Republic in 1946.
What form of government replaced the monarchy in Hungary on February 1, 1946?
Answer: The Second Hungarian Republic
On February 1, 1946, the monarchy was formally abolished in Hungary, and the Second Hungarian Republic was established.