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The Kurukh People: Culture, History, and Society

At a Glance

Title: The Kurukh People: Culture, History, and Society

Total Categories: 6

Category Stats

  • Kurukh Identity and Demographics: 6 flashcards, 8 questions
  • Kurukh Language and Linguistics: 6 flashcards, 7 questions
  • Kurukh History and Migration: 9 flashcards, 12 questions
  • Kurukh Social Structure and Governance: 13 flashcards, 15 questions
  • Kurukh Cultural Practices and Traditions: 8 flashcards, 9 questions
  • Kurukh Religious Beliefs and Practices: 8 flashcards, 8 questions

Total Stats

  • Total Flashcards: 50
  • True/False Questions: 30
  • Multiple Choice Questions: 29
  • Total Questions: 59

Instructions

Click the button to expand the instructions for how to use the Wiki2Web Teacher studio in order to print, edit, and export data about The Kurukh People: Culture, History, and Society

Welcome to Your Curriculum Command Center

This guide will turn you into a Wiki2web Studio power user. Let's unlock the features designed to give you back your weekends.

The Core Concept: What is a "Kit"?

Think of a Kit as your all-in-one digital lesson plan. It's a single, portable file that contains every piece of content for a topic: your subject categories, a central image, all your flashcards, and all your questions. The true power of the Studio is speed—once a kit is made (or you import one), you are just minutes away from printing an entire set of coursework.

Getting Started is Simple:

  • Create New Kit: Start with a clean slate. Perfect for a brand-new lesson idea.
  • Import & Edit Existing Kit: Load a .json kit file from your computer to continue your work or to modify a kit created by a colleague.
  • Restore Session: The Studio automatically saves your progress in your browser. If you get interrupted, you can restore your unsaved work with one click.

Step 1: Laying the Foundation (The Authoring Tools)

This is where you build the core knowledge of your Kit. Use the left-side navigation panel to switch between these powerful authoring modules.

⚙️ Kit Manager: Your Kit's Identity

This is the high-level control panel for your project.

  • Kit Name: Give your Kit a clear title. This will appear on all your printed materials.
  • Master Image: Upload a custom cover image for your Kit. This is essential for giving your content a professional visual identity, and it's used as the main graphic when you export your Kit as an interactive game.
  • Topics: Create the structure for your lesson. Add topics like "Chapter 1," "Vocabulary," or "Key Formulas." All flashcards and questions will be organized under these topics.

🃏 Flashcard Author: Building the Knowledge Blocks

Flashcards are the fundamental concepts of your Kit. Create them here to define terms, list facts, or pose simple questions.

  • Click "➕ Add New Flashcard" to open the editor.
  • Fill in the term/question and the definition/answer.
  • Assign the flashcard to one of your pre-defined topics.
  • To edit or remove a flashcard, simply use the ✏️ (Edit) or ❌ (Delete) icons next to any entry in the list.

✍️ Question Author: Assessing Understanding

Create a bank of questions to test knowledge. These questions are the engine for your worksheets and exams.

  • Click "➕ Add New Question".
  • Choose a Type: True/False for quick checks or Multiple Choice for more complex assessments.
  • To edit an existing question, click the ✏️ icon. You can change the question text, options, correct answer, and explanation at any time.
  • The Explanation field is a powerful tool: the text you enter here will automatically appear on the teacher's answer key and on the Smart Study Guide, providing instant feedback.

🔗 Intelligent Mapper: The Smart Connection

This is the secret sauce of the Studio. The Mapper transforms your content from a simple list into an interconnected web of knowledge, automating the creation of amazing study guides.

  • Step 1: Select a question from the list on the left.
  • Step 2: In the right panel, click on every flashcard that contains a concept required to answer that question. They will turn green, indicating a successful link.
  • The Payoff: When you generate a Smart Study Guide, these linked flashcards will automatically appear under each question as "Related Concepts."

Step 2: The Magic (The Generator Suite)

You've built your content. Now, with a few clicks, turn it into a full suite of professional, ready-to-use materials. What used to take hours of formatting and copying-and-pasting can now be done in seconds.

🎓 Smart Study Guide Maker

Instantly create the ultimate review document. It combines your questions, the correct answers, your detailed explanations, and all the "Related Concepts" you linked in the Mapper into one cohesive, printable guide.

📝 Worksheet & 📄 Exam Builder

Generate unique assessments every time. The questions and multiple-choice options are randomized automatically. Simply select your topics, choose how many questions you need, and generate:

  • A Student Version, clean and ready for quizzing.
  • A Teacher Version, complete with a detailed answer key and the explanations you wrote.

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Step 3: Saving and Collaborating

  • 💾 Export & Save Kit: This is your primary save function. It downloads the entire Kit (content, images, and all) to your computer as a single .json file. Use this to create permanent backups and share your work with others.
  • ➕ Import & Merge Kit: Combine your work. You can merge a colleague's Kit into your own or combine two of your lessons into a larger review Kit.

You're now ready to reclaim your time.

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Study Guide: The Kurukh People: Culture, History, and Society

Study Guide: The Kurukh People: Culture, History, and Society

Kurukh Identity and Demographics

The primary geographical concentration of the Kurukh people is situated within which major plateau region of India?

Answer: True

The Kurukh population is predominantly concentrated within the Chhotanagpur Plateau region of India, spanning states such as Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify the Kurukh people and delineate their primary geographical distribution.: The Kurukh, who self-identify as such and are also known by the exonyms Oraon and Dhangad, constitute a Dravidian-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their primary concentration is located within the Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjacent regions, notably in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.
  • In which Indian states do significant populations of the Kurukh people reside?: Significant populations of the Kurukh people are found in Jharkhand (approximately 1.7 million), Chhattisgarh (approximately 748,739), West Bengal (approximately 643,510), and Odisha (approximately 358,112). Smaller communities are also present in Bihar, Assam, and Tripura.
  • What are the principal theories regarding the origins and migration patterns of the Kurukh people?: Several hypotheses exist concerning the Kurukh origins. These include migration from the Konkan region to the Chota Nagpur Plateau by 100 CE, origins in Coorg (South India), or a migration from the Indus Valley Civilization post-2500 BCE. Another account suggests a path originating in Gujarat, moving through Kalinjar and Rohtasgarh before reaching Chotanagpur.

According to the 2011 census, the total population of the Kurukh people was approximately 1.7 million.

Answer: False

The 2011 census data indicates that the total population of the Kurukh people was approximately 3.8 million, not 1.7 million.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the approximate total population of the Kurukh people as recorded in the 2011 census?: According to the 2011 census data, the total population of the Kurukh people was approximately 3.8 million.
  • In which Indian states do significant populations of the Kurukh people reside?: Significant populations of the Kurukh people are found in Jharkhand (approximately 1.7 million), Chhattisgarh (approximately 748,739), West Bengal (approximately 643,510), and Odisha (approximately 358,112). Smaller communities are also present in Bihar, Assam, and Tripura.
  • Beyond India, in which other country is a notable population of Kurukh people documented?: A notable population of approximately 85,846 Kurukh people is recorded in Bangladesh.

The term "Oraon" is the self-designation used by the Kurukh people.

Answer: False

The Kurukh people refer to themselves as 'Kurukh.' The term 'Oraon' is an exonym, meaning it is a name given by an external group.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the Kurukh self-designation, and what is the etymological significance of the exonym "Oraon"?: The Kurukh people refer to themselves as 'Kurukh.' The term 'Oraon,' an exonym attributed to the neighboring Munda people, is understood to signify 'to roam'.
  • Identify the Kurukh people and delineate their primary geographical distribution.: The Kurukh, who self-identify as such and are also known by the exonyms Oraon and Dhangad, constitute a Dravidian-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their primary concentration is located within the Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjacent regions, notably in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.
  • How are clan names utilized by the Kurukh people, and what is their origin?: Clan names among the Kurukh are derived from various elements of the natural world, including plants, animals, and objects. These clan names also serve as surnames for the Oraon people.

The Kurukh people are also known as "Dhangad" in the state of Maharashtra.

Answer: True

In the state of Maharashtra, the Oraon people are recognized by the designation 'Dhangad'.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify the Kurukh people and delineate their primary geographical distribution.: The Kurukh, who self-identify as such and are also known by the exonyms Oraon and Dhangad, constitute a Dravidian-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their primary concentration is located within the Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjacent regions, notably in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.
  • What are the principal theories regarding the origins and migration patterns of the Kurukh people?: Several hypotheses exist concerning the Kurukh origins. These include migration from the Konkan region to the Chota Nagpur Plateau by 100 CE, origins in Coorg (South India), or a migration from the Indus Valley Civilization post-2500 BCE. Another account suggests a path originating in Gujarat, moving through Kalinjar and Rohtasgarh before reaching Chotanagpur.
  • In which Indian states do significant populations of the Kurukh people reside?: Significant populations of the Kurukh people are found in Jharkhand (approximately 1.7 million), Chhattisgarh (approximately 748,739), West Bengal (approximately 643,510), and Odisha (approximately 358,112). Smaller communities are also present in Bihar, Assam, and Tripura.

Which of the following states is NOT listed as having a significant population of the Kurukh people?

Answer: Gujarat

While Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal are noted for significant Kurukh populations, Gujarat is not listed as a primary state of residence.

Related Concepts:

  • In which Indian states do significant populations of the Kurukh people reside?: Significant populations of the Kurukh people are found in Jharkhand (approximately 1.7 million), Chhattisgarh (approximately 748,739), West Bengal (approximately 643,510), and Odisha (approximately 358,112). Smaller communities are also present in Bihar, Assam, and Tripura.
  • Identify the Kurukh people and delineate their primary geographical distribution.: The Kurukh, who self-identify as such and are also known by the exonyms Oraon and Dhangad, constitute a Dravidian-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their primary concentration is located within the Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjacent regions, notably in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.
  • What is the principal language spoken by the Kurukh people, and to which linguistic family does it belong?: The Kurukh people predominantly speak Kurukh as their native language. This language is a member of the Dravidian language family, a major group of languages indigenous to Southern India and parts of neighboring regions.

Based on the 2011 census, what was the approximate total population of the Kurukh people?

Answer: Approximately 3.8 million

According to the 2011 census data, the total population of the Kurukh people was approximately 3.8 million.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the approximate total population of the Kurukh people as recorded in the 2011 census?: According to the 2011 census data, the total population of the Kurukh people was approximately 3.8 million.
  • In which Indian states do significant populations of the Kurukh people reside?: Significant populations of the Kurukh people are found in Jharkhand (approximately 1.7 million), Chhattisgarh (approximately 748,739), West Bengal (approximately 643,510), and Odisha (approximately 358,112). Smaller communities are also present in Bihar, Assam, and Tripura.
  • Beyond India, in which other country is a notable population of Kurukh people documented?: A notable population of approximately 85,846 Kurukh people is recorded in Bangladesh.

The term "Oraon", an exonym for the Kurukh people, was given by which neighboring group and signifies what?

Answer: Munda people, meaning "to roam"

The term 'Oraon,' an exonym for the Kurukh, was bestowed by the neighboring Munda people and signifies 'to roam'.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the Kurukh self-designation, and what is the etymological significance of the exonym "Oraon"?: The Kurukh people refer to themselves as 'Kurukh.' The term 'Oraon,' an exonym attributed to the neighboring Munda people, is understood to signify 'to roam'.
  • Identify the Kurukh people and delineate their primary geographical distribution.: The Kurukh, who self-identify as such and are also known by the exonyms Oraon and Dhangad, constitute a Dravidian-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their primary concentration is located within the Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjacent regions, notably in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.
  • How are clan names utilized by the Kurukh people, and what is their origin?: Clan names among the Kurukh are derived from various elements of the natural world, including plants, animals, and objects. These clan names also serve as surnames for the Oraon people.

Which term is used in Maharashtra to refer to the Oraon people?

Answer: Dhangad

In the state of Maharashtra, the Oraon people are commonly referred to by the term 'Dhangad'.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the alternative designation used for the Oraon people in the state of Maharashtra?: In Maharashtra, the Oraon people are also known by the term 'Dhangad'.
  • What is the Kurukh self-designation, and what is the etymological significance of the exonym "Oraon"?: The Kurukh people refer to themselves as 'Kurukh.' The term 'Oraon,' an exonym attributed to the neighboring Munda people, is understood to signify 'to roam'.
  • Identify the Kurukh people and delineate their primary geographical distribution.: The Kurukh, who self-identify as such and are also known by the exonyms Oraon and Dhangad, constitute a Dravidian-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their primary concentration is located within the Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjacent regions, notably in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.

Kurukh Language and Linguistics

The Kurukh language belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family.

Answer: False

The Kurukh language is classified as belonging to the Dravidian language family, not the Indo-Aryan family.

Related Concepts:

  • To which primary language family does the Kurukh language belong?: The Kurukh language is classified as belonging to the Dravidian language family.
  • What is the principal language spoken by the Kurukh people, and to which linguistic family does it belong?: The Kurukh people predominantly speak Kurukh as their native language. This language is a member of the Dravidian language family, a major group of languages indigenous to Southern India and parts of neighboring regions.
  • What is the linguistic classification of the Kurukh language, and what is its current status?: The Kurukh language belongs to the northern branch of the Dravidian language family. While it remains the mother tongue for a substantial portion of the population, many Kurukh speakers have adopted regional lingua francas such as Sadri and Odia, particularly in areas with concentrated tea garden populations.

Sten Konow suggested that the term "Uraon" in the Kurukh language means "to roam."

Answer: False

Linguist Sten Konow suggested that the term 'Uraon,' an exonym for the Kurukh, signifies 'man' in the Kurukh language, based on related terms like 'Urapai' and 'Urang'.

Related Concepts:

  • What is Sten Konow's linguistic interpretation of the term "Uraon" within the Kurukh language?: Linguist Sten Konow proposed that 'Uraon,' an exonym for the Kurukh, derives from terms meaning 'man,' analogous to related Kurukh words like 'Urapai' and 'Urang'.

While Kurukh is the traditional language, most of the population has shifted entirely to Odia, especially in tea garden areas.

Answer: False

While many Kurukh speakers have adopted regional languages like Odia and Sadri, particularly in tea garden areas, a significant portion of the population still speaks Kurukh as their mother tongue.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the linguistic classification of the Kurukh language, and what is its current status?: The Kurukh language belongs to the northern branch of the Dravidian language family. While it remains the mother tongue for a substantial portion of the population, many Kurukh speakers have adopted regional lingua francas such as Sadri and Odia, particularly in areas with concentrated tea garden populations.
  • Which regional languages have become prominent as primary link languages for Kurukh communities, especially in specific geographical contexts?: In regions such as West Bengal, Bangladesh, Assam, and Tripura, Sadri has become the predominant link language for many Kurukh people, particularly those engaged in tea garden labor. Odia is also widely adopted in other areas.
  • Identify the Kurukh people and delineate their primary geographical distribution.: The Kurukh, who self-identify as such and are also known by the exonyms Oraon and Dhangad, constitute a Dravidian-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their primary concentration is located within the Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjacent regions, notably in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.

According to Sten Konow, the word "Kurukh" itself might mean "a speaker," derived from words related to shouting or stammering.

Answer: True

Linguist Sten Konow proposed that the term 'Kurukh' may derive from roots signifying 'shout' or 'stammer,' thus implying 'a speaker'.

Related Concepts:

  • According to Sten Konow's linguistic interpretation, what potential meaning does the word "Kurukh" itself convey?: Sten Konow's linguistic analysis suggests that the word 'Kurukh' may derive from terms related to 'shout' or 'stammer,' thereby implying 'a speaker'.

What is the primary language spoken by the Kurukh people, and to which family does it belong?

Answer: Kurukh, Dravidian family

The primary language spoken by the Kurukh people is Kurukh, which belongs to the Dravidian language family.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the principal language spoken by the Kurukh people, and to which linguistic family does it belong?: The Kurukh people predominantly speak Kurukh as their native language. This language is a member of the Dravidian language family, a major group of languages indigenous to Southern India and parts of neighboring regions.
  • To which primary language family does the Kurukh language belong?: The Kurukh language is classified as belonging to the Dravidian language family.
  • What is the linguistic classification of the Kurukh language, and what is its current status?: The Kurukh language belongs to the northern branch of the Dravidian language family. While it remains the mother tongue for a substantial portion of the population, many Kurukh speakers have adopted regional lingua francas such as Sadri and Odia, particularly in areas with concentrated tea garden populations.

In areas like West Bengal and Assam, particularly among tea garden workers, which language has become the primary link language for many Kurukh people?

Answer: Sadri

Sadri has emerged as the primary link language for many Kurukh individuals in regions such as West Bengal and Assam, particularly within the context of tea garden communities.

Related Concepts:

  • Which regional languages have become prominent as primary link languages for Kurukh communities, especially in specific geographical contexts?: In regions such as West Bengal, Bangladesh, Assam, and Tripura, Sadri has become the predominant link language for many Kurukh people, particularly those engaged in tea garden labor. Odia is also widely adopted in other areas.
  • What is the linguistic classification of the Kurukh language, and what is its current status?: The Kurukh language belongs to the northern branch of the Dravidian language family. While it remains the mother tongue for a substantial portion of the population, many Kurukh speakers have adopted regional lingua francas such as Sadri and Odia, particularly in areas with concentrated tea garden populations.
  • What is the principal language spoken by the Kurukh people, and to which linguistic family does it belong?: The Kurukh people predominantly speak Kurukh as their native language. This language is a member of the Dravidian language family, a major group of languages indigenous to Southern India and parts of neighboring regions.

The Kurukh word "Kurukh," according to Sten Konow's interpretation, might imply:

Answer: "A speaker"

Sten Konow's linguistic analysis suggests that the word 'Kurukh' may derive from terms related to vocalization, implying 'a speaker'.

Related Concepts:

  • According to Sten Konow's linguistic interpretation, what potential meaning does the word "Kurukh" itself convey?: Sten Konow's linguistic analysis suggests that the word 'Kurukh' may derive from terms related to 'shout' or 'stammer,' thereby implying 'a speaker'.

Kurukh History and Migration

One theory suggests the Kurukh people migrated from the Indus Valley Civilization region after its decline around 2500 BCE.

Answer: True

Among the proposed origins for the Kurukh people, one theory posits a migration from the region of the Indus Valley Civilization following its decline circa 2500 BCE.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the principal theories regarding the origins and migration patterns of the Kurukh people?: Several hypotheses exist concerning the Kurukh origins. These include migration from the Konkan region to the Chota Nagpur Plateau by 100 CE, origins in Coorg (South India), or a migration from the Indus Valley Civilization post-2500 BCE. Another account suggests a path originating in Gujarat, moving through Kalinjar and Rohtasgarh before reaching Chotanagpur.
  • Identify the Kurukh people and delineate their primary geographical distribution.: The Kurukh, who self-identify as such and are also known by the exonyms Oraon and Dhangad, constitute a Dravidian-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their primary concentration is located within the Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjacent regions, notably in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.

During British rule, the Kurukh people were known as "Hill Coolies" when they migrated to overseas locations like Fiji and Guyana.

Answer: True

During the British colonial period, Kurukh individuals who migrated to overseas territories such as Fiji and Guyana were often referred to as 'Hill Coolies'.

Related Concepts:

  • Under what designation were the Kurukh people known during their migration to overseas locations like Fiji and Guyana during the British colonial era?: During British rule, Kurukh migrants to overseas territories such as Fiji and Guyana were commonly referred to as 'Hill Coolies'.

The Kol uprising in 1832 was primarily a celebration of traditional Kurukh harvest festivals.

Answer: False

The Kol uprising of 1832 was a significant rebellion against the British East India Company and local Zamindars, not a celebration of harvest festivals.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the primary context and target of the Kol uprising in 1832, in which the Kurukh people were involved?: The Kol uprising of 1832, also known as the Lakra rebellion, was a significant revolt against the oppressive tax impositions and policies of the British East India Company and local Zamindars.

The Tana Bhagat Movement, a civil disobedience movement, occurred between 1914 and 1920 and predated Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha.

Answer: True

The Tana Bhagat Movement, a notable civil disobedience campaign, took place from 1914 to 1920, preceding Mahatma Gandhi's broader Satyagraha movements.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the Tana Bhagat Movement: its nature, timeframe, and historical significance.: The Tana Bhagat Movement, initiated by Jatra Bhagat, was a civil disobedience movement that occurred between 1914 and 1920. It is historically significant for predating Mahatma Gandhi's broader Satyagraha campaigns and representing an early form of resistance against British rule.
  • What is the historical context and nature of the Tana Bhagat movement's opposition to British rule?: The Tana Bhagats, guided by spiritual leaders like Jatra Bhagat and Turia Bhagat, actively opposed British taxation policies by staging a Satyagraha movement. This demonstrated an early form of resistance against colonial rule, predating Mahatma Gandhi's broader campaigns.
  • How did the Tana Bhagats manifest their commitment to Gandhian principles during the Indian Independence movement?: The Tana Bhagats demonstrated their adherence to Gandhian principles by actively participating in the Independence movement, notably through wearing khadi and displaying the tricoloured flag. They also performed puja to the Mahadeo and a tricolour flag with a chakra symbol.

Traditionally, the Oraon people practiced jhum cultivation (slash-and-burn) for their livelihood.

Answer: False

Traditionally, the Oraon people practiced plough agriculture rather than jhum cultivation (slash-and-burn) for their livelihood.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the traditional mode of livelihood for the Oraon people, and how has it evolved over time?: Traditionally, the Oraon people derived their livelihood from forest resources and practiced plough agriculture, distinct from jhum cultivation. Historically, many transitioned to agricultural labor for Zamindars during the colonial era, and more recently, many have become settled farmers or migrant laborers.

Tana Bhagats demonstrated their commitment to Gandhian principles by wearing khadi and displaying the tricoloured flag.

Answer: True

The Tana Bhagats exemplified their adherence to Gandhian principles through practices such as wearing khadi and displaying the tricoloured flag.

Related Concepts:

  • How did the Tana Bhagats manifest their commitment to Gandhian principles during the Indian Independence movement?: The Tana Bhagats demonstrated their adherence to Gandhian principles by actively participating in the Independence movement, notably through wearing khadi and displaying the tricoloured flag. They also performed puja to the Mahadeo and a tricolour flag with a chakra symbol.
  • What symbolic representations did the Tana Bhagats utilize to signify their adherence to Gandhian principles?: The Tana Bhagats demonstrated their adherence to Gandhian principles through symbolic practices, including the wearing of khadi and the display of a tricolour flag with a chakra symbol, which they revered through puja.
  • What is the historical context and nature of the Tana Bhagat movement's opposition to British rule?: The Tana Bhagats, guided by spiritual leaders like Jatra Bhagat and Turia Bhagat, actively opposed British taxation policies by staging a Satyagraha movement. This demonstrated an early form of resistance against colonial rule, predating Mahatma Gandhi's broader campaigns.

Filmmaker Ritwik Ghatak directed a documentary film titled "Oraon" in 1957, focusing on the lives of the Adivasis in the Ranchi region.

Answer: True

Filmmaker Ritwik Ghatak created a preparatory test film titled 'Oraon' in 1957, which documented the lives of Adivasi communities, specifically the Oraons, in the Ranchi region.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of Ritwik Ghatak's 1957 film titled "Oraon"?: In 1957, filmmaker Ritwik Ghatak produced a preparatory test film named 'Oraon.' This film documented the lives of Adivasi communities in the Ranchi region of Jharkhand, with a specific focus on the Oraons of Rani Khatanga Village.

Which of the following is NOT among the proposed origins or migration paths for the Kurukh people mentioned in the text?

Answer: Migration from the Brahmaputra Valley after the decline of the Ahom Kingdom.

The text discusses migration theories involving Konkan, Coorg, and Gujarat, but does not mention a migration path from the Brahmaputra Valley after the Ahom Kingdom's decline.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the principal theories regarding the origins and migration patterns of the Kurukh people?: Several hypotheses exist concerning the Kurukh origins. These include migration from the Konkan region to the Chota Nagpur Plateau by 100 CE, origins in Coorg (South India), or a migration from the Indus Valley Civilization post-2500 BCE. Another account suggests a path originating in Gujarat, moving through Kalinjar and Rohtasgarh before reaching Chotanagpur.
  • Identify the Kurukh people and delineate their primary geographical distribution.: The Kurukh, who self-identify as such and are also known by the exonyms Oraon and Dhangad, constitute a Dravidian-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their primary concentration is located within the Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjacent regions, notably in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.
  • In which Indian states do significant populations of the Kurukh people reside?: Significant populations of the Kurukh people are found in Jharkhand (approximately 1.7 million), Chhattisgarh (approximately 748,739), West Bengal (approximately 643,510), and Odisha (approximately 358,112). Smaller communities are also present in Bihar, Assam, and Tripura.

The Kol uprising in 1832, involving the Kurukh people, was a rebellion against which entities?

Answer: The British East India Company and local Zamindars

The Kol uprising of 1832, in which the Kurukh participated, was directed against the oppressive policies and impositions of the British East India Company and local Zamindars.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the primary context and target of the Kol uprising in 1832, in which the Kurukh people were involved?: The Kol uprising of 1832, also known as the Lakra rebellion, was a significant revolt against the oppressive tax impositions and policies of the British East India Company and local Zamindars.

What was the primary characteristic of the Tana Bhagat Movement led by Jatra Bhagat?

Answer: A civil disobedience movement against British policies.

The Tana Bhagat Movement, led by Jatra Bhagat, was fundamentally a civil disobedience movement aimed at resisting British policies and taxation.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the Tana Bhagat Movement: its nature, timeframe, and historical significance.: The Tana Bhagat Movement, initiated by Jatra Bhagat, was a civil disobedience movement that occurred between 1914 and 1920. It is historically significant for predating Mahatma Gandhi's broader Satyagraha campaigns and representing an early form of resistance against British rule.
  • What is the historical context and nature of the Tana Bhagat movement's opposition to British rule?: The Tana Bhagats, guided by spiritual leaders like Jatra Bhagat and Turia Bhagat, actively opposed British taxation policies by staging a Satyagraha movement. This demonstrated an early form of resistance against colonial rule, predating Mahatma Gandhi's broader campaigns.
  • How did the Tana Bhagats manifest their commitment to Gandhian principles during the Indian Independence movement?: The Tana Bhagats demonstrated their adherence to Gandhian principles by actively participating in the Independence movement, notably through wearing khadi and displaying the tricoloured flag. They also performed puja to the Mahadeo and a tricolour flag with a chakra symbol.

What was the traditional method of cultivation practiced by the Oraon people, as opposed to jhum cultivation?

Answer: Plough agriculture

The traditional method of cultivation practiced by the Oraon people was plough agriculture, differentiating them from those who practiced jhum (slash-and-burn) cultivation.

Related Concepts:

  • What was the traditional mode of livelihood for the Oraon people, and how has it evolved over time?: Traditionally, the Oraon people derived their livelihood from forest resources and practiced plough agriculture, distinct from jhum cultivation. Historically, many transitioned to agricultural labor for Zamindars during the colonial era, and more recently, many have become settled farmers or migrant laborers.

The Tana Bhagats' adherence to Gandhian principles during the Indian Independence movement was demonstrated through their practice of:

Answer: Wearing khadi and displaying the tricoloured flag.

The Tana Bhagats demonstrated their commitment to Gandhian principles by adopting practices such as wearing khadi and displaying the tricoloured flag during the Indian Independence movement.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the historical context and nature of the Tana Bhagat movement's opposition to British rule?: The Tana Bhagats, guided by spiritual leaders like Jatra Bhagat and Turia Bhagat, actively opposed British taxation policies by staging a Satyagraha movement. This demonstrated an early form of resistance against colonial rule, predating Mahatma Gandhi's broader campaigns.
  • What symbolic representations did the Tana Bhagats utilize to signify their adherence to Gandhian principles?: The Tana Bhagats demonstrated their adherence to Gandhian principles through symbolic practices, including the wearing of khadi and the display of a tricolour flag with a chakra symbol, which they revered through puja.
  • How did the Tana Bhagats manifest their commitment to Gandhian principles during the Indian Independence movement?: The Tana Bhagats demonstrated their adherence to Gandhian principles by actively participating in the Independence movement, notably through wearing khadi and displaying the tricoloured flag. They also performed puja to the Mahadeo and a tricolour flag with a chakra symbol.

Kurukh Social Structure and Governance

The Kurukh tribe follows a matrilineal and matrilocal system of descent and residence.

Answer: False

The Kurukh tribe adheres to a patrilineal and patrilocal system, meaning descent and residence are traced through the father's line.

Related Concepts:

  • Characterize the kinship and lineage system prevalent within the Kurukh tribe.: The Kurukh tribe follows a patrilineal and patrilocal system. This means that descent, inheritance, and residence are traditionally traced through the father's lineage. The society is organized into numerous exogamous clans, often identified by surnames derived from plants, animals, or objects.
  • In which Indian states do significant populations of the Kurukh people reside?: Significant populations of the Kurukh people are found in Jharkhand (approximately 1.7 million), Chhattisgarh (approximately 748,739), West Bengal (approximately 643,510), and Odisha (approximately 358,112). Smaller communities are also present in Bihar, Assam, and Tripura.
  • What is the principal language spoken by the Kurukh people, and to which linguistic family does it belong?: The Kurukh people predominantly speak Kurukh as their native language. This language is a member of the Dravidian language family, a major group of languages indigenous to Southern India and parts of neighboring regions.

Kurukh clan names are exclusively derived from animal names, such as Lakra (Tiger) and Nag (Cobra).

Answer: False

Kurukh clan names are derived from a variety of sources, including plants, animals, and objects, not exclusively from animal names.

Related Concepts:

  • Provide examples of Kurukh clan names and indicate the types of entities they are derived from.: Kurukh clan names are diverse, drawing from the natural world. Examples include 'Addo' (ox), 'Aind' (a type of fish), 'Alla' (dog), 'Bara' (Banyan tree), 'Lakra' (Tiger), 'Khetta' or 'Nag' (Cobra), and 'Xaxa' (Crow). These names also function as surnames.
  • Characterize the kinship and lineage system prevalent within the Kurukh tribe.: The Kurukh tribe follows a patrilineal and patrilocal system. This means that descent, inheritance, and residence are traditionally traced through the father's lineage. The society is organized into numerous exogamous clans, often identified by surnames derived from plants, animals, or objects.
  • How are clan names utilized by the Kurukh people, and what is their origin?: Clan names among the Kurukh are derived from various elements of the natural world, including plants, animals, and objects. These clan names also serve as surnames for the Oraon people.

The Parha in a Kurukh village is responsible for religious ceremonies and dispute resolution, with the Pahan serving as the village priest.

Answer: True

The Parha is the village-level political organization in Kurukh society, encompassing roles such as the Pahan (village priest) who leads religious ceremonies, and others involved in dispute resolution.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the role and significance of the 'Parha' within the Kurukh village organizational structure?: The 'Parha' constitutes the village-level political organization in Kurukh society. It encompasses various administrative and ceremonial roles responsible for managing religious activities, festivals, and dispute resolution at the village level.
  • Explain the administrative structure of a Kurukh village.: Kurukh village administration is organized through the Parha system, which includes designated officials such as the Pahan (village priest), Panibharwa (water-bearer), Pujar (assistant priest), Bhandari, and Chowkidar (watchman). These roles are crucial for managing religious ceremonies, festivals, and resolving internal disputes.
  • What is the specific role of the 'Pahan' within the administrative framework of a Kurukh village?: The 'Pahan' holds the position of village priest within the Kurukh village administration, playing a crucial role in conducting religious ceremonies and presiding over festivals.

The Dhumkuria was a formal institution for higher education established by the British for the Kurukh youth.

Answer: False

The Dhumkuria was a traditional, informal institution for the socialization and education of youth within Kurukh society, not a formal higher education establishment created by the British.

Related Concepts:

  • Define the 'Dhumkuria' and elucidate its function within the traditional Kurukh societal framework.: The 'Dhumkuria' represents a traditional, informal institution within Kurukh society dedicated to the education and socialization of its youth, serving as a vital space for cultural transmission and community bonding.

The Akhra serves as a private residence for the village elders in Kurukh villages.

Answer: False

The Akhra functions as a public space within Kurukh villages, serving as a common meeting ground for discussions and dispute resolution, rather than a private residence for elders.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the customary practices associated with the 'Akhra' in Kurukh villages?: The 'Akhra' serves as a communal public space in Kurukh villages, utilized for village meetings, discussions, and the resolution of disputes, functioning as a central hub for social and judicial interaction.
  • What is the designated function of the 'Akhra' within the context of a Kurukh village?: The 'Akhra' serves as the central public space in a Kurukh village, functioning as a communal area for discussions, social interactions, and the resolution of village disputes.
  • What is the role and significance of the 'Parha' within the Kurukh village organizational structure?: The 'Parha' constitutes the village-level political organization in Kurukh society. It encompasses various administrative and ceremonial roles responsible for managing religious activities, festivals, and dispute resolution at the village level.

A Parha council is typically formed by a small number of villages, usually around five to ten.

Answer: False

A Parha council typically comprises twelve to thirty villages, indicating a larger organizational structure than a group of merely five to ten.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the fundamental purpose and scope of the 'Parha' council within Kurukh society?: The 'Parha' council, typically comprising twelve to thirty villages, functions as a larger administrative and judicial entity. Its purpose is to address matters that transcend individual village boundaries, ensuring broader community governance.
  • What is the role and significance of the 'Parha' within the Kurukh village organizational structure?: The 'Parha' constitutes the village-level political organization in Kurukh society. It encompasses various administrative and ceremonial roles responsible for managing religious activities, festivals, and dispute resolution at the village level.
  • Describe the structural organization of Parha councils and the specific significance attributed to the 'Raja' village.: A Parha council is typically composed of twelve to thirty villages, each with its own council. The 'Raja' village holds a preeminent status, as its headman presides over the Parha Panchayat meetings. Other villages within the council fulfill specific administrative roles, such as dewan (prime minister), panrey (clerk), and kotwar (orderly).

The "Bhuinhari Khunt" refers to the traditional system of communal land ownership among the Kurukh.

Answer: True

The term 'Bhuinhari Khunt' signifies the major lineage groups within the Kurukh social structure, which are intrinsically linked to land ownership and form the basis of key offices.

Related Concepts:

  • Define the term 'Bhuinhari Khunt' and explain its importance in the Kurukh social structure.: The 'Bhuinhari Khunt' refers to the major lineage groups within the Kurukh social structure, fundamentally tied to land ownership. These groups are further divided into key offices, such as the Pahan Khunt and Mahato Khunt.
  • Identify the Kurukh people and delineate their primary geographical distribution.: The Kurukh, who self-identify as such and are also known by the exonyms Oraon and Dhangad, constitute a Dravidian-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their primary concentration is located within the Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjacent regions, notably in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.
  • In which Indian states do significant populations of the Kurukh people reside?: Significant populations of the Kurukh people are found in Jharkhand (approximately 1.7 million), Chhattisgarh (approximately 748,739), West Bengal (approximately 643,510), and Odisha (approximately 358,112). Smaller communities are also present in Bihar, Assam, and Tripura.

The Kurukh kinship and lineage system is described as:

Answer: Patrilocal and Patrilineal

The Kurukh kinship and lineage system is characterized as patrilocal and patrilineal, indicating descent and residence are traced through the paternal line.

Related Concepts:

  • Characterize the kinship and lineage system prevalent within the Kurukh tribe.: The Kurukh tribe follows a patrilineal and patrilocal system. This means that descent, inheritance, and residence are traditionally traced through the father's lineage. The society is organized into numerous exogamous clans, often identified by surnames derived from plants, animals, or objects.

Which of the following is an example of a Kurukh clan name derived from a plant?

Answer: Bara

Among the provided options, 'Bara' is an example of a Kurukh clan name derived from a plant (Banyan tree). 'Lakra' (Tiger) and 'Nag' (Cobra) are animal-derived, and 'Xaxa' (Crow) is also animal-derived.

Related Concepts:

  • How are clan names utilized by the Kurukh people, and what is their origin?: Clan names among the Kurukh are derived from various elements of the natural world, including plants, animals, and objects. These clan names also serve as surnames for the Oraon people.
  • Provide examples of Kurukh clan names and indicate the types of entities they are derived from.: Kurukh clan names are diverse, drawing from the natural world. Examples include 'Addo' (ox), 'Aind' (a type of fish), 'Alla' (dog), 'Bara' (Banyan tree), 'Lakra' (Tiger), 'Khetta' or 'Nag' (Cobra), and 'Xaxa' (Crow). These names also function as surnames.
  • Characterize the kinship and lineage system prevalent within the Kurukh tribe.: The Kurukh tribe follows a patrilineal and patrilocal system. This means that descent, inheritance, and residence are traditionally traced through the father's lineage. The society is organized into numerous exogamous clans, often identified by surnames derived from plants, animals, or objects.

Within the Kurukh village administration, who holds the primary role of village priest?

Answer: Pahan

The Pahan holds the primary role of village priest within the traditional Kurukh village administration.

Related Concepts:

  • Explain the administrative structure of a Kurukh village.: Kurukh village administration is organized through the Parha system, which includes designated officials such as the Pahan (village priest), Panibharwa (water-bearer), Pujar (assistant priest), Bhandari, and Chowkidar (watchman). These roles are crucial for managing religious ceremonies, festivals, and resolving internal disputes.
  • What is the specific role of the 'Pahan' within the administrative framework of a Kurukh village?: The 'Pahan' holds the position of village priest within the Kurukh village administration, playing a crucial role in conducting religious ceremonies and presiding over festivals.
  • What is the role and significance of the 'Parha' within the Kurukh village organizational structure?: The 'Parha' constitutes the village-level political organization in Kurukh society. It encompasses various administrative and ceremonial roles responsible for managing religious activities, festivals, and dispute resolution at the village level.

What was the function of the "Dhumkuria" in traditional Kurukh society?

Answer: An informal educational and socialization institution for youth.

The Dhumkuria served as a vital informal institution for the education and socialization of youth within traditional Kurukh society.

Related Concepts:

  • Define the 'Dhumkuria' and elucidate its function within the traditional Kurukh societal framework.: The 'Dhumkuria' represents a traditional, informal institution within Kurukh society dedicated to the education and socialization of its youth, serving as a vital space for cultural transmission and community bonding.
  • What is the designated function of the 'Akhra' within the context of a Kurukh village?: The 'Akhra' serves as the central public space in a Kurukh village, functioning as a communal area for discussions, social interactions, and the resolution of village disputes.
  • What are the customary practices associated with the 'Akhra' in Kurukh villages?: The 'Akhra' serves as a communal public space in Kurukh villages, utilized for village meetings, discussions, and the resolution of disputes, functioning as a central hub for social and judicial interaction.

The "Parha" council system, which governs multiple villages, is structured to include approximately how many villages?

Answer: 12 to 30 villages

A Parha council typically encompasses a confederation of twelve to thirty villages, functioning as a larger administrative and judicial body.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the fundamental purpose and scope of the 'Parha' council within Kurukh society?: The 'Parha' council, typically comprising twelve to thirty villages, functions as a larger administrative and judicial entity. Its purpose is to address matters that transcend individual village boundaries, ensuring broader community governance.
  • Describe the structural organization of Parha councils and the specific significance attributed to the 'Raja' village.: A Parha council is typically composed of twelve to thirty villages, each with its own council. The 'Raja' village holds a preeminent status, as its headman presides over the Parha Panchayat meetings. Other villages within the council fulfill specific administrative roles, such as dewan (prime minister), panrey (clerk), and kotwar (orderly).
  • What is the role and significance of the 'Parha' within the Kurukh village organizational structure?: The 'Parha' constitutes the village-level political organization in Kurukh society. It encompasses various administrative and ceremonial roles responsible for managing religious activities, festivals, and dispute resolution at the village level.

What is the role of the "Akhra" in a Kurukh village?

Answer: A public space for meetings and dispute resolution.

The Akhra serves as a communal public space within Kurukh villages, functioning as a communal area for discussions, social gatherings, and the resolution of village disputes.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the designated function of the 'Akhra' within the context of a Kurukh village?: The 'Akhra' serves as the central public space in a Kurukh village, functioning as a communal area for discussions, social interactions, and the resolution of village disputes.
  • What are the customary practices associated with the 'Akhra' in Kurukh villages?: The 'Akhra' serves as a communal public space in Kurukh villages, utilized for village meetings, discussions, and the resolution of disputes, functioning as a central hub for social and judicial interaction.
  • Explain the administrative structure of a Kurukh village.: Kurukh village administration is organized through the Parha system, which includes designated officials such as the Pahan (village priest), Panibharwa (water-bearer), Pujar (assistant priest), Bhandari, and Chowkidar (watchman). These roles are crucial for managing religious ceremonies, festivals, and resolving internal disputes.

The "Raja" village holds a special position within the Parha council system because:

Answer: Its headman presides over the meetings of the Parha Panchayat.

The 'Raja' village occupies a position of prominence within the Parha council system, primarily because its headman presides over the meetings of the Parha Panchayat.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the significance of the 'Raja' village within the hierarchical structure of the Parha council system?: The 'Raja' village holds a position of highest social status within a Parha council. Its headman assumes the leadership role, presiding over the meetings of the Parha Panchayat.
  • Describe the structural organization of Parha councils and the specific significance attributed to the 'Raja' village.: A Parha council is typically composed of twelve to thirty villages, each with its own council. The 'Raja' village holds a preeminent status, as its headman presides over the Parha Panchayat meetings. Other villages within the council fulfill specific administrative roles, such as dewan (prime minister), panrey (clerk), and kotwar (orderly).
  • What is the fundamental purpose and scope of the 'Parha' council within Kurukh society?: The 'Parha' council, typically comprising twelve to thirty villages, functions as a larger administrative and judicial entity. Its purpose is to address matters that transcend individual village boundaries, ensuring broader community governance.

What is the primary function of the "Bhuinhari Khunt" in the Kurukh social structure?

Answer: It signifies land ownership and major lineage groups.

The 'Bhuinhari Khunt' denotes the principal lineage groups within the Kurukh social structure, fundamentally tied to the concept of land ownership.

Related Concepts:

  • Define the term 'Bhuinhari Khunt' and explain its importance in the Kurukh social structure.: The 'Bhuinhari Khunt' refers to the major lineage groups within the Kurukh social structure, fundamentally tied to land ownership. These groups are further divided into key offices, such as the Pahan Khunt and Mahato Khunt.
  • Explain the administrative structure of a Kurukh village.: Kurukh village administration is organized through the Parha system, which includes designated officials such as the Pahan (village priest), Panibharwa (water-bearer), Pujar (assistant priest), Bhandari, and Chowkidar (watchman). These roles are crucial for managing religious ceremonies, festivals, and resolving internal disputes.
  • What is the role and significance of the 'Parha' within the Kurukh village organizational structure?: The 'Parha' constitutes the village-level political organization in Kurukh society. It encompasses various administrative and ceremonial roles responsible for managing religious activities, festivals, and dispute resolution at the village level.

Kurukh Cultural Practices and Traditions

Traditional festivals like Sarhul and Karma are celebrated by the Kurukh people.

Answer: True

The Kurukh people observe a range of traditional festivals, prominently including Sarhul and Karma, which are integral to their cultural calendar.

Related Concepts:

  • Enumerate some of the significant traditional festivals observed by the Kurukh people.: The Kurukh celebrate a variety of traditional festivals, including Sarhul, Karma, Dhanbuni, Harihari, Nawakhani, and Khariyani, many of which are common among the tribal communities of the Chota Nagpur plateau.
  • Identify the Kurukh people and delineate their primary geographical distribution.: The Kurukh, who self-identify as such and are also known by the exonyms Oraon and Dhangad, constitute a Dravidian-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their primary concentration is located within the Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjacent regions, notably in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.
  • In which Indian states do significant populations of the Kurukh people reside?: Significant populations of the Kurukh people are found in Jharkhand (approximately 1.7 million), Chhattisgarh (approximately 748,739), West Bengal (approximately 643,510), and Odisha (approximately 358,112). Smaller communities are also present in Bihar, Assam, and Tripura.

The Kurukh possess rich traditions of folk songs and dances, accompanied by instruments like the Mandar and Nagara.

Answer: True

The cultural heritage of the Kurukh people includes vibrant traditions of folk music and dance, often accompanied by instruments such as the Mandar and Nagara.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify the Kurukh people and delineate their primary geographical distribution.: The Kurukh, who self-identify as such and are also known by the exonyms Oraon and Dhangad, constitute a Dravidian-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their primary concentration is located within the Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjacent regions, notably in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal.
  • Enumerate some of the significant traditional festivals observed by the Kurukh people.: The Kurukh celebrate a variety of traditional festivals, including Sarhul, Karma, Dhanbuni, Harihari, Nawakhani, and Khariyani, many of which are common among the tribal communities of the Chota Nagpur plateau.
  • What is the principal language spoken by the Kurukh people, and to which linguistic family does it belong?: The Kurukh people predominantly speak Kurukh as their native language. This language is a member of the Dravidian language family, a major group of languages indigenous to Southern India and parts of neighboring regions.

In Kurukh weddings, the sindoordaan ritual involves the bride applying vermilion to the groom's forehead.

Answer: False

In traditional Kurukh weddings, the sindoordaan ritual involves the groom applying vermilion powder to the bride's forehead, symbolizing their union.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the ritualistic significance of 'sindoordaan' within the context of a Kurukh wedding ceremony?: The 'sindoordaan' ritual is a pivotal moment in Kurukh weddings, wherein the groom applies sindoor (vermilion powder) to the bride's forehead, symbolizing their formal union. Reciprocal application by the bride may also occur.
  • Outline the typical process of marriage arrangement within the Kurukh community.: Marriages among the Kurukh are generally arranged by parents, involving the negotiation of a bride price. The wedding ceremony typically includes the groom's arrival with companions, celebratory dancing, the erection of a pandal (marriage canopy), and the sindoordaan ritual, where the groom applies vermilion to the bride's forehead.

At the turn of the 20th century, Kurukh women typically wore a thick cotton sari with detailed borders.

Answer: False

At the beginning of the 20th century, the traditional attire for Kurukh women consisted of a cloth reaching just above the knee and covering the chest, rather than a thick cotton sari.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the contemporary traditional attire for Kurukh women, including any distinctive embellishments.: Modern traditional attire for Kurukh women typically consists of a thick cotton sari featuring detailed stitched borders, often in purple or red thread.
  • What are the characteristic features of the modern traditional attire worn by Kurukh women and men?: Contemporary traditional dress for Kurukh women typically involves a thick cotton sari adorned with detailed stitched borders, often in purple or red thread. Men commonly wear a similar thick cloth as a dhoti or lungi.
  • Describe the traditional attire worn by Kurukh men and women at the commencement of the 20th century.: At the beginning of the 20th century, Kurukh men typically wore a loincloth. Women's attire consisted of a cloth extending just above the knee and covering the chest. This traditional dress reflected less external influence compared to later periods.

Which of the following is NOT listed as a traditional festival celebrated by the Kurukh people?

Answer: Diwali

While Sarhul, Karma, and Nawakhani are traditional festivals observed by the Kurukh, Diwali is not typically listed among their indigenous celebrations.

Related Concepts:

  • Enumerate some of the significant traditional festivals observed by the Kurukh people.: The Kurukh celebrate a variety of traditional festivals, including Sarhul, Karma, Dhanbuni, Harihari, Nawakhani, and Khariyani, many of which are common among the tribal communities of the Chota Nagpur plateau.
  • What is the principal language spoken by the Kurukh people, and to which linguistic family does it belong?: The Kurukh people predominantly speak Kurukh as their native language. This language is a member of the Dravidian language family, a major group of languages indigenous to Southern India and parts of neighboring regions.
  • What is the linguistic classification of the Kurukh language, and what is its current status?: The Kurukh language belongs to the northern branch of the Dravidian language family. While it remains the mother tongue for a substantial portion of the population, many Kurukh speakers have adopted regional lingua francas such as Sadri and Odia, particularly in areas with concentrated tea garden populations.

What are some of the traditional musical instruments mentioned in the context of Kurukh folk music and dance?

Answer: Mandar, Nagara, Kartal

The traditional musical instruments associated with Kurukh folk music and dance include the Mandar, Nagara, and Kartal.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the traditional artistic expressions of the Oraon people, focusing on music and dance.: The Oraon possess a rich cultural heritage characterized by folk songs, dances, and oral traditions, often accompanied by traditional musical instruments. Both men and women actively participate in dances performed during social events and festivals. Key instruments include the Mandar, Nagara, and Kartal.

In a traditional Kurukh wedding ceremony, what is the significance of the "sindoordaan" ritual?

Answer: The groom applies vermilion powder to the bride's forehead.

The sindoordaan ritual in Kurukh weddings is significant as it involves the groom applying vermilion powder to the bride's forehead, symbolizing their marital union.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the ritualistic significance of 'sindoordaan' within the context of a Kurukh wedding ceremony?: The 'sindoordaan' ritual is a pivotal moment in Kurukh weddings, wherein the groom applies sindoor (vermilion powder) to the bride's forehead, symbolizing their formal union. Reciprocal application by the bride may also occur.
  • Outline the typical process of marriage arrangement within the Kurukh community.: Marriages among the Kurukh are generally arranged by parents, involving the negotiation of a bride price. The wedding ceremony typically includes the groom's arrival with companions, celebratory dancing, the erection of a pandal (marriage canopy), and the sindoordaan ritual, where the groom applies vermilion to the bride's forehead.

How is the traditional dress of Kurukh women described for the early 20th century?

Answer: A cloth reaching just above the knee and covering the chest.

At the turn of the 20th century, the traditional attire for Kurukh women was a garment reaching just above the knee and covering the chest, distinct from the modern sari.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the traditional attire worn by Kurukh men and women at the commencement of the 20th century.: At the beginning of the 20th century, Kurukh men typically wore a loincloth. Women's attire consisted of a cloth extending just above the knee and covering the chest. This traditional dress reflected less external influence compared to later periods.
  • Describe the contemporary traditional attire for Kurukh women, including any distinctive embellishments.: Modern traditional attire for Kurukh women typically consists of a thick cotton sari featuring detailed stitched borders, often in purple or red thread.
  • What are the characteristic features of the modern traditional attire worn by Kurukh women and men?: Contemporary traditional dress for Kurukh women typically involves a thick cotton sari adorned with detailed stitched borders, often in purple or red thread. Men commonly wear a similar thick cloth as a dhoti or lungi.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the modern traditional attire for Kurukh women?

Answer: They wear a thick cotton sari with detailed stitched borders, often in purple or red thread.

Modern traditional attire for Kurukh women typically involves wearing a thick cotton sari characterized by detailed stitched borders, frequently in purple or red thread.

Related Concepts:

  • Describe the contemporary traditional attire for Kurukh women, including any distinctive embellishments.: Modern traditional attire for Kurukh women typically consists of a thick cotton sari featuring detailed stitched borders, often in purple or red thread.
  • What are the characteristic features of the modern traditional attire worn by Kurukh women and men?: Contemporary traditional dress for Kurukh women typically involves a thick cotton sari adorned with detailed stitched borders, often in purple or red thread. Men commonly wear a similar thick cloth as a dhoti or lungi.
  • Describe the traditional attire worn by Kurukh men and women at the commencement of the 20th century.: At the beginning of the 20th century, Kurukh men typically wore a loincloth. Women's attire consisted of a cloth extending just above the knee and covering the chest. This traditional dress reflected less external influence compared to later periods.

Kurukh Religious Beliefs and Practices

According to the 2011 census, Christianity is the largest religious affiliation among the Kurukh Scheduled Tribes in India.

Answer: False

Based on the 2011 census, Hinduism constitutes the largest religious affiliation among the Kurukh Scheduled Tribes, followed by Christianity and Sarnaism.

Related Concepts:

  • According to the 2011 census, what were the predominant religious affiliations among the Kurukh Scheduled Tribes in India?: The 2011 census data reveals that Hinduism was the largest religious affiliation among the Kurukh Scheduled Tribes (36.4%), followed by Christianity (30.2%) and Sarnaism (29.2%). Smaller percentages adhered to Adi Dharam, Addi Bassi, and Adi, with a minor portion not specifying their religion.
  • In which Indian states do significant populations of the Kurukh people reside?: Significant populations of the Kurukh people are found in Jharkhand (approximately 1.7 million), Chhattisgarh (approximately 748,739), West Bengal (approximately 643,510), and Odisha (approximately 358,112). Smaller communities are also present in Bihar, Assam, and Tripura.
  • What was the approximate total population of the Kurukh people as recorded in the 2011 census?: According to the 2011 census data, the total population of the Kurukh people was approximately 3.8 million.

Sarnaism is an indigenous religion centered on the worship of deities from the Hindu pantheon, like Vishnu and Shiva.

Answer: False

Sarnaism is an indigenous religion characterized by nature worship, including the veneration of sacred groves and celestial bodies, rather than the worship of Hindu deities like Vishnu and Shiva.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify the primary indigenous religion prevalent among the Adivasi communities of the Chota Nagpur Plateau.: Sarnaism is the primary indigenous religion observed by the Adivasi communities residing in the Chota Nagpur Plateau.
  • Define Sarnaism and outline its fundamental tenets and objects of worship.: Sarnaism is the indigenous religion practiced by the Adivasis of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, characterized by nature worship. Its core beliefs involve the veneration of sacred groves, celestial bodies such as the sun ('Biri') and moon ('Chando'), and the Earth ('Dharti Aayo'). Dharmesh is recognized as their supreme deity.
  • What is the symbolic meaning of 'Biri' and 'Chando' within the Sarnaism belief system?: In Sarnaism, 'Biri' is the term used for the Sun, and 'Chando' refers to the Moon. These celestial bodies are central elements of their nature worship.

Kamru Bhagats originated from Kurukh pilgrims who visited the temple town of Puri in Odisha.

Answer: False

The origin of Kamru Bhagats is attributed to Kurukh pilgrims who journeyed to Kamakhya in Assam, rather than Puri in Odisha.

Related Concepts:

  • What event led to the origin of the Kamru Bhagats?: The Kamru Bhagats originated from Oraons who undertook a pilgrimage to Kamakhya in Assam to pay homage to the deity Durga, subsequently acquiring special spiritual powers.

Christian Oraons exclusively follow Roman Catholicism.

Answer: False

Christian Oraons adhere to various denominations within Christianity, including both Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.

Related Concepts:

  • What are the primary branches of Christianity followed by Christian Oraons?: Christian Oraons typically follow either Roman Catholicism or Protestantism, with the latter encompassing several distinct denominations.
  • Identify the principal religious sects or affiliations observed among the Oraon people.: Among the Oraon people, religious affiliations include their traditional religion (Sarnaism), Hinduism, and Christianity. Specific sects mentioned are Bishnu Bhagats, Bacchinda Bhagats, Karmu Bhagats, and Tana Bhagats.

According to the 2011 census data on religious affiliations among Kurukh Scheduled Tribes, which group formed the largest percentage?

Answer: Hinduism

The 2011 census data indicates that Hinduism was the largest religious affiliation among the Kurukh Scheduled Tribes (36.4%), followed by Christianity (30.2%) and Sarnaism (29.2%).

Related Concepts:

  • According to the 2011 census, what were the predominant religious affiliations among the Kurukh Scheduled Tribes in India?: The 2011 census data reveals that Hinduism was the largest religious affiliation among the Kurukh Scheduled Tribes (36.4%), followed by Christianity (30.2%) and Sarnaism (29.2%). Smaller percentages adhered to Adi Dharam, Addi Bassi, and Adi, with a minor portion not specifying their religion.
  • What was the approximate total population of the Kurukh people as recorded in the 2011 census?: According to the 2011 census data, the total population of the Kurukh people was approximately 3.8 million.
  • In which Indian states do significant populations of the Kurukh people reside?: Significant populations of the Kurukh people are found in Jharkhand (approximately 1.7 million), Chhattisgarh (approximately 748,739), West Bengal (approximately 643,510), and Odisha (approximately 358,112). Smaller communities are also present in Bihar, Assam, and Tripura.

What is the core principle of Sarnaism, the indigenous religion of the Adivasis in the Chota Nagpur Plateau?

Answer: Nature worship, including sacred groves and celestial bodies.

Sarnaism, the indigenous religion of the Adivasis in the Chota Nagpur Plateau, is fundamentally based on nature worship, encompassing the veneration of sacred groves and celestial bodies.

Related Concepts:

  • Identify the primary indigenous religion prevalent among the Adivasi communities of the Chota Nagpur Plateau.: Sarnaism is the primary indigenous religion observed by the Adivasi communities residing in the Chota Nagpur Plateau.
  • Define Sarnaism and outline its fundamental tenets and objects of worship.: Sarnaism is the indigenous religion practiced by the Adivasis of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, characterized by nature worship. Its core beliefs involve the veneration of sacred groves, celestial bodies such as the sun ('Biri') and moon ('Chando'), and the Earth ('Dharti Aayo'). Dharmesh is recognized as their supreme deity.

What is the significance of "Biri" and "Chando" in Sarnaism?

Answer: Names for the Sun and the Moon, respectively.

In Sarnaism, 'Biri' refers to the Sun, and 'Chando' refers to the Moon, both significant elements in their nature-centric worship.

Related Concepts:

  • What is the symbolic meaning of 'Biri' and 'Chando' within the Sarnaism belief system?: In Sarnaism, 'Biri' is the term used for the Sun, and 'Chando' refers to the Moon. These celestial bodies are central elements of their nature worship.
  • Define Sarnaism and outline its fundamental tenets and objects of worship.: Sarnaism is the indigenous religion practiced by the Adivasis of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, characterized by nature worship. Its core beliefs involve the veneration of sacred groves, celestial bodies such as the sun ('Biri') and moon ('Chando'), and the Earth ('Dharti Aayo'). Dharmesh is recognized as their supreme deity.

The origin of the Kamru Bhagats is linked to a pilgrimage made by Oraons to which specific location?

Answer: Kamakhya in Assam

The Kamru Bhagats trace their origins to Oraons who undertook a pilgrimage to Kamakhya in Assam, rather than Puri in Odisha.

Related Concepts:

  • What event led to the origin of the Kamru Bhagats?: The Kamru Bhagats originated from Oraons who undertook a pilgrimage to Kamakhya in Assam to pay homage to the deity Durga, subsequently acquiring special spiritual powers.

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