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Total Categories: 5
Ladin is a Germanic language primarily spoken in the Alpine regions of Switzerland.
Answer: False
Ladin is a Romance language, not Germanic, and is primarily spoken in the Dolomite Mountains of Northern Italy, not Switzerland.
The autonym for the Ladin language is 'ladino', which is also its name in Italian.
Answer: False
The autonym for the Ladin language is 'ladin', while 'ladino' is its name in Italian.
Ladin is classified under the Indo-European language family, specifically within the Rhaeto-Romance subgroup, alongside Romansh and Friulian.
Answer: True
Ladin is indeed an Indo-European language within the Rhaeto-Romance subgroup, sharing similarities with Romansh and Friulian.
Ladin Dolomitan is a standardized variety of Ladin developed to facilitate common communication across the Ladin-speaking region.
Answer: True
Ladin Dolomitan was developed by the Office for Ladin Language Planning to serve as a unifying communication tool across the various Ladin dialects.
The Ladin language utilizes the Cyrillic script for its written form.
Answer: False
The Ladin language uses the Latin script for its written form.
The name 'Ladin' originates from a Germanic root, reflecting historical influences in the region.
Answer: False
The name 'Ladin' derives from Latin, as it is a Vulgar Latin language.
Ladin orthography uses a grave accent to mark long vowels and a circumflex accent for stress on the last syllable.
Answer: False
In Ladin orthography, a grave accent marks stress on the last syllable, while a circumflex accent indicates long vowels.
Which of the following best describes the Ladin language?
Answer: A Romance language belonging to the Rhaeto-Romance subgroup.
Ladin is a Romance language, part of the Rhaeto-Romance subgroup, spoken in Northern Italy.
What is the autonym used by native speakers for the Ladin language?
Answer: Ladin
The autonym, or native name, for the Ladin language is 'ladin'.
To which broader language family does Ladin belong?
Answer: Indo-European
Ladin is part of the Indo-European language family, specifically within the Rhaeto-Romance subgroup.
Which writing system is used for the Ladin language?
Answer: Latin script
The Ladin language uses the Latin script for its written form.
From what language does the name 'Ladin' historically derive?
Answer: Vulgar Latin
The name 'Ladin' derives from Vulgar Latin, reflecting its origin as a Romance language.
Which of the following consonant phonemes is NOT listed as part of Ladin?
Answer: /x/ (voiceless velar fricative)
The voiceless velar fricative /x/ is not listed among the Ladin consonant phonemes.
How are long vowels indicated in Ladin orthography?
Answer: By placing a circumflex accent over the vowel.
In Ladin orthography, a circumflex accent is used to indicate long vowels.
Which IETF language tag unifies the varieties of Cazet, Brach, and Moenat?
Answer: fascia
The IETF language tag 'fascia' unifies the varieties of Cazet, Brach, and Moenat.
The estimated number of native Ladin speakers is approximately 20,000, based on data from the early 2000s.
Answer: False
The estimated number of native Ladin speakers is approximately 41,100, based on 2006-2011 data.
Ladin is recognized as a minority language in over 50 Italian municipalities.
Answer: True
Ladin is recognized as a minority language in 54 Italian municipalities across South Tyrol, Trentino, and Belluno.
The exact number of Ladin speakers is difficult to determine because all three provinces where it is spoken (South Tyrol, Trentino, and Belluno) conduct linguistic censuses every 10 years.
Answer: False
The exact number is difficult to determine because the Province of Belluno does not conduct a linguistic census, unlike South Tyrol and Trentino.
In the 2011 census, over 20,000 inhabitants of South Tyrol declared Ladin as their native language.
Answer: True
The 2011 census recorded 20,548 inhabitants of South Tyrol who declared Ladin as their native language.
According to the 2011 census, only a few municipalities in South Tyrol have a majority of Ladin speakers, none exceeding 80%.
Answer: False
Several municipalities in South Tyrol, such as La Val (97.66%) and San Martin de Tor (96.71%), had a majority of Ladin speakers exceeding 80% in the 2011 census.
In 2011, Ladin speakers constituted less than 5% of the total population in South Tyrol.
Answer: True
In 2011, Ladin speakers accounted for 4.53% of South Tyrol's total population, which is less than 5%.
The 2011 census recorded fewer than 15,000 native Ladin speakers in Trentino.
Answer: False
The 2011 census recorded 18,550 native Ladin speakers in Trentino, which is more than 15,000.
The number of native Ladin speakers in the Non and Sole Valleys combined is lower than that in the Fassa Valley.
Answer: False
The 2011 census data indicates that the Non and Sole Valleys combined had 8,730 Ladin speakers, which outnumbers those in the Fassa Valley.
In the Province of Belluno, the number of Ladin speakers is estimated through surveys due to the absence of a linguistic census.
Answer: True
The Province of Belluno does not conduct a linguistic census, so the number of Ladin speakers is estimated through surveys.
What is the estimated number of native Ladin speakers based on 2006-2011 data?
Answer: Approximately 41,100
The estimated number of native Ladin speakers is 41,100, based on data from 2006-2011.
Why is it difficult to determine the exact number of Ladin speakers across all regions?
Answer: Only South Tyrol and Trentino include native language identification in their census, while Belluno does not.
The absence of a linguistic census in the Province of Belluno makes it challenging to determine the exact number of Ladin speakers across all regions.
How many Italian municipalities recognize Ladin as a minority language?
Answer: 54
Ladin is recognized as a minority language in 54 Italian municipalities.
What percentage of the total population in South Tyrol declared Ladin as their native language in 2011?
Answer: 4.53%
In 2011, 4.53% of the total population in South Tyrol declared Ladin as their native language.
Which of the following municipalities in South Tyrol had a majority of Ladin speakers according to the 2011 census?
Answer: La Val
According to the 2011 census, La Val had 97.66% Ladin speakers, indicating a clear majority.
How did the number of native Ladin speakers in the Non and Sole Valleys compare to the Fassa Valley in the 2011 census?
Answer: The Non and Sole Valleys had a higher number of speakers than the Fassa Valley.
The 2011 census indicated that the Non and Sole Valleys combined had 8,730 Ladin speakers, which was higher than the number in the Fassa Valley.
What is the primary method for estimating the number of Ladin speakers in the Province of Belluno?
Answer: Linguistic surveys, such as the 2006 survey.
Due to the absence of a linguistic census, the number of Ladin speakers in Belluno is estimated through surveys.
Which of the following communes in the Province of Belluno had a majority of Ladin speakers and was formerly part of the County of Tyrol?
Answer: Livinallongo del Col di Lana
Livinallongo del Col di Lana, formerly part of the County of Tyrol, had 54.3% Ladin speakers, indicating a majority.
The 'Questione Ladina' refers to a historical debate about the precise number of Ladin speakers in the 19th century.
Answer: False
The 'Questione Ladina' is a scholarly debate concerning the historical existence of a proto-Rhaeto-Romance language.
The geographic extent of the Ladin language area expanded significantly after the 6th century due to increased Romanization.
Answer: False
The Ladin language area actually *shrank* significantly after the 6th century due to invasions by the Bavarii and Gallo-Italic languages, not expanded due to Romanization.
The Ladin areas were primarily ruled by the Republic of Venice during the early Middle Ages.
Answer: False
During the early Middle Ages, most Ladin areas were ruled by the County of Tyrol or the Bishopric of Brixen (Austrian Habsburg realms), with only Cadore under the Republic of Venice.
Under Austrian Habsburg rule, Ladins underwent a process of Germanization.
Answer: True
During the Austrian Habsburg rule, German language and culture were promoted, leading to a process of Germanization among the Ladins.
Italy annexed the Ladin-speaking territories after World War II.
Answer: False
Italy annexed the southern part of Tyrol, including Ladin-speaking territories, after World War I in 1918.
Italian nationalists in the 19th and 20th centuries generally supported Ladin as a distinct language, separate from Italian dialects.
Answer: False
Italian nationalists generally regarded Ladin as an 'Italian dialect,' a view rejected by Ladin advocates.
The Italianization program involved changing Ladin place names to Italian pronunciations.
Answer: True
A key aspect of the Italianization program was the alteration of Ladin place names to Italian pronunciations.
The first Ladin-Gherdëina grammar was published in the early 20th century.
Answer: False
The first Ladin-Gherdëina grammar was published in 1864, in the mid-19th century.
What is the 'Questione Ladina' primarily concerned with?
Answer: The controversy regarding the existence of a proto-Rhaeto-Romance language.
The 'Questione Ladina' is a scholarly debate about whether a proto-Rhaeto-Romance language, from which Ladin is thought to be a relic, ever existed.
What caused the geographic extent of the Ladin language area to shrink starting in the 6th century?
Answer: Invasions by the Bavarii from the north and Gallo-Italic languages from the south.
The Ladin language area shrank due to invasions by the Bavarii and the encroachment of Gallo-Italic languages.
Which of the following pairs of entities primarily ruled the Ladin areas during the early Middle Ages?
Answer: The County of Tyrol/Bishopric of Brixen (Austrian Habsburg) and the Republic of Venice (for Cadore).
During the early Middle Ages, Ladin areas were mainly ruled by the County of Tyrol or the Bishopric of Brixen, with Cadore under the Republic of Venice.
What process did the Ladins undergo under Austrian Habsburg rule?
Answer: Germanization
Under Austrian Habsburg rule, the Ladins experienced a process of Germanization, where German language and culture were promoted.
When did Italy annex the southern part of Tyrol, including Ladin-speaking territories?
Answer: After World War I in 1918.
Italy annexed the southern part of Tyrol, including Ladin-speaking territories, after World War I in 1918.
How did the Italian nationalist movement of the 19th and 20th centuries generally view the Ladin language?
Answer: As an 'Italian dialect'.
Italian nationalists generally regarded Ladin as an 'Italian dialect,' a view contested by Ladin advocates.
Who authored the first Ladin-Gherdëina grammar, published in 1864?
Answer: Kurat Josef Anton Vian
Kurat Josef Anton Vian authored the first Ladin-Gherdëina grammar, published in 1864.
The Office for Ladin Language Planning is one of the organizations responsible for regulating and promoting the Ladin language.
Answer: True
The Office for Ladin Language Planning is indeed one of several bodies dedicated to regulating and promoting the Ladin language and culture.
Ladin is an officially recognized language in South Tyrol, used in schools and public offices.
Answer: True
Ladin holds official recognition in South Tyrol, where it is taught in schools and used in public administration.
The Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement of 1946 specifically included provisions for the official recognition of the Ladin language.
Answer: False
The Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement established autonomy for Trentino and South Tyrol but did not include specific provisions for the Ladin language.
Ladin achieved partial official recognition in South Tyrol with the first autonomy statute for the region.
Answer: False
Ladin achieved partial official recognition in South Tyrol with the *second* autonomy statute for the region, enacted in 1972.
Italy has signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, advocating for the protection of minority languages like Ladin.
Answer: True
Italy signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 1991, which promotes the protection of languages like Ladin.
Since the 1990s, the Italian parliament has implemented measures such as adapting school curricula and founding cultural institutes to promote Ladin.
Answer: True
Since the 1990s, the Italian parliament and provincial assembly have indeed implemented various measures to protect and promote Ladin language and culture.
The regional government of Veneto has been praised for its extensive support of Ladin speakers in the Province of Belluno, comparable to South Tyrol and Trentino.
Answer: False
The regional government of Veneto has been criticized for its perceived insufficient support for Ladin speakers in Belluno, unlike the extensive provisions in South Tyrol and Trentino.
The 2007 referendum in Cortina d'Ampezzo resulted in a vote to remain part of the Veneto region.
Answer: False
The 2007 referendum in Cortina d'Ampezzo resulted in an overwhelming vote to leave Veneto and return to South Tyrol.
The 'Union Generala di Ladins dles Dolomites' aims to separate Ladin communities into distinct autonomous regions.
Answer: False
The 'Union Generala di Ladins dles Dolomites' advocates for the *reunification* of Ladin communities, not their separation into distinct autonomous regions.
Ladins are guaranteed political representation in Trentino and South Tyrol assemblies through reserved seats.
Answer: True
Ladins are indeed guaranteed political representation in the assemblies of Trentino and South Tyrol through a system of reserved seats.
The 'ethnic proportion' system in South Tyrol ensures public service jobs are allocated based on linguistic group identification from the census.
Answer: True
The 'ethnic proportion' system in South Tyrol allocates public service jobs based on linguistic group identification from the decennial census, aiming for fair representation.
Criticism of minority language recognition in Italy includes concerns about financial benefits leading to false affiliations in some municipalities.
Answer: True
Criticism of Italy's minority language recognition includes concerns that financial benefits may lead to municipalities falsely affiliating with a minority language.
Which of the following organizations is NOT mentioned as regulating or promoting the Ladin language?
Answer: The Ladin National Academy of Sciences
The Office for Ladin Language Planning, Ladin Cultural Centre Majon di Fascegn, and Istitut Ladin Micurà de Rü are mentioned as regulating or promoting organizations, but 'The Ladin National Academy of Sciences' is not.
What is the official status of Ladin in South Tyrol?
Answer: It is an officially recognized language, taught in schools and used in public offices.
Ladin is officially recognized in South Tyrol, where it is used in both educational and administrative contexts.
What was a key outcome of the 1946 Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement regarding the Ladin language?
Answer: It established a level of autonomy for Trentino and South Tyrol but did not include specific provisions for Ladin.
The Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement granted autonomy to Trentino and South Tyrol but did not specifically address the official status of the Ladin language.
When did Ladin achieve partial official recognition in South Tyrol?
Answer: 1972
Ladin achieved partial official recognition in South Tyrol with the second autonomy statute, enacted in 1972.
What international charter has Italy signed that advocates for the protection and promotion of minority languages like Ladin?
Answer: The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1991
Italy signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1991, which promotes the protection and promotion of minority languages.
What was the result of the 2007 popular referendum in Cortina d'Ampezzo?
Answer: The inhabitants overwhelmingly voted to leave Veneto and return to South Tyrol.
In 2007, Cortina d'Ampezzo voted to leave Veneto and rejoin South Tyrol, aiming to reunite with its historical region.
What is the main goal of the 'Union Generala di Ladins dles Dolomites'?
Answer: To advocate for the reunification of the Ladin communities.
The 'Union Generala di Ladins dles Dolomites' seeks to reunify Ladin communities currently spread across three regions.
How is political representation for Ladins ensured in the assemblies of Trentino and South Tyrol?
Answer: Through a system of reserved seats.
Ladins are guaranteed political representation in Trentino and South Tyrol through a system of reserved seats in their respective assemblies.
What is the purpose of the 'ethnic proportion' system in South Tyrol?
Answer: To ensure a fair allocation of public service jobs based on linguistic group identification.
The 'ethnic proportion' system in South Tyrol aims to ensure fair allocation of public service jobs based on linguistic group identification from the census.
What criticism has been leveled against the recognition of minority languages in Italy, particularly since Act No. 482 (1999)?
Answer: It has been criticized for alleged financial benefits leading to false affiliations.
Criticism includes concerns that financial benefits associated with minority language recognition may lead to false affiliations in some municipalities.
A broader scholarly view of the Ladin language area includes only the dialects of the valleys immediately surrounding the Sella group.
Answer: False
A *narrower* scholarly view includes only the dialects around the Sella group; a broader view encompasses dialects of adjacent valleys.
The Nones and Solandro languages are definitively classified as true Ladin dialects by all scholars.
Answer: False
Scholars debate whether the Nones and Solandro languages are true Ladin dialects or distinct Gallo-Romance languages.
'Ladinity' in the Province of Belluno is primarily a linguistic identity, with distinct Ladin grammatical structures.
Answer: False
In Belluno, 'Ladinity' is considered more ethnic than linguistic, with its varieties often classified as Venetian alpine dialects that are grammatically similar to non-Ladin-identifying municipalities.
All Ladin dialects in the Province of Belluno are influenced by Venetian.
Answer: True
All Ladin dialects in the Province of Belluno, including those in former Tyrolean territories, are influenced by Venetian to varying degrees.
The Athesian Group of the Sella dialects, including Gherdëina and Badiot, are spoken in Trentino and are considered most similar to the original Ladin.
Answer: False
The Athesian Group of the Sella dialects (Gherdëina, Badiot, Maró) are spoken in *South Tyrol*, not Trentino, and are considered most similar to the original Ladin.
The Nones and Solandro Group of dialects are geographically connected to the main Dolomitic Ladin area and show strong influences from Venetian.
Answer: False
The Nones and Solandro Group of dialects are geographically *detached* from the Dolomitic area and show strong influences from Trentinian and Eastern Lombard dialects, not primarily Venetian.
What is the linguistic classification debate surrounding the Nones and Solandro languages?
Answer: Whether they are true Ladin dialects or distinct Gallo-Romance languages.
The Nones and Solandro languages are subject to scholarly debate regarding their classification as either true Ladin dialects or separate Gallo-Romance languages.
How is 'Ladinity' primarily characterized in the Province of Belluno, according to the source?
Answer: As being more ethnic than linguistic, with varieties considered Venetian alpine dialects.
In Belluno, 'Ladinity' is described as more ethnic than linguistic, with its varieties being considered Venetian alpine dialects.
What external linguistic influence affects all Ladin dialects spoken in the Province of Belluno?
Answer: Venetian
All Ladin dialects in the Province of Belluno are influenced to varying degrees by Venetian.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a major group in a possible subdivision of Ladin dialects?
Answer: The Venetian Group of the Dolomites
The listed major groups are Athesian, Trentinian, Agordino, Ampezzan, Cadorino, and Nones and Solandro. 'The Venetian Group of the Dolomites' is not among them.
Which Ladin dialects are spoken in South Tyrol and are considered most similar to the original Ladin?
Answer: Gherdëina, Badiot, and Maró
Gherdëina, Badiot, and Maró belong to the Athesian Group of the Sella, spoken in South Tyrol, and are considered most similar to the original Ladin.
What influences the Ladin dialects of the Trentinian Group of the Sella, such as Moenat, Brach, and Cazet?
Answer: Trentinian dialects
The Ladin dialects of the Trentinian Group of the Sella, including Moenat, Brach, and Cazet, are influenced by Trentinian dialects.