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The Lancelot-Grail Cycle is an early 13th-century French Arthurian literary cycle that purports to be a chronicle of actual historical events.
Answer: True
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle, an early 13th-century French Arthurian literary cycle, presents itself as a chronicle of actual historical events.
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle integrated earlier narratives by Robert de Boron's 'Little Grail Cycle' and Chrétien de Troyes's works.
Answer: True
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle expanded upon and integrated earlier narratives from Robert de Boron's 'Little Grail Cycle' and the works of Chrétien de Troyes.
The modern title 'Lancelot-Grail' was invented by H. Oskar Sommer to highlight the cycle's widespread status.
Answer: False
The modern title 'Lancelot-Grail' was invented by Ferdinand Lot. H. Oskar Sommer popularized the title 'Vulgate Cycle'.
Walter Map's purported authorship of the Lancelot-Grail Cycle was discounted because he died too early and the style was continental French, not Welsh.
Answer: True
Modern scholarship has discounted Walter Map's authorship because he died too early to have written the work, and its style is distinctly continental French rather than Welsh.
The cycle claims its initial parts were dictated by King Arthur to his confessor, Blaise.
Answer: False
The cycle claims its initial parts were dictated by Merlin to his confessor, Blaise, not King Arthur.
Most modern scholars agree that the Lancelot-Grail Cycle was written by a single, identifiable author.
Answer: False
Most scholars today believe the cycle was written by multiple anonymous authors, or by a single 'architect' overseeing other scribes, rather than a single identifiable author.
One theory suggests that Eleanor of Aquitaine might have initiated the Lancelot-Grail Cycle project as early as 1194.
Answer: True
One theory proposes that French queen Eleanor of Aquitaine might have initiated the project as early as 1194, potentially acting as the 'master-mind planner' or 'architect'.
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle was composed roughly between c. 1210–1230 and c. 1210–1240.
Answer: True
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle is generally dated to have been composed roughly between c. 1210–1230 and c. 1210–1240.
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle is also known by which of the following names?
Answer: The Pseudo-Map Cycle
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle is also known as the Vulgate Cycle or the Pseudo-Map Cycle.
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle expanded upon the works of Robert de Boron and which other author?
Answer: Chrétien de Troyes
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle expanded upon Robert de Boron's 'Little Grail Cycle' and the works of Chrétien de Troyes.
Ferdinand Lot is credited with inventing which modern title for the cycle?
Answer: The Lancelot-Grail Cycle
Ferdinand Lot is credited with inventing the modern title 'Lancelot-Grail' for the cycle.
What was a primary reason Walter Map's purported authorship of the Lancelot-Grail Cycle was discounted?
Answer: He died too early to have written the work, and its style was continental French.
Walter Map's purported authorship was discounted because he died too early to have written the work, and its style is distinctly continental French rather than Welsh.
According to the cycle's fictional claims, who dictated the initial parts of the *Livre du Graal* to his confessor Blaise?
Answer: Merlin
The cycle claims its initial parts are derived from the *Livre du Graal*, a text supposedly dictated by Merlin to his confessor Blaise.
What is the modern scholarly consensus regarding the actual authorship of the Lancelot-Grail Cycle?
Answer: It was written by multiple anonymous authors.
Most scholars today believe the cycle was written by multiple anonymous authors, though one theory suggests a single 'architect' overseeing other scribes.
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle is generally dated to have been composed within which timeframe?
Answer: c. 1210–1240
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle is generally dated to have been composed roughly between c. 1210–1230 and c. 1210–1240.
The centerpiece trilogy of the cycle, *Lancelot*, *Queste*, and *Mort Artu*, is also known as *Le Livre de Lancelot du Lac*.
Answer: True
The centerpiece trilogy of the cycle, comprising *Lancelot*, *Queste*, and *Mort Artu*, is also known by alternative names such as *Le Livre de Lancelot du Lac*.
The *Lancelot en prose* trilogy parts (*Lancelot*, *Queste*, *Mort Artu*) are believed to have been written by the same author due to their consistent tone.
Answer: False
The three parts of the *Lancelot en prose* trilogy exhibit distinct tones (colorful, pious, sober), which strongly suggests they were the work of different authors.
The *Mort Artu* is believed to have been the first part of the Lancelot-Grail Cycle to be written.
Answer: False
The *Lancelot Proper* is believed to have been the first part of the cycle to be written, not the *Mort Artu*.
The Vulgate *Estoire del Saint Graal* is derived from Chrétien de Troyes's *Perceval, the Story of the Grail*.
Answer: False
The Vulgate *Estoire del Saint Graal* is derived from Robert de Boron's poem *Joseph d'Arimathie*, not Chrétien de Troyes's *Perceval*.
The *Vulgate Suite du Merlin* culminates in Arthur's marriage to Guinevere and Merlin's disappearance due to the Lady of the Lake.
Answer: True
The *Vulgate Suite du Merlin* culminates in Arthur's marriage to Guinevere and Merlin's eventual disappearance due to the Lady of the Lake.
*Le Livre d'Artus* is a distinct revision of the *Merlin propre* and features Merlin as its principal hero.
Answer: False
*Le Livre d'Artus* is a distinct revision of the *Suite du Merlin*, and its principal hero is Gawain, not Merlin.
The Vulgate *Lancelot propre* is the shortest section of the cycle, focusing exclusively on Lancelot's affair with Guinevere.
Answer: False
The Vulgate *Lancelot propre* is the longest section of the cycle, making up half of the entire work, and covers more than just Lancelot's affair.
The Vulgate *Queste del Saint Graal* is considered innovative because it largely introduced Galahad as a new Arthurian hero and was not derived from many known earlier stories.
Answer: True
The Vulgate *Queste del Saint Graal* is considered innovative because it largely introduced Galahad as a significant new Arthurian hero and was not derived from many known earlier stories.
Which of the following is NOT an alternative name for the centerpiece trilogy of the Lancelot-Grail Cycle?
Answer: The Vulgate Cycle
The centerpiece trilogy is known as the *Lancelot en prose*, the *Estoire de Lancelot*, or *Le Livre de Lancelot du Lac*. 'The Vulgate Cycle' refers to the entire Lancelot-Grail Cycle.
The *Queste* section of the *Lancelot en prose* trilogy is characterized by which tone?
Answer: Pious
The *Queste* section of the *Lancelot en prose* trilogy is characterized by a pious tone.
Which part of the Lancelot-Grail Cycle is believed to have been written first?
Answer: The Lancelot Proper
The *Lancelot Proper* is believed to have been the first part of the cycle to be written.
The Vulgate *Estoire del Saint Graal* is derived from which earlier work?
Answer: Robert de Boron's poem *Joseph d'Arimathie*
The Vulgate *Estoire del Saint Graal* is derived from Robert de Boron's poem *Joseph d'Arimathie*.
The *Vulgate Suite du Merlin* culminates in Arthur's marriage to Guinevere and what other significant event?
Answer: Merlin's disappearance due to the Lady of the Lake.
The *Vulgate Suite du Merlin* culminates in Arthur's marriage to Guinevere and Merlin's disappearance due to the Lady of the Lake.
Despite its name, *Le Livre d'Artus* features which character as its principal hero?
Answer: Gawain
Despite its name, *Le Livre d'Artus* features Gawain as its principal hero.
Which section of the Lancelot-Grail Cycle makes up half of the entire work?
Answer: The Vulgate Lancelot propre
The Vulgate *Lancelot propre* is the longest section of the cycle, making up half of the entire work.
Chrétien de Troyes's poem *Lancelot, le Chevalier de la Charrette* inspired which section of the Vulgate Cycle?
Answer: The Lancelot propre
Chrétien de Troyes's poem *Lancelot, le Chevalier de la Charrette* inspired the *Lancelot propre* section of the Vulgate Cycle.
What is one reason the Vulgate *Queste del Saint Graal* is considered innovative?
Answer: It largely introduced Galahad as a significant new Arthurian hero.
The Vulgate *Queste del Saint Graal* is considered innovative because it largely introduced Galahad as a significant new Arthurian hero and was not derived from many known earlier stories.
How many main branches can the Lancelot-Grail Cycle be commonly divided into?
Answer: Three or five
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle can be divided into either three or, more commonly, five main branches.
What tone is attributed to the *Mort Artu* section of the *Lancelot en prose* trilogy?
Answer: Sober
The *Mort Artu* section of the *Lancelot en prose* trilogy is characterized by a sober tone.
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle primarily focuses on the early life of King Arthur and his battles against the Saxons, with the Holy Grail quest being a minor subplot.
Answer: False
The cycle's primary narrative focuses include the Lancelot-Guinevere affair, the spiritual quest for the Holy Grail, and Merlin's influence, not solely Arthur's early life and battles, and the Grail quest is a central, not minor, subplot.
Galahad, Lancelot's son, is portrayed as the ultimate winner of the Holy Grail quest, replacing Perceval as the true Grail Knight.
Answer: True
Galahad is depicted as the ultimate victor of the Holy Grail quest, portrayed as the perfect and holy champion of God, who replaces Perceval as the true Grail Knight.
The Vulgate Cycle presents the Holy Grail as a magical artifact of pagan origin, with minimal Christian themes.
Answer: False
The Vulgate Cycle strongly emphasizes Christian themes, presenting the Grail as the vessel that contained the blood of Christ, and its quest as a deeply spiritual journey.
Richard Barber characterized the Cistercian theology in the *Queste* as straightforward and easily digestible for a courtly audience.
Answer: False
Richard Barber described the Cistercian theology in the *Queste* as unconventional, complex, and subtle, rather than straightforward or easily digestible.
The narrative technique of *entrelacement*, where multiple overlapping events intertwine, is prominently used in the Lancelot-Grail Cycle, especially in the *Queste*.
Answer: True
The cycle prominently employs the narrative technique of *entrelacement* (interlace), particularly in the *Queste*, allowing multiple overlapping events to develop simultaneously and intertwine.
The Holy Grail, as described in *The History of the Holy Grail*, was the cup from which Jesus drank at the Last Supper and later used by Joseph of Arimathea to collect Christ's blood.
Answer: True
In *The History of the Holy Grail*, the Holy Grail is identified as the cup from which Jesus drank at the Last Supper and which Joseph of Arimathea used to collect Jesus's blood during the crucifixion.
Bron's son, Alain, became the first Fisher King, establishing a dynasty of Grail kings.
Answer: True
The guardianship of the Holy Grail was passed down to Bron's son, Alain, who became the first Fisher King, establishing a dynasty of Grail kings.
Bors is presented as an eyewitness who recorded the interlacing adventures of the Grail Quest for Arthur's scribes.
Answer: True
Bors is presented as an eyewitness who purportedly recounted the interlacing adventures of the Grail Quest for Arthur's scribes.
The *Mort le roi Artu* introduces the motif that the ruin of Arthur's kingdom was a direct consequence of Lancelot and Guinevere's adulterous affair.
Answer: True
The *Mort le roi Artu* introduces a new motif that links the ruin of Arthur's kingdom directly to the sin of Lancelot's and Guinevere's adulterous affair.
In the *Mort le roi Artu*, King Arthur dies on the battlefield, and all Knights of the Round Table perish with him.
Answer: False
In the *Mort le roi Artu*, King Arthur is mortally wounded and taken to Avalon, and only Bors remains as a survivor of the Round Table, indicating not all knights perish with Arthur on the battlefield.
Which of the following is NOT a primary narrative focus of the Lancelot-Grail Cycle?
Answer: King Arthur's childhood training with the Lady of the Lake
The primary narrative focuses are the Lancelot-Guinevere affair, the Holy Grail quest, and Merlin's influence, not King Arthur's childhood training with the Lady of the Lake.
Who is portrayed as the ultimate winner of the Holy Grail quest in the Lancelot-Grail Cycle, replacing Perceval?
Answer: Galahad
Galahad, Lancelot's son, is portrayed as the ultimate winner of the Holy Grail quest, replacing Perceval as the true Grail Knight.
What narrative technique, prominent in the *Queste*, involves multiple overlapping events developing simultaneously?
Answer: Entrelacement
The narrative technique of *entrelacement* (interlace), prominent in the *Queste*, involves multiple overlapping events developing simultaneously.
What miraculous power did the Holy Grail possess, as described in *The History of the Holy Grail*?
Answer: It alleviated Joseph of Arimathea's suffering during his captivity.
The Holy Grail possessed the miraculous power to alleviate Joseph of Arimathea's suffering during his captivity.
Who is presented as the eyewitness who recorded the interlacing adventures of the Grail Quest for Arthur's scribes?
Answer: Bors
Bors is presented as the eyewitness who purportedly recorded the interlacing adventures of the Grail Quest for Arthur's scribes.
The *Mort le roi Artu* introduces a new motif linking the ruin of Arthur's kingdom to what specific cause?
Answer: The sin of Lancelot's and Guinevere's adulterous affair.
The *Mort le roi Artu* introduces a new motif that links the ruin of Arthur's kingdom directly to the sin of Lancelot's and Guinevere's adulterous affair.
In the *Mort le roi Artu*, after the deaths of many protagonists, who is the only remaining survivor of the Round Table?
Answer: Bors
In the *Mort le roi Artu*, after the deaths of many protagonists, Bors is the only remaining survivor of the Round Table.
Which religious order is believed by some scholars to have influenced the *Queste* part of the cycle with its spirit of Christian mysticism?
Answer: Cistercians
Some scholars believe that a group of anonymous French Catholic monks, possibly Cistercians, influenced the *Queste* part of the cycle with its strong spirit of Christian mysticism.
Richard Barber characterized the Cistercian theology in the *Queste* as which of the following?
Answer: Unconventional, complex, and subtle
Richard Barber described the Cistercian theology present in the *Queste* as unconventional, complex, and subtle.
The Post-Vulgate Cycle, not the Lancelot-Grail Cycle, was the primary source for Thomas Malory's *Le Morte d'Arthur*.
Answer: False
Thomas Malory's *Le Morte d'Arthur* drew heavily from both the Vulgate (Lancelot-Grail) and Post-Vulgate cycles, making the Lancelot-Grail Cycle a primary source.
The Post-Vulgate Cycle was more successful and widely circulated than the original Vulgate Cycle.
Answer: False
The Post-Vulgate Cycle was much less successful and widely circulated than the original Vulgate Cycle, existing today only in fragments.
Thomas Malory's *Le Morte d'Arthur* was primarily influenced by the Post-Vulgate Cycle, with minimal input from the original Vulgate Cycle.
Answer: False
Thomas Malory's *Le Morte d'Arthur* drew heavily from both the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate cycles, not primarily from the Post-Vulgate with minimal input from the Vulgate.
Where is the 14th-century Polish fresco illustrating scenes from the *Lancelot Proper* located?
Answer: Siedlęcin Tower
The 14th-century Polish fresco illustrating scenes from the *Lancelot Proper* is located at Siedlęcin Tower.
How did the Post-Vulgate Cycle differ significantly from the original Vulgate Cycle in its narrative focus?
Answer: It largely omitted the *Lancelot Proper* and focused more intensely on the Grail Quest.
The Post-Vulgate Cycle largely omitted the *Lancelot Proper* and focused more intensely on the Grail Quest, a significant departure from the original Vulgate Cycle.
Thomas Malory's *Le Morte d'Arthur* was heavily influenced by which two major cycles?
Answer: The Vulgate and Post-Vulgate cycles
Thomas Malory's *Le Morte d'Arthur* drew heavily from both the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate cycles.
The *Ms Vanneck Box 5a* manuscript, identified in 2025, contains tales of King Arthur wielding Excalibur in battle.
Answer: False
The *Ms Vanneck Box 5a* manuscript contains tales of Sir Gawain wielding Excalibur in battle, not King Arthur.
Elspeth Kennedy's research identified a version of the Prose *Lancelot* where the Grail Quest was completed by Galahad alone.
Answer: False
Elspeth Kennedy's research identified an early Prose *Lancelot* manuscript where the Grail Quest was completed by Perceval alone, not Galahad.
Complete copies of the entire Lancelot-Grail Cycle are rare due to its immense length.
Answer: True
Complete copies of the entire Lancelot-Grail Cycle are rare, primarily because of its immense length, which made full copies impractical to produce.
H. Oskar Sommer's edition of the Vulgate Cycle was a critical edition that reliably demarcated variant readings.
Answer: False
H. Oskar Sommer's edition was a composite text, not a critical edition, and unreliably demarcated variant readings from alternative manuscripts.
Norris J. Lacy oversaw the first comprehensive English translations of both the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate cycles.
Answer: True
Norris J. Lacy oversaw the first comprehensive English translations of both the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate cycles, published in multi-volume sets.
Daniel Poirion edited a modern French translation of the Vulgate Cycle titled *The Quest of the Holy Grail*.
Answer: False
Daniel Poirion edited a modern French translation of the Vulgate Cycle titled *Le Livre du Graal*, not *The Quest of the Holy Grail*.
Judith Shoaf's 2018 translation of the Vulgate *Queste* is notable for its extensive footnotes clarifying connections to other Arthurian literature.
Answer: True
Judith Shoaf's 2018 modern English translation of the Vulgate *Queste* is notable for its extensive footnotes that clarify connections to other Arthurian literature.
The *Ms Vanneck Box 5a* manuscript, identified in 2025, contains tales of Sir Gawain wielding which legendary sword?
Answer: Excalibur
The *Ms Vanneck Box 5a* manuscript contains tales of Sir Gawain wielding Excalibur in battle.
Elspeth Kennedy's research identified an early Prose *Lancelot* manuscript (BNF fr. 768) that notably concluded with what event?
Answer: The death of Galehaut
Elspeth Kennedy's research identified an early Prose *Lancelot* manuscript (BNF fr. 768) that notably concluded with the death of Galehaut.
What is the primary reason complete copies of the entire Lancelot-Grail Cycle are rare?
Answer: Its immense length made full copies impractical to produce.
Complete copies of the entire Lancelot-Grail Cycle are rare primarily because its immense length made full copies impractical to produce.
Who published the only complete edition of the original French text of the Vulgate Cycle between 1908 and 1916?
Answer: H. Oskar Sommer
H. Oskar Sommer published the only complete edition of the original French text of the Vulgate Cycle between 1908 and 1916.
What was a key characteristic of H. Oskar Sommer's edition of the Vulgate Cycle?
Answer: It was a composite text that unreliably demarcated variant readings.
H. Oskar Sommer's edition was a composite text that unreliably demarcated variant readings from alternative manuscripts.
Who oversaw the first comprehensive English translations of both the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate cycles?
Answer: Norris J. Lacy
Norris J. Lacy oversaw the first comprehensive English translations of both the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate cycles.
Daniel Poirion edited a modern French translation of the Vulgate Cycle under what title?
Answer: *Le Livre du Graal*
Daniel Poirion edited a modern French translation of the Vulgate Cycle under the title *Le Livre du Graal*.
Which parts of the Vulgate Cycle were translated into English by Penguin Classics?
Answer: The *Queste* and the *Mort Artu*
Penguin Classics published English translations of the *Queste* and the *Mort Artu*.
What is a notable feature of Judith Shoaf's 2018 modern English translation of the Vulgate *Queste*?
Answer: It includes extensive footnotes clarifying connections to other Arthurian literature.
Judith Shoaf's 2018 modern English translation of the Vulgate *Queste* is notable for its extensive footnotes clarifying connections to other Arthurian literature.