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Total Categories: 7
LASIK surgery is primarily designed to correct age-related farsightedness (presbyopia).
Answer: False
This statement is false. LASIK is primarily designed to correct myopia (nearsightedness), hypermetropia (farsightedness), and astigmatism. Presbyopia is age-related farsightedness, which LASIK does not typically correct, although specialized techniques like PresbyLASIK exist with variable outcomes.
An ophthalmologist is the medical professional typically responsible for performing LASIK surgery.
Answer: True
This statement is true. LASIK surgery is performed by an ophthalmologist, a medical doctor specializing in eye care and surgery.
The excimer laser in LASIK surgery is used to create the corneal flap.
Answer: False
This statement is false. While an excimer laser is crucial for reshaping the corneal stroma, the corneal flap is typically created using a femtosecond laser or a microkeratome.
In LASIK, the corneal flap is repositioned and typically requires stitches to secure it.
Answer: False
This statement is false. The corneal flap created during LASIK is repositioned and adheres naturally without the need for stitches.
A standard LASIK procedure takes approximately 30-45 minutes per eye.
Answer: False
This statement is false. The entire LASIK procedure typically takes approximately 10 to 15 minutes per eye.
LASIK permanently alters the cornea by vaporizing corneal stroma tissue with an excimer laser.
Answer: True
This statement is true. LASIK permanently modifies the cornea by using an excimer laser to vaporize stromal tissue, thereby reshaping its curvature.
Define LASIK and identify the primary refractive errors it is designed to correct.
Answer: LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis) is a refractive surgery correcting myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism by reshaping the cornea.
LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis) is a refractive surgical procedure that reshapes the cornea to correct common vision impairments, including myopia (nearsightedness), hypermetropia (farsightedness), and astigmatism.
Identify the primary medical specialist qualified and typically responsible for performing LASIK surgery.
Answer: An Ophthalmologist
LASIK surgery is performed by an ophthalmologist, a medical doctor specializing in eye care and surgery.
Within the LASIK procedure, what is the specific function performed by the excimer laser?
Answer: To reshape the corneal stroma beneath the flap to correct refractive errors.
The excimer laser's function is to precisely vaporize microscopic amounts of corneal stromal tissue, thereby reshaping the cornea to correct refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism.
What is the approximate operative duration for a single eye during a standard LASIK procedure?
Answer: 10 to 15 minutes
A standard LASIK procedure typically takes approximately 10 to 15 minutes per eye.
Describe the mechanism by which LASIK permanently modifies the corneal structure.
Answer: By vaporizing a portion of the corneal stroma using an excimer laser.
LASIK permanently alters the cornea by using an excimer laser to precisely vaporize stromal tissue, thereby reshaping the corneal curvature.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard for corneal reshaping was officially recognized by the FDA in March 2009.
Answer: True
This statement is true. In March 2009, the FDA officially recognized an ANSI standard for corneal reshaping.
The microkeratome and keratomileusis technique were developed in the United States during the 1950s.
Answer: False
This statement is false. The microkeratome and keratomileusis technique were developed in Bogotá, Colombia, during the 1950s by Dr. José Barraquer.
In 1980, researchers at IBM discovered that excimer lasers could precisely etch living tissue without thermal damage.
Answer: True
This statement is true. In 1980, IBM researchers discovered that an ultraviolet excimer laser could precisely ablate living tissue without thermal damage.
Steven Trokel published work in 1985 demonstrating the excimer laser's ability to flatten the cornea with smooth incisions.
Answer: True
This statement is true. Steven Trokel's 1985 work demonstrated the excimer laser's capability to flatten the cornea with smooth incisions.
Summit Technology was the first company to receive FDA approval for using an excimer laser in photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).
Answer: True
This statement is true. Summit Technology was the first company to receive FDA approval for excimer laser use in PRK.
Ioannis Pallikaris is credited with adding the corneal flap to the PRK procedure, creating LASIK.
Answer: True
This statement is true. Ioannis Pallikaris is credited with suggesting the addition of a corneal flap to the PRK procedure, which led to the development of LASIK.
In 2006, NICE in the UK advised that photorefractive laser surgery was not recommended due to safety concerns.
Answer: False
This statement is false. In 2006, NICE considered photorefractive laser surgery safe and effective for suitable candidates, while advising careful patient counseling.
In which geographical region were the microkeratome and the keratomileusis technique initially developed during the 1950s?
Answer: Bogotá, Colombia
The microkeratome and keratomileusis technique were developed in Bogotá, Colombia, during the 1950s.
What pivotal discovery concerning excimer lasers and biological tissue was made by IBM researchers Srinivasan, Blum, and Wynne in 1980?
Answer: They found that excimer lasers could precisely etch living tissue without thermal damage.
In 1980, researchers Rangaswamy Srinivasan, Samuel E. Blum, and James J. Wynne discovered that an ultraviolet excimer laser could precisely ablate living tissue without thermal damage, a process termed 'ablative photo-decomposition' (APD).
Which researcher is credited with proposing the incorporation of a corneal flap into the PRK procedure, thereby contributing to the genesis of LASIK?
Answer: Ioannis Pallikaris
Ioannis Pallikaris is credited with suggesting the creation of a corneal flap prior to PRK, a modification that led to the development of the LASIK procedure.
Wavefront-guided LASIK corrects only basic refractive errors like nearsightedness and astigmatism.
Answer: False
This statement is false. Wavefront-guided LASIK aims to correct higher-order aberrations in addition to basic refractive errors, potentially providing more precise vision.
The primary goal of wavefront-guided LASIK is to correct higher-order aberrations for improved visual quality.
Answer: True
This statement is true. The primary goal of wavefront-guided LASIK is to address higher-order aberrations, aiming for enhanced visual quality beyond standard correction.
Ocular Residual Astigmatism (ORA) refers to astigmatism caused by the surgical flap interface.
Answer: False
This statement is false. Ocular Residual Astigmatism (ORA) refers to astigmatism originating from the eye's internal optics, not solely from the corneal flap interface.
A 2008 study found that combining wavefront technology with vector analysis improved outcomes for astigmatism correction, especially in dim light.
Answer: True
This statement is true. A 2008 study indicated that combining wavefront technology with vector analysis enhanced astigmatism correction outcomes, particularly under mesopic (dim light) conditions.
Wavefront-guided LASIK is claimed to increase the incidence of halos compared to traditional methods.
Answer: False
This statement is false. Wavefront-guided LASIK is generally claimed to lower the incidence of halos and other visual artifacts compared to traditional methods.
Advancements in LASIK since 1991 include the introduction of bladeless flap incisions and wavefront-optimized techniques.
Answer: True
This statement is true. Key advancements in LASIK technology since 1991 include bladeless flap creation and wavefront-optimized treatment protocols.
Topography-assisted LASIK uses corneal topography data to guide laser treatment, aiming to reduce night-vision side effects.
Answer: True
This statement is true. Topography-assisted LASIK utilizes corneal topography data to guide laser treatment, intending to improve precision and reduce night-vision side effects.
IntraLase was founded to perform bladeless LASIK surgery using femtosecond laser technology.
Answer: True
This statement is true. IntraLase was founded to develop and perform bladeless LASIK surgery utilizing femtosecond laser technology for flap creation.
PresbyLASIK is used to treat myopia and often results in a decrease in uncorrected visual acuity.
Answer: False
This statement is false. PresbyLASIK is designed to treat presbyopia (age-related farsightedness), not myopia. While it can be variable, it may also result in a decrease in uncorrected visual acuity for some patients.
SMILE (Small Incision Lenticule Extraction) is mentioned as an experimental technique related to vision correction.
Answer: True
This statement is true. SMILE is mentioned alongside other techniques as an experimental or advanced method in vision correction.
What is the principal distinction between wavefront-guided LASIK and conventional LASIK procedures?
Answer: Wavefront-guided LASIK uses measurements from a wavefront sensor to guide the excimer laser, aiming to correct higher-order aberrations.
Wavefront-guided LASIK utilizes detailed measurements from a wavefront sensor to precisely guide the excimer laser's ablation pattern, enabling the correction of higher-order aberrations in addition to standard refractive errors, unlike traditional LASIK.
Define Ocular Residual Astigmatism (ORA) in the context of refractive surgery analysis.
Answer: Astigmatism resulting from the eye's internal optics, not just the corneal surface.
Ocular Residual Astigmatism (ORA) refers to the component of astigmatism originating from the eye's internal optical system, distinct from corneal astigmatism.
What combination of technologies was found in a 2008 study to enhance outcomes for astigmatism correction, especially under mesopic (dim light) conditions?
Answer: Combining wavefront technology with vector analysis.
A 2008 study demonstrated that the integration of wavefront technology with vector analysis improved the correction of corneal astigmatism and yielded better visual results in dim light conditions.
What specific benefit is claimed for wavefront-guided LASIK concerning the reduction of undesirable visual artifacts?
Answer: It lowers the incidence of halos and other visual artifacts.
Wavefront-guided LASIK is claimed to reduce the incidence of visual artifacts such as halos and starbursts, potentially leading to higher patient satisfaction.
Identify a significant technological advancement in LASIK procedures introduced since 1991.
Answer: Bladeless flap incisions using femtosecond lasers.
The development of bladeless flap incisions, often utilizing femtosecond laser technology, represents a key advancement in LASIK procedures since 1991.
What is the primary objective of topography-assisted LASIK?
Answer: To use corneal topography data to improve precision and reduce night-vision side effects.
Topography-assisted LASIK aims to enhance procedural precision and mitigate adverse night-vision effects by utilizing individual corneal topography data to guide the laser ablation.
Which specific technique, utilizing laser technology related to LASIK, is mentioned as an experimental approach for treating presbyopia (age-related farsightedness)?
Answer: IntraCOR ablation
IntraCOR ablation, performed using lasers like the Technolas FEMTEC, is mentioned as an experimental technique aimed at treating presbyopia by modifying the cornea's internal structure.
A phakic intraocular lens is recommended for individuals with very mild myopia who cannot undergo LASIK.
Answer: False
This statement is false. Phakic intraocular lenses are typically recommended for individuals with moderate to high myopia or thin corneas who are not suitable candidates for LASIK or PRK, not for very mild myopia.
The FDA approves LASIK for individuals aged 16 and older in the United States.
Answer: False
This statement is false. The FDA approves LASIK for individuals aged 18 and older. The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends waiting until age 21 to ensure complete vision stabilization.
A patient's eye prescription must be stable for at least six months before undergoing LASIK surgery.
Answer: False
This statement is false. A patient's eye prescription should be stable for at least one year prior to undergoing LASIK surgery.
A pachymeter is used to map the surface contour of a patient's cornea before LASIK.
Answer: False
This statement is false. A pachymeter is used to measure corneal thickness, while a topographer is used to map the corneal surface contour.
Active eye inflammation like blepharitis is generally not a disqualifying factor for LASIK surgery.
Answer: False
This statement is false. Active eye inflammation, including blepharitis, is typically a disqualifying factor for LASIK surgery due to potential complications and impaired healing.
For individuals diagnosed with moderate to high myopia or possessing corneas unsuitable for LASIK, what alternative surgical intervention is described?
Answer: Implanting a phakic intraocular lens without removing the natural lens.
An alternative surgical option for patients with moderate to high myopia or thin corneas is the implantation of a phakic intraocular lens, which is placed inside the eye without removal of the natural lens.
What is the minimum age stipulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for eligibility for LASIK surgery?
Answer: 18 years old
The FDA approves LASIK surgery for individuals aged 18 years and older in the United States.
Identify the diagnostic instrument utilized to ascertain the thickness of a patient's cornea prior to LASIK surgery.
Answer: Pachymeter
A pachymeter is the diagnostic instrument used to measure corneal thickness before LASIK surgery.
Which of the following ocular or systemic conditions is identified as a potential disqualifying factor for undergoing LASIK surgery?
Answer: Active eye inflammation like blepharitis
Active eye inflammation, such as blepharitis, is listed as a condition that may disqualify a patient from LASIK surgery.
By 2018, approximately 9.5 million Americans had undergone LASIK surgery.
Answer: True
This statement is true. By 2018, an estimated 9.5 million Americans had undergone LASIK surgery.
Globally, the number of LASIK procedures performed between 1991 and 2016 exceeded 40 million.
Answer: True
This statement is true. Between 1991 and 2016, over 40 million LASIK procedures were performed worldwide.
Around 2015, LASIK was observed to be an increasingly popular surgical option for many patients.
Answer: False
This statement is false. Around 2015, LASIK appeared to be a declining option for many patients, with a significant decrease in procedures performed.
The number of LASIK surgeries in the US increased significantly between 2007 and 2015.
Answer: False
This statement is false. The number of LASIK surgeries in the U.S. declined significantly between 2007 and 2015, by over 50 percent.
The decline in LASIK interest around 2015 was partly due to the emergence of refractive cataract surgery and unfavorable media coverage.
Answer: True
This statement is true. Factors contributing to the decline included the emergence of refractive cataract surgery and unfavorable media reports.
Patient satisfaction surveys for LASIK surgery typically report satisfaction rates between 80% and 90%.
Answer: False
This statement is false. Patient satisfaction surveys typically report rates between 92% and 98%.
A 2017 study found that approximately 97% of patients achieved 20/40 vision or better after LASIK without correction.
Answer: True
This statement is true. The study indicated that 97% of patients achieved 20/40 uncorrected visual acuity post-LASIK.
Morris Waxler, a former FDA official, claimed LASIK had a failure rate below 10% in 2010.
Answer: False
This statement is false. Morris Waxler claimed in 2010 that LASIK had a failure rate exceeding 50%, a claim disputed by the FDA.
What is the approximate global volume of LASIK procedures performed between the years 1991 and 2016?
Answer: Over 40 million
Between 1991 and 2016, it is estimated that over 40 million LASIK procedures were performed worldwide.
What trend was observed concerning the popularity of LASIK as a surgical vision correction option around the year 2015?
Answer: It appeared to be a declining option for many patients.
Around 2015, LASIK appeared to be a declining option for many patients, indicating a decrease in its overall utilization.
According to the provided text, what were the principal factors contributing to the diminished interest in LASIK around 2015?
Answer: Emergence of refractive cataract surgery and unfavorable media coverage.
The decline in LASIK interest around 2015 was attributed to factors including the emergence of refractive cataract surgery and unfavorable media coverage.
What range of patient satisfaction rates is typically reported in surveys concerning LASIK surgery?
Answer: 92% - 98%
Patient satisfaction surveys for LASIK surgery generally report high rates, typically falling between 92% and 98%.
In 2010, what assertion did Morris Waxler, a former FDA official, make regarding LASIK's failure rate, and what was the FDA's subsequent response?
Answer: He claimed a failure rate over 50%; the FDA called his information inaccurate.
Morris Waxler claimed in 2010 that LASIK had a failure rate exceeding 50%. The FDA responded by characterizing his information as inaccurate and containing misrepresentations.
Chronic severe dry eye is the most common reason for dissatisfaction after LASIK surgery.
Answer: True
This statement is true. Chronic severe dry eye is consistently reported as the leading cause of dissatisfaction among LASIK patients.
Around 95% of patients report dry-eye symptoms immediately after LASIK, with most experiencing improvement within a month.
Answer: False
This statement is false. While approximately 95% of patients report initial dry-eye symptoms, improvement for the majority typically occurs within 6 to 12 months, not within one month.
Halos and starbursts around lights at night are potential visual disturbances some post-LASIK patients may experience.
Answer: True
This statement is true. Halos and starbursts are potential visual disturbances that some patients may experience after LASIK surgery, particularly at night.
Flap complications in LASIK are very rare and almost always lead to permanent vision loss.
Answer: False
This statement is false. While flap complications are rare (approx. 0.244%), they do not invariably lead to permanent vision loss; many are manageable.
Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis (DLK) is colloquially known as 'sands of Sahara syndrome'.
Answer: True
This statement is true. Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis (DLK) is colloquially known as 'sands of Sahara syndrome' due to its characteristic appearance under a slit lamp.
The estimated incidence of infection responsive to treatment after LASIK is approximately 1%.
Answer: False
This statement is false. The estimated incidence of treatable infection following LASIK is approximately 0.04%.
Post-LASIK corneal ectasia is a condition where the cornea becomes excessively thin after surgery.
Answer: False
This statement is false. Post-LASIK corneal ectasia involves the cornea bulging forward, leading to irregular astigmatism, rather than simply becoming excessively thin.
The LASIK Quality of Life Study found that a significant percentage of participants reported new visual symptoms three months post-surgery.
Answer: True
This statement is true. The study found that up to 46% of participants reported new visual symptoms three months post-surgery.
Individuals with large pupils are less likely to experience glare or halos after LASIK.
Answer: False
This statement is false. Individuals with large pupils are more likely to experience glare, halos, and starbursts after LASIK due to refractive asynchrony.
What is the most commonly cited reason for patient dissatisfaction following LASIK surgery?
Answer: Chronic severe dry eye.
Chronic severe dry eye is identified as the most frequent reason for dissatisfaction among patients who have undergone LASIK surgery.
What proportion of patients initially report dry-eye symptoms post-LASIK, and over what timeframe do these symptoms typically resolve for the majority?
Answer: 95% initially, improving within 6 to 12 months.
Approximately 95% of patients report initial dry-eye symptoms after LASIK. For the majority, these symptoms typically improve within 6 to 12 months post-operatively.
What visual complication may be exacerbated in post-LASIK patients with large pupils, particularly under conditions of dim illumination?
Answer: Increased glare, halos, and starbursts due to refractive asynchrony.
In patients with large pupils, LASIK can potentially lead to increased glare, halos, and starbursts, especially in dim light, due to refractive asynchrony between the pupil size and the treated corneal zone.
LASIK is considered less advanced than earlier refractive surgery techniques like radial keratotomy due to increased pain and slower recovery.
Answer: False
This statement is false. LASIK is generally considered an advancement over radial keratotomy, typically offering faster visual recovery and less pain.
A systematic review concluded that PRK offers a shorter recovery time and less pain compared to LASIK.
Answer: False
This statement is false. A systematic review concluded that LASIK generally offers a shorter recovery time and less pain compared to PRK.
After one year, the visual outcomes of PRK and LASIK are generally considered similar.
Answer: True
This statement is true. After one year, the visual outcomes of PRK and LASIK are generally considered similar, with analyses often showing slight, non-statistically significant advantages for LASIK.
A 2017 systematic review found that patients receiving LASIK were less likely to have an over-correction than those who had PRK.
Answer: False
This statement is false. The review found that patients receiving PRK were less likely to experience over-correction than those who had LASIK.
In comparison to earlier refractive surgical methods, such as radial keratotomy, how does LASIK generally perform regarding patient outcomes?
Answer: LASIK is considered an advance, usually resulting in faster visual recovery and less pain.
LASIK is generally considered an advancement over radial keratotomy, typically offering a faster visual recovery period and reduced patient discomfort.
What conclusions did a systematic review reach regarding the comparative recovery duration and patient discomfort between LASIK and PRK?
Answer: LASIK has a shorter recovery time and less pain.
A systematic review concluded that LASIK procedures are associated with a shorter recovery time and less patient pain compared to PRK.
Following a one-year post-operative interval, how do the visual outcomes resulting from PRK and LASIK generally compare?
Answer: The results are considered similar, with slight, non-significant favorability towards LASIK.
After one year, the visual outcomes of PRK and LASIK are generally considered similar, with analyses often indicating slight, non-statistically significant advantages for LASIK.
What finding did a 2017 systematic review report concerning the rates of over-correction between PRK and LASIK procedures?
Answer: PRK patients were less likely to be over-corrected.
A 2017 systematic review indicated that patients undergoing PRK were less likely to experience over-correction compared to those who had LASIK.