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Total Categories: 6
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was characterized by ice sheets reaching their smallest extent.
Answer: False
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is defined as the period when ice sheets reached their greatest extent, not their smallest. This occurred approximately between 26,000 and 20,000 years ago.
The LGM is estimated to have occurred approximately between 26,000 and 20,000 years ago.
Answer: True
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), also referred to as the Last Glacial Coldest Period, is estimated to have occurred approximately between 26,000 and 20,000 years ago.
The Late Glacial Period began around 11,700 years ago, marking the transition towards the Holocene epoch.
Answer: True
The Late Glacial Period commenced approximately 11,700 years ago, signifying the transition from the glacial conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum to the warmer Holocene epoch.
The LGM period is also referred to as the Last Glacial Coldest Period.
Answer: True
The period known as the Last Glacial Maximum is also frequently referred to as the Last Glacial Coldest Period.
Vast ice sheets during the LGM covered significant parts of Southern North America, South America, and Africa.
Answer: False
During the Last Glacial Maximum, vast ice sheets covered substantial portions of Northern North America and Northern Europe. The provided information does not indicate significant ice sheet coverage in Southern North America, South America, or Africa.
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) states that permanent summer ice covered about 25% of Earth's total surface during the LGM.
Answer: False
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) indicates that permanent summer ice covered approximately 8% of Earth's total surface and about 25% of the land area during the Last Glacial Maximum.
The Fennoscandian ice sheet reached its maximum extent in Europe around 17,000 years ago.
Answer: True
The Fennoscandian ice sheet attained its maximum extent in Europe approximately 17,000 years ago.
North America was dominated by the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which covered most of Canada east of the Rockies.
Answer: True
The Laurentide Ice Sheet was the dominant glacial feature in North America, covering the majority of Canada east of the Rocky Mountains and extending into the northern United States.
Which of the following regions was NOT significantly covered by ice sheets during the LGM?
Answer: Southern Africa
Based on the provided information, Northern North America, Northern Europe, and Asia experienced significant ice sheet coverage during the Last Glacial Maximum. Southern Africa is not listed among these extensively glaciated regions.
Which ice sheet dominated North America during the LGM?
Answer: The Laurentide Ice Sheet
North America during the LGM was predominantly covered by the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which extended across most of Canada east of the Rockies and into the northern United States. The Cordilleran Ice Sheet also covered western Canada.
During the LGM, global sea levels were approximately 125 meters higher than they are today.
Answer: False
During the Last Glacial Maximum, global sea levels were approximately 125 meters lower than present-day levels, a consequence of water being sequestered in extensive ice sheets.
Average global temperatures during the LGM were roughly 6 degrees Celsius warmer than present-day temperatures.
Answer: False
Average global temperatures during the Last Glacial Maximum were approximately 6 degrees Celsius colder than present-day temperatures.
The LGM led to a global expansion of deserts due to drier conditions.
Answer: True
The Last Glacial Maximum was characterized by drier conditions globally, leading to a significant expansion of deserts.
During the LGM, rainforest cover globally increased significantly, expanding into arid regions.
Answer: False
Globally, rainforest cover significantly decreased during the LGM, with many regions experiencing drier conditions and the expansion of savannas and deserts.
The atmosphere worldwide during the LGM was generally less dusty than today due to increased vegetation cover.
Answer: False
The atmosphere worldwide during the LGM was generally more dust-laden than today, with dust levels estimated to be 20 to 25 times higher, attributed to reduced vegetation, stronger winds, and decreased precipitation.
What was the approximate drop in global sea levels during the Last Glacial Maximum compared to present day?
Answer: Approximately 125 meters lower
The extensive glaciation during the Last Glacial Maximum resulted in a significant reduction of global sea levels, estimated to be approximately 125 meters lower than present-day levels, a consequence of water being sequestered in extensive ice sheets.
What was the estimated average global temperature difference between the LGM and present day?
Answer: 6 degrees Celsius colder
The estimated average global temperature during the Last Glacial Maximum was approximately 6 degrees Celsius colder than present-day temperatures.
What was the estimated dust level in the atmosphere during the LGM compared to present levels?
Answer: 20 to 25 times higher
The atmosphere worldwide during the LGM was estimated to be 20 to 25 times dustier than present levels, a condition linked to reduced vegetation, stronger winds, and decreased precipitation.
East Asia remained largely unglaciated during the LGM because of increased precipitation despite cold temperatures.
Answer: False
East Asia remained largely unglaciated, despite cold temperatures, due to dry air masses generated by anticyclones originating from European ice sheets, which limited precipitation.
Regions like the Western United States and Afghanistan experienced increased humidity and lake formation during the LGM.
Answer: True
Contrary to the general trend of increased aridity, regions such as the Western United States and Afghanistan experienced enhanced humidity and the formation of substantial pluvial lakes during the LGM.
Australia experienced widespread aridity during the LGM, with shifting sand dunes and dropping lake levels in most areas.
Answer: True
Australia predominantly experienced widespread aridity during the LGM, characterized by extensive shifting sand dunes and diminished lake levels across most of the continent.
During the LGM, New Zealand's main islands were separated by sea, with glaciers only present on the highest peaks.
Answer: False
During the LGM, New Zealand's main islands were connected as a single landmass, and glaciers extensively covered the Southern Alps, extending into the surrounding high country.
During the LGM, the Sahara Desert significantly contracted due to increased rainfall across North Africa.
Answer: False
During the LGM, the Sahara Desert significantly expanded due to drier conditions, rather than contracting due to increased rainfall.
Annual average temperatures in Southern Africa were estimated to be about 6 degrees Celsius higher than present during the LGM.
Answer: False
Annual average temperatures in Southern Africa are estimated to have been approximately 6 degrees Celsius lower than present during the Last Glacial Maximum.
In Asia, permafrost extended as far south as Shanghai during the LGM.
Answer: False
In Asia, permafrost extended as far south as Beijing during the LGM, not Shanghai.
Permafrost in Europe during the LGM extended south of the main ice sheets, reaching as far as Szeged, Hungary.
Answer: True
During the LGM, permafrost in Europe extended south of the primary ice sheets, reaching locations such as Szeged, Hungary.
The Great Barrier Reef experienced a seaward shift in reef development during the LGM due to lower sea levels.
Answer: True
Due to significantly lower sea levels during the LGM, reef development along the coast of Queensland, Australia, shifted seaward.
In Britain, the Dimlington Stadial corresponds to the period of the Last Glacial Maximum and is dated between 31,000 and 16,000 years ago.
Answer: True
In Britain, the Dimlington Stadial corresponds to the period of the Last Glacial Maximum, with its temporal range dated between 31,000 and 16,000 years ago, signifying a period of significant glacial advance in the region.
The presence of block streams and terraces near Matroosberg in South Africa provides evidence of periglacial activity during the LGM.
Answer: True
The identification of block streams and terraces in the vicinity of Matroosberg, South Africa, serves as evidence for periglacial activity occurring during the Last Glacial Maximum.
The LGM caused increased aridity in the Cantabrian Mountains of Spain, leading to local glacial recession.
Answer: True
Increased aridity in the Cantabrian Mountains of Spain during the LGM, resulting from the expansion of ice sheets further north and east, led to local glacial recession.
Southeast Asian rainforests were largely replaced by deciduous forests in many places during the LGM.
Answer: True
During the LGM, Southeast Asian rainforests were substantially reduced, with many areas transitioning to deciduous forests due to drier climatic conditions.
Why did East Asia remain largely unglaciated despite cold temperatures during the LGM?
Answer: Anticyclones from European ice sheets produced dry air masses, limiting precipitation.
East Asia remained largely unglaciated despite cold temperatures because anticyclones originating from the European ice sheets generated dry air masses that reached Siberia and Manchuria, thereby limiting the precipitation necessary for glacier formation.
How did the LGM affect vegetation cover in regions like the Amazon rainforest?
Answer: The Amazon rainforest was split into two large blocks by extensive savanna.
During the Last Glacial Maximum, the Amazon rainforest experienced increased aridity, leading to its fragmentation into two primary blocks separated by extensive savanna regions.
Which of the following regions experienced increased humidity and lake formation during the LGM, contrary to the general trend?
Answer: Western United States
Contrary to the general trend of increased aridity, regions such as the Western United States experienced increased humidity and the formation of substantial pluvial lakes during the LGM, attributed to shifts in the jet stream directing more precipitation to these areas.
What was the condition of Australia's environment during the LGM?
Answer: Aridity, shifting sand dunes, and dropping lake levels in most areas.
Australia predominantly experienced widespread aridity during the LGM, characterized by extensive shifting sand dunes and diminished lake levels. However, certain areas, including coastal Queensland and the Flinders Ranges, maintained humid conditions, and rainforests persisted in specific eastern Australian locations.
How did the LGM impact New Zealand's main islands?
Answer: They were joined as a single landmass, with extensive glaciation on the Southern Alps.
During the LGM, New Zealand's main islands were connected as a single landmass, and the Southern Alps were extensively covered by ice, with glaciers extending into the surrounding high country.
What happened to the Sahara Desert during the LGM?
Answer: It greatly expanded due to drier conditions.
The Sahara Desert, along with other deserts globally, significantly expanded during the LGM due to prevailing drier climatic conditions.
Which of the following statements accurately describes permafrost conditions in Europe during the LGM?
Answer: Permafrost extended south of the ice sheets, reaching as far as Szeged, Hungary.
Permafrost conditions in Europe during the LGM extended south of the main ice sheets, reaching as far south as Szeged, Hungary. Pockets of relative warmth in Central Europe also served as refugia for species less adapted to extreme cold.
What was the estimated impact of the LGM on human populations in Europe?
Answer: A decline of up to 60% in human population.
The harsh environmental conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum are estimated to have caused a significant decline in human population across Europe, potentially by as much as 60%.
Carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean played a minor role in creating the conditions of the LGM.
Answer: False
Carbon sequestration within the Southern Ocean is considered an essential factor in establishing the climatic conditions characteristic of the Last Glacial Maximum.
Massive ice sheets during the LGM caused oceans to cool, leading to decreased cloud formation and less reflection of sunlight.
Answer: False
The massive ice sheets of the LGM cooled the oceans, which paradoxically led to increased cloud formation. These clouds reflected more sunlight, thereby amplifying the global cooling effect.
Which factor is considered essential in producing the conditions of the LGM related to atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?
Answer: Carbon sequestration within the Southern Ocean
Carbon sequestration within the highly stratified Southern Ocean is considered a crucial factor in establishing the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels characteristic of the Last Glacial Maximum.
How did the massive ice sheets of the LGM influence cloud cover?
Answer: They caused increased cloud formation by cooling the oceans, reflecting more sunlight.
The cooling of the oceans induced by the massive ice sheets during the LGM resulted in increased cloud formation. These clouds, in turn, reflected more sunlight, thereby amplifying the global cooling effect.
Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides and radiocarbon dating are methods used to determine the timing of LGM ice sheet coverage.
Answer: True
Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides and radiocarbon dating are established methodologies employed to ascertain the temporal framework of ice sheet extent and activity during the Last Glacial Maximum.
The CLIMAP project produced maps illustrating sea surface temperature changes and glacial extent during the LGM.
Answer: True
The CLIMAP project was instrumental in producing detailed maps that illustrated sea surface temperature variations and glacial extent during the Last Glacial Maximum.