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The National Order of the Legion of Honour was established in 1802 by King Louis XVIII to restore monarchical traditions.
Answer: False
The Legion of Honour was established in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte, not King Louis XVIII, and its purpose was to create a new merit-based system, not to restore monarchical traditions.
The first induction ceremony into the Legion of Honour occurred on July 15, 1804.
Answer: True
The first induction into the Legion of Honour indeed took place on July 15, 1804.
Napoleon Bonaparte created the Legion of Honour to establish a new form of nobility, replacing the abolished orders of chivalry.
Answer: False
Napoleon Bonaparte created the Legion of Honour to commend both civilians and soldiers based on merit, explicitly aiming not to create a new form of nobility, but rather to replace the abolished orders of chivalry with a secular, merit-based system.
During the First Empire, the highest rank in the Legion of Honour was initially known as Grand aigle.
Answer: True
During the First Empire, the highest rank was indeed initially known as Grand aigle, later renamed Grand cordon in 1814.
The Legion of Honour was unique among older monarchical orders because it was restricted to commissioned officers and noblemen.
Answer: False
The Legion of Honour was unique precisely because it was open to men of all ranks and professions, based solely on merit or bravery, unlike older monarchical orders often restricted to specific social classes or religions.
The first model of the Legion of Honour in 1804 featured an imperial crown atop the cross.
Answer: False
The first model of the Legion of Honour, issued in 1804, did not hang from a crown or wreath. The imperial crown was added in the second model in 1805.
Who established the National Order of the Legion of Honour in 1802?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte
The National Order of the Legion of Honour was established in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte, then First Consul of France.
When did the first induction ceremony into the Legion of Honour take place?
Answer: July 15, 1804
The first induction into the Legion of Honour occurred on July 15, 1804.
What was Napoleon Bonaparte's primary aim in creating the Legion of Honour?
Answer: To commend both civilians and soldiers based on merit.
Napoleon Bonaparte's primary aim was to create a new system of reward to commend both civilians and soldiers based on merit, not to establish a new form of nobility or a purely military award.
What was the annual payment received by a Grand Officier in the initial structure of the Legion of Honour under Napoleon?
Answer: 5,000 francs
In the initial structure under Napoleon, a Grand Officier received an annual payment of 5,000 francs.
How did the Legion of Honour distinguish itself from many older monarchical orders of merit?
Answer: It was open to men of all ranks and professions.
The Legion of Honour was unique among older monarchical orders because it was a secular institution open to men of all ranks and professions, with merit or bravery as the sole criteria.
What was unique about the first model of the Legion of Honour issued in 1804?
Answer: It did not hang from a crown or wreath.
The first model of the Legion of Honour, issued in 1804, was unique because it did not hang from a crown or wreath.
Louis XVIII replaced images of Napoleon and his eagle on the Legion of Honour insignia with King Henry IV and three Bourbon fleurs-de-lys during the Bourbon Restoration.
Answer: True
During the Bourbon Restoration, Louis XVIII indeed altered the insignia, replacing Napoleonic symbols with King Henry IV and three Bourbon fleurs-de-lys.
The Legion of Honour's insignia displayed tricolour flags after the July Monarchy, reflecting the new political landscape.
Answer: True
Following the overthrow of the Bourbons, the July Monarchy restored the Legion of Honour, and its insignia were significantly altered to display tricolour flags, symbolizing the new political landscape.
The current design of the Legion of Honour insignia, with a single star replacing the date '1870' on the obverse, was established with the Fifth Republic.
Answer: False
The design with a single star replacing the date '1870' on the obverse was established with the Fourth Republic in 1946, and this design has been maintained through the current Fifth Republic.
During the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, what image did Louis XVIII replace Napoleon's eagle with on the Legion of Honour insignia?
Answer: Three Bourbon fleurs-de-lys
During the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, Louis XVIII replaced Napoleon's eagle on the Legion of Honour insignia with three Bourbon fleurs-de-lys.
What replaced the date '1870' on the obverse of the Legion of Honour insignia with the establishment of the Fourth Republic in 1946?
Answer: A single star
With the establishment of the Fourth Republic in 1946, the date '1870' on the obverse of the Legion of Honour insignia was replaced by a single star.
During the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830), what symbol was included on the crown from which the Legion of Honour cross hung?
Answer: The fleur-de-lis
During the Bourbon Restoration, the crown from which the Legion of Honour cross hung was altered to include the fleur-de-lis, the symbol of the House of Bourbon.
What distinguished the Legion of Honour design during the Second Republic (1848–1851) regarding its hanging device?
Answer: It was unique for not having any hanging device (no crown or wreath).
The eighth model, used during the Second Republic, was unique for not having any hanging device (no crown or wreath).
The President of the French Republic automatically serves as the Grand Master of the Legion of Honour.
Answer: True
The source explicitly states that the President of the French Republic always serves as the Grand Master of the order.
The Legion of Honour has four classes of distinction: Knight, Officer, Commander, and Grand Cross.
Answer: False
The Legion of Honour has five classes of distinction: Chevalier (Knight), Officier (Officer), Commandeur (Commander), Grand Officier (Grand Officer), and Grand-croix (Grand Cross).
The Grand Chancery of the Legion of Honour also regulates the National Order of Merit and the Médaille militaire.
Answer: True
The Grand Chancery is responsible for the administration of the Legion of Honour and also regulates the National Order of Merit and the Médaille militaire.
Admission to the Legion of Honour Schools is open to all French citizens who demonstrate academic excellence.
Answer: False
Admission to the Legion of Honour Schools is restricted to the daughters, granddaughters, and great-granddaughters of members of the Legion of Honour, the Médaille militaire, or the Ordre national du Mérite, not all French citizens.
French nationals must have a minimum of 20 years of public service or 25 years of professional activity to be appointed as a Chevalier.
Answer: True
To be appointed as a Chevalier, French nationals must demonstrate 'eminent merits' through a minimum of 20 years of public service or 25 years of professional activity.
Promotion to Officier in the Legion of Honour requires a minimum of 5 years in the rank of Chevalier.
Answer: False
Promotion to Officier in the Legion of Honour requires a minimum of 8 years in the rank of Chevalier, not 5 years.
Members of the Legion of Honour are automatically dismissed from the order if convicted of a felony.
Answer: True
Members of the Legion of Honour who are convicted of a felony are automatically dismissed from the order.
Prior to 2008, French nationals could only enter the Legion of Honour at the Officier class.
Answer: False
Prior to 2008, French nationals could only enter the Legion of Honour at the Chevalier (Knight) class, not the Officier class.
Foreign heads of state are typically made Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour as a courtesy.
Answer: True
Foreign heads of state and their spouses or consorts are typically granted the Grand Cross as a diplomatic courtesy.
As of May 14, 2017, who holds the position of Grand Master of the Legion of Honour?
Answer: Emmanuel Macron
As of May 14, 2017, Emmanuel Macron, as President of the French Republic, holds the position of Grand Master of the Legion of Honour.
Which of the following is NOT one of the five classes of distinction within the Legion of Honour?
Answer: Lieutenant
The five classes of distinction are Chevalier, Officier, Commandeur, Grand Officier, and Grand-croix. 'Lieutenant' is not one of these classes.
What is the minimum service requirement for French nationals to be appointed as a Chevalier in the Legion of Honour for public service?
Answer: 20 years
French nationals must demonstrate a minimum of 20 years of public service to be appointed as a Chevalier in the Legion of Honour.
What is the minimum number of years a member must serve as a Chevalier to be promoted to Officier?
Answer: 8 years
A member must serve a minimum of 8 years as a Chevalier to be eligible for promotion to Officier.
What happens automatically to members of the Legion of Honour who are convicted of a felony?
Answer: They are automatically dismissed from the order.
Members of the Legion of Honour who are convicted of a felony are automatically dismissed from the order.
Prior to 2008, at which class could French nationals typically enter the Legion of Honour?
Answer: Chevalier
Prior to 2008, French nationals could typically only enter the Legion of Honour at the Chevalier class.
For active-duty commissioned officers, the Legion of Honour for service is typically awarded after how many years of meritorious service, provided they have attained Chevalier of the Ordre National du Mérite?
Answer: 20 years
For active-duty commissioned officers, the Legion of Honour for service is typically awarded after 20 years of meritorious service, provided they have already attained the rank of Chevalier of the Ordre National du Mérite.
The motto of the Legion of Honour, 'Honneur et Patrie,' translates to 'Glory and Nation'.
Answer: False
The motto 'Honneur et Patrie' translates to 'Honour and Fatherland', not 'Glory and Nation'.
Wearing the ribbon of a foreign order with a primary red color is prohibited if it could be confused with the Legion of Honour's ribbon.
Answer: True
To avoid confusion with the Legion of Honour's plain red ribbon, wearing the ribbon or rosette of a foreign order is prohibited if its primary color is red.
The U.S. Military Academy is an example of a foreign military unit decorated with the Legion of Honour.
Answer: True
The U.S. Military Academy is indeed mentioned as a foreign military unit that has been decorated with the Legion of Honour.
The Legion of Honour badge is shaped as a five-armed 'Maltese Asterisk' and is typically enameled blue.
Answer: False
The Legion of Honour badge is typically enameled white, not blue.
The current Legion of Honour badge's reverse central disc displays the motto 'Honneur et Patrie' and its foundation date.
Answer: True
The reverse central disc of the current Legion of Honour badge displays the motto 'Honneur et Patrie' and its foundation date.
What is the English translation of the Legion of Honour's motto, 'Honneur et Patrie'?
Answer: Honour and Fatherland
The motto 'Honneur et Patrie' translates to 'Honour and Fatherland'.
Which of the following foreign cities has NOT received a collective award of the Legion of Honour?
Answer: Berlin
The foreign cities listed as having received collective awards are Liège, Belgrade, Luxembourg City, Volgograd, Algiers, and London. Berlin is not on this list.
What is the primary color of the ribbon for the Legion of Honour medal?
Answer: Red
The ribbon for the Legion of Honour medal is plain red.
How do French towns display the Legion of Honour decoration when they receive a collective award?
Answer: They display the decoration in their municipal coat of arms.
French towns that receive a collective award of the Legion of Honour display the decoration in their municipal coat of arms.
What is the basic shape of the Legion of Honour badge?
Answer: A five-armed 'Maltese Asterisk'
The badge of the Legion of Honour is shaped as a five-armed 'Maltese Asterisk'.
What is depicted on the obverse central disc of the current Legion of Honour badge?
Answer: The head of Marianne
The obverse central disc of the current Legion of Honour badge features the head of Marianne.
How do Grand Officer members wear the 'star' or 'plaque' insignia?
Answer: In silver on the right chest
Grand Officer members wear the 'star' or 'plaque' insignia in silver on the right chest.
Angélique Duchemin was the first recorded woman admitted into the Legion of Honour in 1871 during the Third Republic.
Answer: False
Angélique Duchemin was the first recorded woman admitted, but this occurred in 1852 during the Second Republic, not in 1871 during the Third Republic.
The Hôtel de Salm, headquarters of the Legion of Honour, was destroyed by fire during the Paris Commune uprising in 1871.
Answer: True
During the Paris Commune uprising in 1871, the Hôtel de Salm, which housed the Legion of Honour's headquarters, was indeed burned to the ground.
The scandal involving Daniel Wilson, President Jules Grévy's son-in-law, concerned the trafficking of military medals, not Legion of Honour decorations.
Answer: False
The scandal involving Daniel Wilson specifically concerned the trafficking in the awarding of Legion of Honour decorations, not military medals in general.
Posthumous awards for the Legion of Honour were first authorized in 1918 during World War I.
Answer: True
A new policy authorizing posthumous awards for the Legion of Honour was indeed introduced in 1918 during World War I.
Simone Veil was the first person to enter the Legion of Honour at the Grand Cross level in 2009.
Answer: False
Simone Veil was the first person to enter the Legion of Honour at the Grand Officer level in 2009. She was later promoted to Grand Cross in 2012.
If a nominated recipient declines the Legion of Honour award, they are not included in the order's official membership.
Answer: False
Even if a nominated recipient declines the Legion of Honour award, they are still included in the order's official membership.
Who was the first recorded woman admitted into the Legion of Honour?
Answer: Angélique Duchemin
Angélique Duchemin was the first recorded woman admitted into the Legion of Honour in 1852.
What significant event in 1871 led to the loss of the Legion of Honour's archives?
Answer: The burning of the Hôtel de Salm during the Paris Commune
The burning of the Hôtel de Salm, the Legion of Honour's headquarters, during the Paris Commune uprising in 1871 resulted in the loss of the order's archives.
What scandal led to President Jules Grévy's resignation in 1887?
Answer: Trafficking in the awarding of Legion of Honour decorations by his son-in-law.
President Jules Grévy resigned in 1887 due to a scandal involving his son-in-law, Daniel Wilson, who was found to be trafficking in the awarding of Legion of Honour decorations.
When was the policy authorizing posthumous awards for the Legion of Honour introduced?
Answer: 1918
The policy authorizing posthumous awards for the Legion of Honour was introduced in 1918 during World War I.
Who was the first person to enter the Legion of Honour at the Grand Officer level in 2009?
Answer: Simone Veil
Simone Veil was the first person to enter the Legion of Honour at the Grand Officer level in 2009.
What is the consequence if a nominated recipient declines the Legion of Honour award?
Answer: They are still included in the order's official membership.
Even if a nominated recipient declines the Legion of Honour award, they are still included in the order's official membership.