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Lugdunum was established in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus as a Roman city, building upon an existing Gallic settlement.
Answer: True
The Roman city of Lugdunum was founded in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus, and this establishment was built upon an existing Gallic settlement.
The initial Roman name for Lugdunum, *Colonia Copia Felix Munatia*, was chosen to honor the god Mars and signify military strength.
Answer: False
The initial Roman name for Lugdunum, *Colonia Copia Felix Munatia*, was chosen to invoke prosperity and the blessing of the gods, not specifically to honor Mars or signify military strength.
Emperors Claudius and Caracalla were both born in Lugdunum, indicating the city's imperial significance.
Answer: True
The Roman emperors Claudius and Caracalla were indeed born in Lugdunum, underscoring the city's imperial significance.
Roman colonization of Lugdunum was ordered by the Senate to settle Roman refugees from Vienne and prevent them from joining Mark Antony during the War of Mutina.
Answer: True
The Roman Senate mandated the establishment of Lugdunum in 43 BC to resettle Roman refugees from Vienne and to prevent their alignment with Mark Antony during the War of Mutina.
Within 50 years of its founding, Lugdunum became the administrative center for Roman Gaul and Germany.
Answer: True
Within half a century of its inception, Lugdunum experienced substantial growth and an elevation in strategic importance, becoming the administrative nexus for Roman Gaul and Germany.
Lugdunum became an imperial mint in AD 64 under Emperor Nero, producing coinage for the entire Roman Empire.
Answer: False
Lugdunum became an imperial mint in 15 BC during the reign of Augustus. While it was the sole mint for gold and silver coinage for a period, Nero moved production back to Rome in AD 64.
Emperor Augustus is believed to have visited Lugdunum at least three times during its first century.
Answer: True
Emperor Augustus is indeed believed to have visited Lugdunum on at least three occasions during its inaugural century.
The Sanctuary of the Three Gauls was established in 12 BC by Tiberius, who dedicated an altar to his stepfather Augustus.
Answer: False
The Sanctuary of the Three Gauls was established in 12 BC by Drusus, who dedicated an altar to his stepfather Augustus.
Caius Julius Vercondaridubnus, a Roman citizen, was appointed as the first priest of the imperial cult sanctuary in Lugdunum.
Answer: False
Caius Julius Vercondaridubnus, a member of the Aedui tribe, was appointed as the inaugural priest of the imperial cult sanctuary. The source does not specify he was a Roman citizen.
By AD 19, the first amphitheater in Gaul had been constructed in Lugdunum on the slopes of the Croix-Rousse hill.
Answer: True
By AD 19, the first amphitheater in Gaul, now known as the Amphitheatre of the Three Gauls, had been constructed on the slopes of the Croix-Rousse hill in Lugdunum.
What was the primary purpose of founding the Roman city of Lugdunum in 43 BC?
Answer: To settle Roman refugees from Vienne and prevent them from joining Mark Antony.
The Roman Senate mandated the establishment of Lugdunum in 43 BC primarily to resettle Roman refugees from Vienne and to prevent their alignment with Mark Antony during the War of Mutina.
Which of the following Roman emperors was NOT born in Lugdunum?
Answer: Augustus
While Claudius and Caracalla were born in Lugdunum, Emperor Augustus is believed to have visited the city but was not born there.
Which Roman general is suggested by epigraphic evidence to have been the principal founder of Lugdunum?
Answer: Lucius Munatius Plancus
Epigraphic evidence strongly suggests that Lucius Munatius Plancus was the principal founder of Lugdunum.
How did the ancient geographer Strabo describe Lugdunum's role by the end of Emperor Augustus's reign?
Answer: As a vital junction where four major Roman roads converged.
By the conclusion of Emperor Augustus's reign, Strabo characterized Lugdunum as a pivotal intersection where four major Roman roads, known as the *Via Agrippa*, converged.
When did Lugdunum become an imperial mint, and what was its initial significance?
Answer: 15 BC; it replaced mints in Hispania and became the sole producer of gold and silver coinage for a period.
Lugdunum was designated an imperial mint in 15 BC during the reign of Augustus, replacing mints in Hispania, and for a period after 12 BC, it was the sole mint producing gold and silver coinage for the entire Roman Empire.
What significant religious and administrative event occurred in Lugdunum in 12 BC?
Answer: The establishment of the Sanctuary of the Three Gauls and an annual council.
In 12 BC, Drusus conducted an administrative census and dedicated an altar to Augustus, leading to the establishment of the Sanctuary of the Three Gauls and the institution of an annual 'council of the three Gauls'.
During its peak in the Roman Empire, Lugdunum's population never exceeded 50,000 inhabitants.
Answer: False
During its peak, Lugdunum's population is estimated to have ranged from 50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants, potentially reaching up to 200,000 at its height.
Emperor Claudius's request to the Senate in AD 48 aimed to grant all Gallic citizens full Roman citizenship.
Answer: False
Emperor Claudius's request to the Senate in AD 48 aimed to grant *notable men* from the three Gauls the right to accede to the Senate, not all Gallic citizens full Roman citizenship.
Caligula's visit to Lugdunum in AD 39-40 was marked by his efforts to promote local Gallic traditions and festivals.
Answer: False
Caligula's visit to Lugdunum in AD 39-40 was characterized by extravagant and unconventional events, including a rhetoric contest where losers had to expunge their work with their tongues, not by promoting local Gallic traditions.
Emperor Claudius enhanced Lugdunum's strategic importance by constructing a bridge over the Rhône River, shortening travel times to Vienne.
Answer: True
During Claudius's principate, Lugdunum's strategic significance was augmented by the construction of a bridge over the Rhône River, which reduced travel times to Vienne and established more direct connections.
Nero contributed funds to rebuild Lugdunum after a devastating fire, reciprocating the city's aid to Rome.
Answer: True
Nero reciprocated Lugdunum's earlier contribution to Rome's recovery after the Great Fire of AD 64 by providing funds to help rebuild Lugdunum after it suffered a similarly devastating fire.
In the 2nd century AD, Lugdunum's water supply relied solely on the Saône River, without the use of aqueducts.
Answer: False
In the 2nd century AD, Lugdunum's water supply was provided by four well-engineered aqueducts, featuring siphons, which supplied water to the city's fountains, public baths, and private homes.
Lugdunum was a major manufacturing center for pottery, metalworking, and weaving, with its goods widely traded throughout Gaul.
Answer: True
Lugdunum functioned as the preeminent manufacturing hub for pottery, metalworking, and weaving throughout Gaul, with its products extensively traded across the region.
The city of Lugdunum was governed directly by the Roman emperor through a military governor.
Answer: False
The city of Lugdunum was administered by a 'senate' comprising decurions and a hierarchy of magistrates, not directly by the emperor through a military governor.
The Lyonnais company of boatmen (*nautae*) was the largest and most respected in Gaul, dominating the trade of wine and oil.
Answer: True
The Lyonnais company of boatmen (*nautae*) was indeed the largest and most esteemed in Gaul, dominating the trade of wine from Narbonensis and Italy, and oil from Spain, to the rest of Gaul.
Lugdunum was a highly cosmopolitan city with a significant foreign-born population, including Italians, Greeks, and immigrants from the oriental provinces.
Answer: True
The substantial concentration of trade rendered Lugdunum one of the most cosmopolitan urban centers in Gaul, with inscriptions corroborating the presence of a significant foreign-born population, including Italians, Greeks, and immigrants from the oriental provinces.
What was the estimated maximum population of Lugdunum at its height during the Roman Empire?
Answer: 200,000 inhabitants
At its peak, between AD 69 and 192, Lugdunum's population may have ranged from 50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants, potentially reaching up to 200,000.
What was the significance of Emperor Claudius's request to the Senate in AD 48 concerning Lugdunum?
Answer: It allowed notable men from the three Gauls to accede to the Senate.
In AD 48, Emperor Claudius successfully petitioned the Senate to grant distinguished men from the three Gauls the right to accede to the Senate, integrating Gallic elites into Roman governance.
Which of the following events characterized Emperor Caligula's visit to Lugdunum in AD 39-40?
Answer: A rhetoric contest where losers had to expunge their work with their tongues.
Caligula's visit to Lugdunum in AD 39-40 was characterized by extravagant and unconventional events, including a rhetoric contest where unsuccessful participants were compelled to expunge their work with their tongues.
How did Emperor Claudius further enhance Lugdunum's strategic importance during his reign?
Answer: By constructing a bridge over the Rhône River, shortening travel times.
During Claudius's principate, Lugdunum's strategic significance was augmented by the construction of a bridge over the Rhône River, which reduced travel times to Vienne and established more direct connections.
What was Nero's interaction with Lugdunum regarding fires?
Answer: Lugdunum contributed to Rome's recovery after a fire, and Nero reciprocated when Lugdunum suffered a fire.
Citizens of Lugdunum contributed to Rome's recovery after the Great Fire of AD 64, and Nero reciprocated this generosity by providing funds to help rebuild Lugdunum after it suffered a similarly devastating fire.
What was a key aspect of Lugdunum's infrastructure in the 2nd century AD?
Answer: Four well-engineered aqueducts featuring siphons.
In the 2nd century AD, Lugdunum's water supply was provided by four well-engineered aqueducts, incorporating siphons, which supplied water to the city's fountains, public baths, and private residences.
Which of the following was NOT a primary manufacturing activity in Lugdunum during the first centuries of the Empire?
Answer: Shipbuilding for the Roman navy
Lugdunum functioned as the preeminent manufacturing hub for pottery, metalworking, and weaving throughout Gaul. Shipbuilding for the Roman navy is not mentioned as a primary manufacturing activity.
How was the city of Lugdunum primarily governed during the Roman Empire?
Answer: By a 'senate' composed of decurions and a hierarchy of magistrates.
The city of Lugdunum was administered by a 'senate' comprising decurions (*ordo decurionum*) and a hierarchical structure of magistrates, including quaestors, aediles, and duumvirs.
What was the highest achievable status for wealthy freedmen in Lugdunum's social hierarchy?
Answer: Augustales
The status of Augustales, who oversaw the municipal imperial cult, represented the highest achievable for affluent freedmen in Lugdunum's social hierarchy.
What made Lugdunum a cosmopolitan city?
Answer: Heavy concentration of trade and a significant foreign-born population.
The substantial concentration of trade rendered Lugdunum one of the most cosmopolitan urban centers in Gaul, corroborated by inscriptions attesting to a significant foreign-born population.
The first attested Christian community in Gaul was established in Lugdunum in the 3rd century, led by Bishop Irenaeus.
Answer: False
The first attested Christian community in Gaul was established in Lugdunum in the 2nd century, led by Bishop Pothinus. Bishop Irenaeus led the community *after* the persecution of 177 AD.
The persecution of Christians in Lugdunum in 177 AD was triggered by a specific imperial decree against Christianity.
Answer: False
The persecution of Christians in Lugdunum in 177 AD was triggered by escalating mob violence that culminated in public interrogation by local magistrates, not a specific imperial decree.
Bishop Pothinus and Blandina were among the notable martyrs during the 177 AD persecution in Lugdunum.
Answer: True
Bishop Pothinus and Blandina were indeed among the prominent martyrs during the 177 AD persecution in Lugdunum, suffering torture and death.
Which Eastern mystery religion found particular favor in Lugdunum and had a major shrine in nearby Vienne?
Answer: The Phrygian goddess Cybele
The Phrygian goddess Cybele, an Eastern mystery religion, found particular favor in Lugdunum and maintained a significant shrine in nearby Vienne.
Who led the first attested Christian community in Gaul, established in Lugdunum in the 2nd century?
Answer: Bishop Pothinus
The earliest documented Christian community in Gaul was founded in Lugdunum during the 2nd century, under the leadership of Bishop Pothinus.
What was the immediate cause of the persecution of Christians in Lugdunum in 177 AD?
Answer: Mob violence escalating into public interrogation by local magistrates.
The persecution of Christians in Lugdunum in 177 AD was immediately caused by escalating mob violence that culminated in a public interrogation within the forum by local magistrates.
What happened to the remains of the martyrs from the 177 AD persecution in Lugdunum?
Answer: Their ashes were thrown into the Rhône River.
The ashes of the martyrs from the 177 AD persecution in Lugdunum were subsequently cast into the Rhône River.
During the Year of the Four Emperors, Lugdunum immediately declared loyalty to Galba after Nero's suicide.
Answer: False
During the Year of the Four Emperors (AD 69), Lugdunum initially maintained its loyalty to Nero. After Nero's suicide, Galba punished the city for its loyalty, and it later welcomed Vitellius.
The Battle of Lugdunum in 197 AD was a minor skirmish between local Roman garrisons.
Answer: False
The Battle of Lugdunum in 197 AD was a bloody and decisive engagement between the forces of Clodius Albinus and Septimius Severus, described as involving a vast number of combatants, making it a major confrontation, not a minor skirmish.
Clodius Albinus reopened the Lugdunum mint, which had been closed for over a century, to issue coins celebrating his 'clemency'.
Answer: True
Clodius Albinus reactivated the Lugdunum mint, which had been dormant for over a century, to issue coinage celebrating his 'clemency' and dedicated to the 'Genius of Lugdunum'.
After the Battle of Lugdunum, the city was largely untouched by the victorious legions, as Severus sought to win over its population.
Answer: False
After the Battle of Lugdunum, the city was subjected to plunder or sustained significant damage by the victorious legions, who exacted retribution upon those who had supported Albinus.
The reorganization of imperial administration under Diocletian and Constantine significantly increased Lugdunum's importance as a provincial capital.
Answer: False
The reorganization of imperial administration under Diocletian and Constantine substantially diminished Lugdunum's prominence, reducing it to the capital of a much smaller region.
Despite its diminished provincial status, Lugdunum retained its mint, a tax office, and a state-run wool clothing factory.
Answer: True
Notwithstanding its reduced provincial standing, Lugdunum maintained its imperial mint, an administrative tax office, and a state-operated wool clothing factory.
Constantine's decision to make Byzantium the capital of the Eastern Empire had no discernible impact on the status of western provinces like Lugdunum.
Answer: False
Constantine's strategic decision to designate Byzantium as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire further exacerbated the diminished status of the western provinces, contributing to the overall decline of cities like Lugdunum.
Lugdunum became the principal city of the Kingdom of the Burgundians in 443 AD, and its mint continued to operate under the new rulers.
Answer: True
Lugdunum transitioned to become the principal city of the Kingdom of the Burgundians in 443 AD, and its mint maintained operations even under the new rulers.
During the Year of the Four Emperors (AD 69), how did Lugdunum initially react to the political turmoil?
Answer: It remained loyal to Nero during an uprising.
During the uprising led by Caius Julius Vindex in AD 68, Lugdunum initially maintained its loyalty to Nero.
What event triggered the struggle for imperial succession that led to the Battle of Lugdunum?
Answer: The murder of Emperor Pertinax in 193 AD.
The assassination of Emperor Pertinax in 193 AD precipitated a fierce struggle for imperial succession, ultimately leading to the Battle of Lugdunum.
Who were the two main rivals involved in the Battle of Lugdunum?
Answer: Clodius Albinus and Septimius Severus
The principal rivals involved in the Battle of Lugdunum were Clodius Albinus and Septimius Severus.
When did the decisive Battle of Lugdunum take place?
Answer: February 19, 197 AD
The pivotal Battle of Lugdunum transpired on February 19, 197 AD.
What was the immediate impact of Septimius Severus's victory in the Battle of Lugdunum on the city?
Answer: The city was plundered or severely damaged by the victorious legions.
Subsequent to the battle, Lugdunum was subjected to plunder or sustained significant damage by the victorious legions, who exacted retribution upon those who had supported Albinus.
How did the reorganization of imperial administration under Diocletian and Constantine affect Lugdunum?
Answer: It significantly reduced Lugdunum's importance, making it capital of a smaller region.
The reorganization of imperial administration under Diocletian and Constantine substantially diminished Lugdunum's prominence, reducing it to the capital of a much smaller region.
Which city eclipsed Lugdunum in importance during the later Roman Empire due to its proximity to crucial frontiers?
Answer: Augusta Treverorum (Trier)
As the Western Roman Empire declined, cities such as Augusta Treverorum (Trier) surpassed Lugdunum in significance due to their proximity to crucial frontiers.
When did Lugdunum become the principal city of the Kingdom of the Burgundians?
Answer: AD 443
Lugdunum transitioned to become the principal city of the Kingdom of the Burgundians in 443 AD.
The name Lugdunum is a Latinization of a Greek term meaning 'Shining Hill'.
Answer: False
The name Lugdunum is a Latinization of the Gaulish term *Lugudunon*, meaning 'Fortress (or hill) of (the god) Lugus'. While a medieval folk-etymology connected it to Latin 'lux' (light) for 'Shining Hill', it was not a Greek term.
Archaeological evidence suggests that Lugdunum was a purely Roman foundation with no prior Gallic settlement.
Answer: False
Archaeological findings indicate that Lugdunum was built upon a continuous Gallic occupation dating back to the 4th century BC, demonstrating a long history of human presence before the Roman arrival.
The early Gallic settlement of Lugdunum was strategically located on the Fourvière heights, overlooking the Saône River.
Answer: True
The nascent Gallic settlement was strategically positioned on the Fourvière heights, offering a commanding view over the Saône River.
According to the source, what is the most widely accepted etymological origin of the name 'Lugdunum'?
Answer: A Gaulish term meaning 'Fortress (or hill) of (the god) Lugus'.
The name Lugdunum is a Latinization of the Gaulish term *Lugudunon*, which translates to 'Fortress (or hill) of (the god) Lugus'.
The Claudian Tables, an engraved bronze plaque of Emperor Claudius's speech, are a prized exhibit at the Gallo-Roman Museum in Lyon.
Answer: True
The Claudian Tables, fragments of a substantial engraved bronze plaque containing Emperor Claudius's speech, are indeed a prominent exhibit at the Gallo-Roman Museum in Lyon.
What does the image of the Claudian Tables in the Lugdunum museum represent?
Answer: An engraved bronze plaque of Emperor Claudius's speech to the Senate.
The Claudian Tables are fragments of a substantial engraved bronze plaque containing Emperor Claudius's speech, which granted Gallic noblemen the right to serve in the Roman Senate.
What type of defensive wall construction, characteristic of the La Tène culture, is depicted in an image related to Lugdunum's pre-Roman history?
Answer: A Gallic *Murus Gallicus*
The source material includes an image illustrating a Gallic *Murus Gallicus* in Lyon, a distinctive type of defensive wall construction emblematic of the La Tène culture.