Export your learner materials as an interactive game, a webpage, or FAQ style cheatsheet.
Unsaved Work Found!
It looks like you have unsaved work from a previous session. Would you like to restore it?
Total Categories: 6
The Spanish encomienda system, a form of labor obligation, predated the formal legalization of Mapuche slavery.
Answer: True
The encomienda system was established by the Spanish in the early colonial period, preceding the formal decree that legalized Mapuche slavery in 1608. Therefore, it was not a later development.
A principal negative outcome for Mapuche individuals subjected to the 16th-century encomienda system was their relocation to Spain for labor.
Answer: False
The primary negative consequence of the encomienda system for the Mapuche was not relocation to Spain, but rather high mortality rates due to harsh labor conditions, particularly in the Spanish gold mines.
What system of involuntary servitude was initially imposed on indigenous inhabitants of Chile by the Spanish conquistadors before formal slavery?
Answer: Encomienda
Prior to the formalization of slavery, the Spanish conquistadors imposed the encomienda system upon the indigenous inhabitants of Chile, which mandated labor obligations.
What was a primary negative outcome for Mapuche individuals under the 16th-century encomienda system?
Answer: High mortality rates in gold mines
The encomienda system subjected Mapuche laborers to extremely harsh conditions, particularly in gold mines, leading to significant mortality rates and severe detrimental impacts on the population.
The protracted Arauco War constituted the principal historical context that precipitated the practice of Mapuche slavery in 17th-century Chile.
Answer: True
The Arauco War, a prolonged military conflict, is identified as the primary historical circumstance that created the conditions for the widespread enslavement of Mapuche individuals throughout the 17th century.
Spanish slave raiding was a minor factor contributing to the Mapuche uprising of 1655.
Answer: False
Intensified Spanish slave raiding activities were a significant contributing factor, fueling resentment and resistance that culminated in the Mapuche uprising of 1655.
Following the Destruction of the Seven Cities, the Mapuche took approximately 500 Spanish women captive.
Answer: True
Historical accounts suggest that following the significant Mapuche victory known as the Destruction of the Seven Cities, approximately 500 Spanish women were taken captive by the Mapuche.
Ownership of captive Spanish women within Mapuche society remained static with the initial captor.
Answer: False
The ownership of captive Spanish women was not static; it was common for these women to be transferred or traded, changing hands multiple times within Mapuche society.
Which major conflict served as the direct backdrop for the practice of Mapuche slavery in 17th-century Chile?
Answer: The War of the Arauco
The prolonged and intense conflict known as the War of the Arauco provided the primary historical context and justification for the widespread practice of Mapuche slavery during the 17th century.
What happened to the Spanish women captured by the Mapuche after the Destruction of the Seven Cities?
Answer: They were held captive and their ownership was traded.
Following the Destruction of the Seven Cities, Spanish women captured by the Mapuche were held as captives, and their ownership was frequently transferred or traded within Mapuche society.
Philip III of Spain legalized Mapuche slavery in response to the Destruction of the Seven Cities.
Answer: True
The significant Mapuche uprising culminating in the Destruction of the Seven Cities between 1598 and 1604 prompted Philip III to issue a decree in 1608 that legalized the enslavement of Mapuche individuals captured in war.
The legalization of Mapuche slavery in 1608 was justified by the belief that rebellious Mapuche were Christian apostates.
Answer: True
The 1608 decree leveraged contemporary religious and legal interpretations, deeming rebellious Mapuche as Christian apostates, a status that, according to prevailing doctrine, permitted their enslavement.
The 1608 decree merely recognized existing practices and did not grant new legal rights to slave owners.
Answer: False
The 1608 decree did more than recognize existing practices; it formally legalized Mapuche slavery, thereby granting new legal rights to slave owners and sanctioning the treatment of captured Mapuche as property that could be bought and sold.
What significant event involving the Mapuche prompted Philip III of Spain to legalize their enslavement in 1608?
Answer: A major uprising resulting in the Destruction of the Seven Cities
The devastating Mapuche uprising that led to the Destruction of the Seven Cities between 1598 and 1604 was the critical event that prompted Philip III to issue the 1608 decree legalizing Mapuche slavery.
On which grounds did Philip III justify the 1608 decree legalizing slavery for captured Mapuche?
Answer: Mapuche as Christian apostates according to contemporary interpretation
The justification provided for the 1608 decree was rooted in the interpretation that rebellious Mapuche were Christian apostates, a status considered legally grounds for enslavement under prevailing religious and legal doctrines of the era.
How did the 1608 decree change the status of captured Mapuche in practice?
Answer: It formally recognized them as property that could be bought and sold.
The 1608 decree legally sanctioned the enslavement of captured Mapuche, formally recognizing them as property subject to sale and purchase among Spanish settlers, thereby legitimizing existing exploitative practices.
The legalization of slavery in 1608 led to a decrease in Spanish slave raiding activities.
Answer: False
The legalization of Mapuche slavery in 1608 had the opposite effect, making slave raiding more common and systematic as it provided a legal framework and incentive for acquiring enslaved labor.
Mapuche slaves were exclusively traded within the immediate conflict zone of Chile.
Answer: False
Mapuche slaves were exported beyond the immediate conflict zone of Chile, with destinations including settlements as far north as Lima, the viceregal capital of Peru, indicating a broader regional market.
Juan de Salazar utilized the Army of Arauco primarily for defensive purposes against Mapuche attacks.
Answer: False
Juan de Salazar, a maestre de campo, employed the Army of Arauco to actively capture Mapuche individuals for the explicit purpose of selling them into slavery, rather than solely for defensive operations.
The Spanish slave hunting expedition against the Cunco people in 1654 was a resounding success.
Answer: False
The Spanish slave hunting expedition against the Cunco people in 1654 resulted in a significant defeat for the Spanish forces at the Battle of Río Bueno, marking it as a failure rather than a success.
Governor Antonio de Acuña Cabrera y Bayona's brother-in-law was involved in the Mapuche slave trade.
Answer: True
Governor Antonio de Acuña Cabrera y Bayona's brother-in-law, Juan de Salazar, was actively involved in military campaigns that served the purpose of capturing Mapuche individuals for the slave trade.
The Mapuche did not engage in capturing or trading enslaved individuals.
Answer: False
Evidence indicates that the Mapuche also captured individuals, including Spanish women, and engaged in the practice of trading ownership among themselves, demonstrating a reciprocal element in enslavement practices.
Spanish settlers in the Chiloé Archipelago strictly adhered to the 1608 decree's original intent.
Answer: False
Settlers in the Chiloé Archipelago significantly abused the 1608 decree, using it as a pretext to conduct slave raids against indigenous groups, including those not previously under Spanish control or in rebellion.
The Chono people of northwestern Patagonia were targeted for slave raids due to abuses of the 1608 decree.
Answer: True
The Chono people, residing in northwestern Patagonia and not previously subjected to Spanish rule or rebellion, were indeed targeted by slave raids originating from the Chiloé Archipelago as a consequence of the abuse of the 1608 decree.
What was the effect of the 1608 decree on Spanish slave raiding during the Arauco War?
Answer: It made raids more common and systematic.
Far from reducing raiding, the 1608 decree's legalization of slavery intensified Spanish slave raiding activities during the Arauco War, making them more frequent and systematic due to the legal sanction provided.
Which of the following was a destination for exported Mapuche slaves mentioned in the source?
Answer: Lima
Mapuche slaves were exported from Chile to various Spanish settlements, including the significant viceregal capital of Lima, Peru, indicating a broad regional market for enslaved labor.
Which governor's brother-in-law, Juan de Salazar, used the Army of Arauco for slave capturing purposes?
Answer: Governor Antonio de Acuña Cabrera y Bayona
Juan de Salazar, the brother-in-law of Governor Antonio de Acuña Cabrera y Bayona, utilized the Army of Arauco in military actions specifically aimed at capturing Mapuche individuals for the slave trade.
What was the outcome of the Spanish slave hunting expedition against the Cunco people in 1654?
Answer: Complete disaster and defeat for the Spanish at the Battle of Río Bueno
The large-scale Spanish slave hunting expedition launched against the Cunco people in 1654 ended in a significant military failure, culminating in a defeat for the Spanish forces at the Battle of Río Bueno.
According to the source, did the Mapuche also capture and trade enslaved individuals?
Answer: Yes, they captured Spaniards and traded ownership among themselves.
The source indicates that Mapuche individuals also engaged in capturing, particularly Spanish women, and subsequently traded ownership of these captives among themselves, demonstrating a reciprocal aspect to enslavement.
How did settlers in the Chiloé Archipelago abuse the 1608 decree?
Answer: By using it as a pretext for slave raids on non-rebellious groups.
Settlers in the Chiloé Archipelago exploited the 1608 decree by employing it as a justification for conducting slave raids against indigenous populations, including those who had not rebelled or were not under Spanish control.
Which indigenous group, not previously under Spanish control, was targeted by slave raids from Chiloé due to abuse of the 1608 decree?
Answer: The Chono people
The Chono people, inhabiting northwestern Patagonia and not previously under Spanish dominion, became targets of slave raids originating from Chiloé as a result of the misapplication and abuse of the 1608 decree.
The Spanish Crown consistently supported and encouraged the enslavement of indigenous people throughout its colonial history.
Answer: False
While practices varied and were often circumvented, the Spanish Crown officially prohibited the enslavement of indigenous peoples for much of its colonial history, issuing decrees aimed at their protection, though these were not always effectively enforced.
The Real Audiencia of Santiago believed that the practice of enslaving Mapuche was a key reason for the ongoing conflict.
Answer: True
The Real Audiencia of Santiago opined that the persistent enslavement of Mapuche individuals was a significant underlying cause of the continuous conflict between the Spanish and the Mapuche people.
Philip IV of Spain maintained the permissive stance on Mapuche slavery throughout his reign.
Answer: False
Philip IV's reign saw a shift in policy; while initially permissive, later actions indicated a move towards implementing restrictions on Mapuche slavery, diverging from the stance of his predecessor.
Charles II of Spain, along with his mother Mariana of Austria, led a significant anti-slavery campaign.
Answer: True
Following the death of Philip IV, Queen Mariana of Austria, acting as regent, and her son Charles II spearheaded a notable campaign across the Spanish Empire aimed at curtailing and eventually abolishing indigenous slavery.
Queen Mariana's 1667 directive ordered the freedom of all Indian slaves throughout the Spanish Empire.
Answer: False
Queen Mariana's 1667 directive specifically ordered the freedom of Indian slaves in Peru who had been captured in Chile, not all Indian slaves throughout the entire Spanish Empire.
The population of Peru reacted with enthusiasm to Queen Mariana's 1667 order to free slaves.
Answer: False
The announcement of Queen Mariana's 1667 order to free Indian slaves was met with considerable dismay and likely resistance from slave owners in Peru, rather than enthusiasm.
In 1672, Queen Mariana ordered the freedom of all Indian slaves within Mexico.
Answer: True
In 1672, Queen Mariana issued a directive mandating the freedom of all Indian slaves residing within the Viceroyalty of Mexico, extending the scope of anti-slavery measures.
Charles II's 1679 declaration freeing indigenous slaves was influenced by a plea from the Pope.
Answer: True
The Pope's intercession was among the factors that influenced Charles II to issue the comprehensive declaration in 1679 aimed at freeing indigenous slaves throughout Spanish America.
Charles II's 1679 declaration freeing indigenous slaves applied universally to all indigenous groups.
Answer: False
The 1679 declaration, while broad, explicitly excluded certain groups, most notably the Carib people, who were often characterized by the Spanish as 'cannibals' or hostile entities.
Governor Juan Enríquez of Chile actively supported and published the royal decrees freeing indigenous slaves.
Answer: False
Governor Juan Enríquez of Chile actively resisted the royal decrees aimed at freeing indigenous slaves. He lodged protests and deliberately refrained from publishing or enforcing them within his jurisdiction.
What did the Real Audiencia of Santiago identify as a primary cause of the persistent conflict between Spaniards and Mapuche in the 1650s?
Answer: The practice of enslaving Mapuche individuals
The Real Audiencia of Santiago concluded that the ongoing enslavement of Mapuche individuals was a principal factor fueling the persistent conflict between the Spanish colonists and the Mapuche people.
Which Spanish monarch began to implement restrictions on Mapuche slavery during his reign?
Answer: Philip IV
Philip IV's reign marked a transition, as he initiated policies that began to impose restrictions on the practice of Mapuche slavery, moving away from the more permissive approach of his predecessor.
Who spearheaded the anti-slavery campaign across the Spanish Empire following Philip IV's death?
Answer: Charles II and Mariana of Austria
Following the death of Philip IV, Queen Mariana of Austria, acting as regent, and her son Charles II were the principal figures who led a significant campaign against indigenous slavery throughout the Spanish Empire.
What was the specific target group of Queen Mariana of Austria's 1667 directive concerning Indian slaves?
Answer: All Indian slaves in Peru captured in Chile
Queen Mariana's 1667 directive was specifically aimed at freeing Indian slaves located in Peru who had originally been captured in Chile, rather than a universal decree for all slaves in the empire.
Which of the following groups was explicitly excluded from Charles II's general declaration freeing indigenous slaves in 1679?
Answer: The Carib people
Charles II's 1679 declaration, while comprehensive, specifically excluded the Carib people from its provisions for freeing indigenous slaves, citing their perceived hostility and practices.
How did Governor Juan Enríquez of Chile react to the royal decrees mandating the freedom of indigenous slaves?
Answer: He protested and refused to publish the decrees.
Governor Juan Enríquez actively opposed the royal decrees aimed at freeing indigenous slaves by lodging formal protests and deliberately failing to publish or implement them within his jurisdiction.
The 1679 declaration freeing indigenous slaves was incorporated into which major legal compilation in 1680?
Answer: The Laws of the Indies (Recopilación de las leyes de Indias)
The comprehensive declaration issued by Charles II in 1679, aimed at freeing indigenous slaves, was subsequently integrated into the Recopilación de las leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies) in 1680, a major codification of laws governing Spanish America.
The official abolition of enslaving Mapuche individuals captured in war occurred in 1683.
Answer: True
The practice of enslaving Mapuche individuals captured in war was officially abolished by royal decree in the year 1683.
Historian Mario Góngora argued that the abolition of Mapuche slavery was primarily driven by humanitarian concerns.
Answer: False
Historian Mario Góngora posited that the abolition of Mapuche slavery in 1683 was primarily motivated by economic factors, specifically the increasing availability and lower cost of free mestizo labor compared to enslaved individuals.
After the royal anti-slavery campaign, Spaniards could no longer acquire slaves.
Answer: False
While official state-sanctioned enslavement was curtailed, Spaniards could still legally acquire slaves by purchasing them from indigenous slavers, indicating that the practice persisted through alternative channels.
The Comanche people were among the indigenous groups from whom Spaniards could still purchase slaves after 1680.
Answer: True
Following the royal efforts to curb official involvement in slavery, Spaniards were still permitted to purchase slaves from indigenous slavers, including groups such as the Comanche people.
When was the practice of enslaving Mapuche individuals captured in war officially abolished?
Answer: 1683
The official abolition of the practice of enslaving Mapuche individuals captured in war was decreed in the year 1683.
What did historian Mario Góngora propose as the main reason for the abolition of Mapuche slavery in 1683?
Answer: Economic shift towards cheaper free mestizo labor
Historian Mario Góngora argued that the primary driver for the abolition of Mapuche slavery in 1683 was the economic shift towards the greater availability and lower cost of free mestizo labor, rendering slave ownership less advantageous.
After the royal anti-slavery efforts curtailed official involvement, from whom could Spaniards still legally purchase slaves?
Answer: From indigenous slavers
Despite royal efforts to end state-sanctioned enslavement, Spaniards could still legally acquire slaves by purchasing them from indigenous groups who engaged in slaving practices.