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Mariana of Austria was born in Madrid, Spain, in 1634.
Answer: False
Mariana of Austria was born on December 24, 1634, in Wiener Neustadt, which was part of the Archduchy of Austria, not Madrid, Spain.
Mariana of Austria's parents were both members of the powerful Habsburg dynasty.
Answer: True
Mariana of Austria's parents were Maria Anna of Spain and Ferdinand III, both prominent members of the Habsburg dynasty.
Mariana of Austria had three brothers who survived into adulthood, including Leopold, who became Holy Roman Emperor.
Answer: False
Mariana of Austria had two brothers who survived into adulthood: Ferdinand and Leopold. Leopold later became Holy Roman Emperor.
Mariana of Austria was initially betrothed to her cousin, Balthasar Charles, who later became King of Spain.
Answer: False
Mariana was betrothed to Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias, but he died shortly after their betrothal, and thus never became King of Spain.
Mariana of Austria married Philip IV of Spain in 1649 in Madrid.
Answer: False
Mariana of Austria married Philip IV of Spain on October 7, 1649, in Navalcarnero, a town outside Madrid, not in Madrid itself.
Only two of Mariana of Austria and Philip IV's five children survived to adulthood: Margaret Theresa and Charles.
Answer: True
Of Mariana of Austria and Philip IV's five children, only Margaret Theresa and Charles survived to adulthood.
What were Mariana of Austria's primary roles in Spain from 1649 until her death in 1696?
Answer: Queen consort, then Queen Regent, and an influential political figure.
Mariana of Austria served as Queen consort from 1649 to 1665, then as Queen Regent for Charles II from 1665, and remained an influential political figure until her death in 1696.
Which of Mariana of Austria's brothers survived into adulthood and later became Holy Roman Emperor?
Answer: Leopold.
Mariana of Austria had two brothers who survived into adulthood, Ferdinand and Leopold, with Leopold later becoming Holy Roman Emperor.
What was the name of Mariana of Austria's mother, who was also from Spain?
Answer: Maria Anna of Spain.
Mariana of Austria's mother was Maria Anna of Spain, highlighting the familial connections within European royalty.
In what year did Mariana of Austria marry her uncle, Philip IV of Spain?
Answer: 1649.
Mariana of Austria married her uncle, Philip IV of Spain, on October 7, 1649.
Who was Mariana of Austria's father, who held the title of Holy Roman Emperor?
Answer: Ferdinand III.
Mariana of Austria's father was Ferdinand III, who held the title of Holy Roman Emperor.
What was the duration of Mariana of Austria's tenure as Queen consort of Spain?
Answer: 1649 to 1665.
Mariana of Austria served as Queen consort of Spain from October 7, 1649, until September 17, 1665.
Where was Mariana of Austria born?
Answer: Wiener Neustadt, Archduchy of Austria.
Mariana of Austria was born on December 24, 1634, in Wiener Neustadt, Archduchy of Austria.
Which two of Mariana of Austria and Philip IV's five children survived to adulthood?
Answer: Margaret Theresa and Charles.
Only Margaret Theresa and Charles, of Mariana of Austria and Philip IV's five children, survived to adulthood.
To whom was Mariana of Austria initially betrothed before his untimely death?
Answer: Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias.
Mariana of Austria was initially betrothed to her cousin, Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias, who died shortly after their betrothal.
Mariana of Austria's regency was primarily characterized by a period of significant economic growth and political stability in Spain.
Answer: False
Mariana of Austria's regency was notably overshadowed by the decline of Spain in the second half of the 17th century, marked by internal political divisions and a broader European economic crisis, rather than stability and growth.
Charles II became king at the age of 14, at which point his mother's regency ended.
Answer: False
Charles II was only three years old when he became king in 1665, and his mother's regency was established until he reached the age of 14.
During her first regency, Mariana of Austria adopted the *valido* system, where a senior advisor held significant political power.
Answer: True
Mariana of Austria adopted the *valido* system during her first regency, which involved a senior advisor or chief minister wielding significant political power on behalf of the monarch.
Juan Everardo Nithard's appointment as *valido* was widely accepted because he was a Spanish nobleman.
Answer: False
Juan Everardo Nithard's appointment as *valido* caused resentment because he was an Austrian Jesuit and a foreigner, explicitly excluded by Philip IV's will from the Regency Council.
Gaspar de Bracamonte was the only informal advisor Mariana of Austria relied on during her first regency.
Answer: False
Mariana of Austria relied on Gaspar de Bracamonte and Mariana Engracia Álvarez de Toledo Portugal y Alfonso-Pimentel as informal advisors during her first regency.
The Crowns of Castile and Aragon had unified political cultures, making comprehensive reforms easy to implement.
Answer: False
Spain was internally divided into the Crowns of Castile and Aragon, each with distinct political cultures, which made it exceedingly difficult to enact comprehensive reforms or increase taxes across the kingdom.
The Portuguese Restoration War was a new conflict that Mariana's government initiated at the start of her regency.
Answer: False
The Portuguese Restoration War was a long-running conflict that Mariana's government inherited at the start of her regency, not one they initiated.
In May 1667, France invaded the Spanish Netherlands and occupied the Spanish province of Franche-Comté, starting the War of Devolution.
Answer: True
The French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands and occupation of Franche-Comté in May 1667 marked the beginning of the War of Devolution.
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war with Portugal, while the Treaty of Lisbon ended the war with France in 1668.
Answer: False
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war with France, and the Treaty of Lisbon restored Portugal's independence, both in 1668.
Many Spanish military officers viewed the terms of the 1668 treaties as humiliating, despite their diplomatic achievements.
Answer: True
Despite the diplomatic benefits, many Spanish military officers considered the terms of the 1668 treaties humiliating, reflecting national pride.
Joseph Malladas was executed in 1668 for leading a rebellion against the Spanish Crown.
Answer: False
Joseph Malladas was executed in June 1668 for allegedly plotting to murder Nithard, Mariana's *valido*, not for leading a rebellion against the Crown.
Aytona succeeded Juan Everardo Nithard as *valido* in 1669 and served for many years.
Answer: False
Aytona succeeded Nithard as *valido* in February 1669 but died in 1670, serving for a short period.
The term *valido* refers to a ceremonial court position with no real political power.
Answer: False
The term *valido* refers to a senior advisor or chief minister who held significant political influence and often acted on behalf of the monarch.
What system of governance, established by Philip IV in 1620, did Mariana of Austria adopt during her first regency?
Answer: The *valido* system.
Mariana of Austria adopted the *valido* system, established by Philip IV, during her first regency, where a senior advisor held significant political power.
Which significant historical event was Mariana of Austria's regency notably overshadowed by?
Answer: The decline of Spain in the second half of the 17th century.
Mariana of Austria's regency was notably overshadowed by the decline of Spain in the second half of the 17th century, marked by internal political divisions and economic crisis.
Who was Mariana of Austria's first *valido*, whose appointment caused immediate resentment?
Answer: Juan Everardo Nithard.
Mariana of Austria's first *valido* was Juan Everardo Nithard, an Austrian Jesuit whose appointment caused immediate resentment due to his foreign status.
The internal division of Spain into the Crowns of Castile and Aragon, each with distinct political cultures, made what difficult?
Answer: Enacting comprehensive reforms or increasing taxes across the kingdom.
The internal division of Spain into the Crowns of Castile and Aragon, with their distinct political cultures, made it exceptionally challenging to implement comprehensive reforms or effectively increase taxes.
What was the duration of Mariana of Austria's regency for her son, Charles II?
Answer: 1665 to 1675.
Mariana of Austria's regency for Charles II lasted from September 17, 1665, until November 6, 1675.
At what age did Charles II become king, leading to Mariana of Austria's appointment as regent?
Answer: 3 years old.
Charles II was only three years old when his father died, leading to Mariana of Austria's appointment as regent.
Which of the following was an informal advisor to Mariana of Austria during her first regency, alongside Gaspar de Bracamonte?
Answer: Mariana Engracia Álvarez de Toledo Portugal y Alfonso-Pimentel.
Mariana Engracia Álvarez de Toledo Portugal y Alfonso-Pimentel was an informal advisor to Mariana of Austria during her first regency, alongside Gaspar de Bracamonte.
In May 1667, France invaded the Spanish Netherlands and occupied Franche-Comté, marking the beginning of which war?
Answer: The War of Devolution.
The French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands and occupation of Franche-Comté in May 1667 initiated the War of Devolution.
Which two treaties ended the wars with France and Portugal in 1668?
Answer: Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and Treaty of Lisbon.
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war with France, and the Treaty of Lisbon restored Portugal's independence, both in 1668.
Who succeeded Juan Everardo Nithard as *valido* in February 1669, only to die in 1670?
Answer: Aytona.
Aytona succeeded Juan Everardo Nithard as *valido* in February 1669 but died in 1670.
What urgent military conflict did Mariana's new government inherit at the start of her regency?
Answer: The Portuguese Restoration War.
Mariana's new government inherited the long-running Portuguese Restoration War at the start of her regency.
How did many Spanish military officers perceive the terms of the 1668 treaties?
Answer: As humiliating.
Many Spanish military officers considered the terms of the 1668 treaties humiliating, despite their diplomatic achievements.
Charles II's reign was dominated by a power struggle between Mariana's 'Austrian' faction and a pro-French lobby.
Answer: True
Charles II's reign was largely defined by a power struggle between Mariana's 'Austrian' faction, supporting Habsburg influence, and a pro-French lobby, initially led by John of Austria the Younger.
The Spanish Crown declared bankruptcy only once during the mid-17th century, in 1666.
Answer: False
The Spanish Crown declared bankruptcy multiple times during the mid-17th century: in 1647, 1652, 1661, and 1666.
The Little Ice Age, a period of extreme cold weather, contributed to widespread crop failures and starvation in Europe during the late 17th century.
Answer: True
The Little Ice Age, characterized by extreme cold, led to widespread crop failures and an estimated 5-10% of the European population starving to death between 1692 and 1699.
Valenzuela, an outsider from the lower ranks of nobility, became *valido* in 1670 and was entirely dependent on Mariana for his position.
Answer: True
Valenzuela, from the lower nobility, replaced Aytona as *valido* in 1670 and was indeed entirely dependent on Mariana for his influence.
Spain avoided involvement in the Franco-Dutch War, focusing instead on internal reforms.
Answer: False
Spain was drawn into the Franco-Dutch War in 1672, complicating its foreign policy and straining resources.
When Charles II came of age in 1675, Valenzuela was dismissed, and political stability was immediately restored.
Answer: False
While Valenzuela was dismissed when Charles II came of age in 1675, the struggle for power continued to undermine Spanish policy, indicating that stability was not immediately restored.
Mariana reinstated the regency in 1677 due to Charles II's ill-health, but John of Austria the Younger quickly gained control later that year.
Answer: True
Mariana reinstated the regency in 1677 due to Charles II's ill-health, but John of Austria the Younger indeed gained control later that year.
Spain joined the Grand Alliance in the Nine Years' War in 1690 to expand its territories.
Answer: False
Spain joined the Grand Alliance in the Nine Years' War in 1690 to resist French expansionism under Louis XIV, not to expand its own territories.
Spain's finances improved significantly during the Nine Years' War, allowing them to reclaim lost territories.
Answer: False
Spain's financial difficulties persisted during the Nine Years' War, leading to another bankruptcy in 1692 and the French occupation of Catalonia by 1696.
Mariana of Austria maintained power towards the end of her life with the support of French auxiliaries.
Answer: False
Mariana of Austria retained power towards the end of her life with the support of German auxiliaries, not French auxiliaries.
What happened to Valenzuela when Charles II came of age in 1675?
Answer: He was dismissed from his position as *valido*.
When Charles II came of age in 1675, Valenzuela was dismissed from his position as *valido*.
What was the approximate percentage of the European population that starved to death between 1692 and 1699 due to crop failures?
Answer: 5-10%.
Between 1692 and 1699, an estimated 5-10% of the European population starved to death due to widespread crop failures exacerbated by the Little Ice Age.
What was the primary political struggle that dominated Charles II's reign during Mariana's regency?
Answer: A power struggle between Mariana's 'Austrian' faction and a pro-French lobby.
Charles II's reign was largely dominated by a power struggle between Mariana's 'Austrian' faction and a pro-French lobby, initially led by John of Austria the Younger.
What was the state of Spain's finances during the Nine Years' War?
Answer: They declared bankruptcy in 1692 and suffered further decline.
During the Nine Years' War, Spain's financial difficulties persisted, leading to another declaration of bankruptcy in 1692 and further decline.
How many times did the Spanish Crown declare bankruptcy between 1647 and 1666?
Answer: Four.
The Spanish Crown declared bankruptcy four times between 1647 and 1666: in 1647, 1652, 1661, and 1666.
What environmental factor contributed to widespread crop failures and starvation in Europe during the second half of the 17th century?
Answer: The Little Ice Age.
The Little Ice Age, a period of extreme cold, contributed significantly to widespread crop failures and starvation in Europe during the second half of the 17th century.
In what year was Spain drawn into the Franco-Dutch War?
Answer: 1672.
Spain was drawn into the Franco-Dutch War in 1672, further complicating its foreign policy.
How did Mariana of Austria manage to retain power towards the end of her life despite French aggression?
Answer: With the support of German auxiliaries.
Mariana of Austria retained power towards the end of her life with the support of German auxiliaries, led by Maria Anna of Neuburg's brother, Charles Philip.
Charles II's death without an heir directly led to the War of the Spanish Succession, a major European conflict.
Answer: True
Charles II died without children in 1700, which directly precipitated the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) to determine the heir to the Spanish throne.
Charles II's lifelong ill health was suspected to be caused by a childhood illness rather than genetic disorders.
Answer: False
One study suggests Charles II's persistent ill health was likely caused by genetic disorders inherited from his closely related Habsburg parents, not a childhood illness.
John of Austria the Younger died in 1679 and had no significant acts before his death.
Answer: False
John of Austria the Younger died in September 1679, but he performed the significant act of arranging Charles II's marriage to Marie Louise of Orléans before his death.
Marie Louise of Orléans' death in 1689 was definitively proven to be caused by poisoning.
Answer: False
While allegations of poisoning were made, modern medical assessments suggest Marie Louise of Orléans' death in 1689 was almost certainly caused by appendicitis.
Charles II's second wife, Maria Anna of Neuburg, was chosen for her family's reputation for fertility and to strengthen Habsburg ties.
Answer: True
Maria Anna of Neuburg was chosen as Charles II's second wife due to her family's fertility reputation and to reinforce Habsburg dynastic connections.
Charles II's autopsy revealed he had two fully functional testicles, disproving theories of impotence.
Answer: False
Charles II's autopsy revealed he had only one atrophied testicle, indicating probable impotence, which contributed to the succession crisis.
Fernández de Portocarrero, the Archbishop of Toledo, led the pro-French faction as Charles II's health declined.
Answer: True
As Charles II's health deteriorated, Fernández de Portocarrero, the Archbishop of Toledo, assumed leadership of the pro-French faction.
What was the suspected cause of Charles II's lifelong ill health, according to one study?
Answer: Genetic disorders inherited from his closely related Habsburg parents.
One study suggests Charles II's persistent ill health was likely caused by genetic disorders, a consequence of the close consanguinity of his Habsburg parents.
What is the modern medical assessment of Marie Louise of Orléans' death in 1689?
Answer: Her death was almost certainly caused by appendicitis.
Modern medical assessments suggest Marie Louise of Orléans' death in 1689 was almost certainly caused by appendicitis, despite contemporary allegations of poisoning.
What was the long-term consequence of Charles II's death without an heir in 1700?
Answer: The War of the Spanish Succession.
Charles II's death without an heir in 1700 directly led to the War of the Spanish Succession, a major European conflict.
What physical condition of Charles II, revealed by his autopsy, directly contributed to the succession crisis?
Answer: Only one atrophied testicle, indicating impotence.
Charles II's autopsy revealed he had only one atrophied testicle, indicating probable impotence, which directly contributed to his inability to produce an heir and thus the succession crisis.
Who led the pro-French faction as Charles II's health declined towards the end of his reign?
Answer: Fernández de Portocarrero, the Archbishop of Toledo.
As Charles II's health declined, Fernández de Portocarrero, the Archbishop of Toledo, assumed leadership of the pro-French faction.
Mariana of Austria died in 1696 at the age of sixty-one, likely from breast cancer.
Answer: True
Mariana of Austria died on May 16, 1696, at age sixty-one, with breast cancer as the probable cause of death.
The Mariana Islands were named in honor of Mariana of Austria in 1668.
Answer: True
In 1668, the Ladrones islands were renamed the Mariana Islands in honor of Mariana of Austria after she approved a Jesuit mission there.
Diego Velázquez painted a full-length portrait of Mariana of Austria, with the original now in the Prado Museum.
Answer: True
Diego Velázquez painted the 'Portrait of Mariana of Austria,' and the original is indeed housed in the Prado Museum.
Mariana of Austria is prominently featured in Velázquez's 'Las Meninas' as the central figure.
Answer: False
Mariana of Austria appears as a secondary figure in Velázquez's 'Las Meninas,' alongside her daughter Margaret Theresa, not as the central figure.
Which renowned artist painted the 'Portrait of Mariana of Austria,' with the original now in the Prado Museum?
Answer: Diego Velázquez.
The renowned artist Diego Velázquez painted the 'Portrait of Mariana of Austria,' with the original housed in the Prado Museum.
In which of Velázquez's masterpieces does Mariana of Austria appear as a detail, alongside her daughter Margaret Theresa?
Answer: 'Las Meninas'.
Mariana of Austria appears as a detail in Diego Velázquez's masterpiece, 'Las Meninas,' alongside her daughter Margaret Theresa.
What was the probable cause of Mariana of Austria's death in 1696 at the age of sixty-one?
Answer: Breast cancer.
Mariana of Austria died in 1696 at the age of sixty-one, with breast cancer identified as the probable cause of death.
What significant geographical feature was renamed in Mariana of Austria's honor in 1668?
Answer: The Mariana Islands.
In 1668, the Ladrones islands were renamed the Mariana Islands in honor of Mariana of Austria.
Where was Mariana of Austria buried?
Answer: El Escorial, Spain.
Mariana of Austria was interred at El Escorial, a royal palace, monastery, and mausoleum for Spanish monarchs.