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Total Categories: 5
Before September 1939, Lwów was primarily a German-speaking city with a small Polish minority.
Answer: False
Before September 1939, Lwów was ethnically diverse, with 60% Poles, 30% Jews, and about 10% Ukrainians and Germans, making it primarily Polish-speaking, not German-speaking.
After the Soviet occupation in September 1939, Lwów University's language of instruction was changed from Ukrainian to Polish.
Answer: False
Following the Soviet occupation, Lwów University's language of instruction was changed from Polish to Ukrainian, and it was renamed in honor of Ivan Franko.
German forces captured Lwów on June 30, 1941, leading to the near-total annihilation of the city's Jewish population.
Answer: True
German forces captured Lwów on June 30, 1941, and during the subsequent occupation, almost all of the city's 120,000 Jewish inhabitants were killed.
What was the approximate percentage of Poles in Lwów's population before September 1939?
Answer: 60%
Before September 1939, Lwów's population was 60% Polish, 30% Jewish, and about 10% Ukrainian and German, making Poles the largest ethnic group.
What significant change occurred at Lwów University after the Soviet occupation in September 1939?
Answer: It was renamed in honor of Ivan Franko, and instruction changed to Ukrainian.
After the Soviet occupation, Lwów University was renamed in honor of Ivan Franko, and the language of instruction was changed from Polish to Ukrainian.
When did German forces capture Lwów?
Answer: June 30, 1941
German forces captured Lwów on June 30, 1941, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union.
The Massacre of Lwów professors, which occurred in July 1941, exclusively targeted Polish academics.
Answer: False
The Massacre of Lwów professors targeted 25 Polish academics and 25 of their family members, indicating it was not exclusively limited to academics.
The primary motivation for the Nazi forces in Lwów to target intellectuals was to eliminate potential anti-Nazi activity and weaken Polish resistance.
Answer: True
The source states that the primary motivation for Nazi forces targeting prominent citizens and intellectuals was to prevent anti-Nazi activity and weaken the Polish resistance movement, as part of the broader AB-Aktion.
An Einsatzgruppe unit, specifically an Einsatzkommando zur besonderen Verwendung, was responsible for the executions during the Lwów massacre.
Answer: True
An eyewitness identified an Einsatzgruppe unit, specifically an Einsatzkommando zur besonderen Verwendung under Karl Eberhard Schöngarth, as responsible for carrying out the executions.
Nazi forces primarily controlled the Lwów population by establishing new administrative councils composed of local intellectuals.
Answer: False
Nazi forces controlled the population by confining prominent citizens and intellectuals in ghettos or transporting them to execution sites, not by establishing administrative councils.
The Lwów massacre was a direct continuation of the German AB-Aktion, aimed at eliminating the Polish intelligentsia.
Answer: True
The Lwów massacre is identified as a direct continuation of the German AB-Aktion, a Nazi campaign to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia and leadership class.
Individual, planned executions of professors in Lwów began on July 10, 1941.
Answer: False
The individual, planned executions of professors in Lwów began by July 2, 1941, not July 10.
The highest-level decision for the Lwów massacre, specifically regarding Kazimierz Bartel, was made by Heinrich Himmler.
Answer: True
The decision regarding Kazimierz Bartel was specifically taken by Heinrich Himmler, indicating a high-level directive for the massacre.
Karl Eberhard Schöngarth was the direct decision-maker for the Lwów massacre at the regional level.
Answer: True
Karl Eberhard Schöngarth, as commander of the Sicherheitspolizei in the Krakau District, was the direct decision-maker for the Lwów massacre at the regional level.
What was the total number of Polish academics and their family members killed during the Massacre of Lwów professors in July 1941?
Answer: 50 individuals
The massacre resulted in the killing of 25 Polish academics and 25 of their family members, totaling 50 individuals.
What was the primary motivation for Nazi forces targeting Polish intellectuals in Lwów?
Answer: To prevent anti-Nazi activity and weaken Polish resistance
The primary motivation was to suppress potential opposition and weaken the Polish resistance movement, as part of the AB-Aktion.
Which specific unit was identified by an eyewitness as carrying out the executions during the Lwów massacre?
Answer: An Einsatzgruppe unit under Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
An eyewitness identified an Einsatzgruppe unit, specifically an Einsatzkommando zur besonderen Verwendung under Karl Eberhard Schöngarth, as responsible for the executions.
Which of the following was NOT an execution site used by Nazi forces to control the Lwów population?
Answer: The Lwów University main campus
Execution sites included Gestapo prisons and fields surrounding the city, but not the Lwów University main campus.
The Lwów massacre was a direct continuation of which broader Nazi policy?
Answer: The AB-Aktion in Poland
The Lwów massacre was a direct continuation of the German AB-Aktion, aimed at eliminating the Polish intelligentsia.
When did the individual, planned executions of professors in Lwów begin?
Answer: July 2, 1941
The individual, planned executions of professors in Lwów began by July 2, 1941.
Who made the highest-level decision regarding the Lwów massacre, specifically concerning Kazimierz Bartel?
Answer: Heinrich Himmler
The decision regarding Kazimierz Bartel was specifically taken by Heinrich Himmler, indicating the highest level of Nazi leadership involvement.
Kazimierz Bartel, a former Prime Minister of Poland, was arrested on July 2, 1941.
Answer: True
Kazimierz Bartel, a professor and former Prime Minister of Poland, was arrested by an Einsatzgruppe on July 2, 1941.
The arrests of professors and their families on the night of July 3/4, 1941, were carried out solely by German soldiers without local assistance.
Answer: False
German detachments carrying out the arrests were assisted by Ukrainian guides and interpreters, indicating local involvement.
Lists of professors for arrest were prepared by German intelligence officers.
Answer: False
The lists of professors for arrest were prepared by Ukrainian students associated with the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN).
All individuals on the arrest lists for the Lwów massacre were confirmed to be alive at the time of the arrests.
Answer: False
Adam Bednarski and Roman Leszczyński, who were on the arrest lists, were already deceased when the arrests were being carried out.
Roman Rencki, a director at Lwów University, had previously escaped an NKVD prison before his arrest by German forces.
Answer: True
Roman Rencki, director of the Clinic for Internal Diseases, had been held in an NKVD prison and escaped during a German bombing before his subsequent arrest by German forces.
Detainees were transported to Abrahamowicz's dormitory where they were immediately executed.
Answer: False
Detainees were transported to Abrahamowicz's dormitory where they were subjected to torture and interrogation, not immediate execution.
Adam Ruff, head of a department in the Jewish hospital, was shot during an epileptic attack while detained at Abrahamowicz's dormitory.
Answer: True
Adam Ruff, head of a department in the Jewish hospital, was indeed shot during an epileptic attack while detained at Abrahamowicz's dormitory.
German troops used only shooting as a method of killing during the Lwów massacre.
Answer: False
Accounts indicate that victims were subjected to various methods of killing, including beating to death, killing with a bayonet, using a hammer, and shooting to death, though professors were specifically shot.
Who was Kazimierz Bartel, and when was he initially arrested?
Answer: A professor and former Prime Minister of Poland, arrested July 2, 1941
Kazimierz Bartel, a professor and former Prime Minister of Poland, was arrested on July 2, 1941.
Who prepared the lists of professors for arrest during the Lwów massacre?
Answer: Ukrainian students associated with the OUN
The lists of professors for arrest were prepared by Ukrainian students associated with the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN).
Which two individuals on the arrest lists were already deceased at the time of the arrests?
Answer: Adam Bednarski and Roman Leszczyński
Adam Bednarski and Roman Leszczyński were already deceased when the arrests were being carried out, despite being on the lists.
What happened to Roman Rencki prior to his arrest by German forces?
Answer: He had been held in an NKVD prison and escaped during a German bombing.
Roman Rencki had been held in an NKVD prison and escaped during a German bombing as the front approached Lwów, only to be arrested later by German forces.
What unusual incident occurred during the detention at Abrahamowicz's dormitory?
Answer: Adam Ruff, head of a Jewish hospital department, was shot during an epileptic attack.
During the detention, Adam Ruff, head of a department in the Jewish hospital, was shot during an epileptic attack.
What happened to the bodies of the victims after the Lwów massacre?
Answer: They were buried on the spot, then exhumed and transported by the Wehrmacht to an unknown location.
The victims' bodies were initially buried on the spot, then exhumed and transported by the Wehrmacht to an unknown location to conceal the crime.
Which of the following was NOT a reported method of killing used by German troops during the massacre?
Answer: Poisoning
Reported methods of killing included beating, bayoneting, using a hammer, and shooting, but poisoning is not mentioned.
All Gestapo officers involved in the Lwów massacre were eventually punished specifically for their roles in this crime.
Answer: False
None of the Gestapo officers were ever punished specifically for their roles in the Lwów massacre, though some were punished for other crimes.
Walter Kutschmann, a Gestapo officer, was extradited to West Germany and tried for his role in the massacre.
Answer: False
Walter Kutschmann was arrested in Argentina but died of a heart attack in jail before he could be extradited to West Germany for trial.
After World War II, the Soviet Union actively promoted the Polish cultural and historic legacy of Lwów.
Answer: False
After World War II, the Soviet Union attempted to diminish the Polish cultural and historic legacy of Lwów, including restricting information on atrocities.
Polish courts were able to prosecute crimes committed in Lwów after World War II because it remained Polish territory.
Answer: False
Crimes committed east of the Curzon Line, which included Lwów, fell outside Polish legal authority after World War II as the territory became part of the Soviet Union.
A Hamburg court in 1960 successfully prosecuted individuals responsible for the Lwów massacre based on Helena Krukowska's appeal.
Answer: False
The Hamburg court closed the judicial proceedings, claiming the responsible individuals were dead, despite a Gestapo commander involved in the massacres being held in a Hamburg prison at the time.
No one has ever been held responsible specifically for the killings of the academics in Lwów.
Answer: True
Despite investigations and attempts at prosecution, no one has ever been held responsible specifically for the killings of the academics in Lwów.
The case of the murder of the professors is currently under investigation by an international tribunal.
Answer: False
The case is currently under investigation by the Institute of National Remembrance, a Polish institution, not an international tribunal.
Why could crimes committed east of the Curzon Line not be prosecuted by Polish courts after World War II?
Answer: The Curzon Line defined Poland's new eastern border, placing Lwów outside Polish legal authority.
The Curzon Line established Poland's new eastern border, placing Lwów in Soviet territory and thus outside Polish legal jurisdiction for prosecution.
What was the outcome of Helena Krukowska's appeal to a Hamburg court in 1960 regarding the Lwów massacre?
Answer: The court closed the proceedings, claiming the responsible individuals were dead.
The West German court closed the judicial proceedings, asserting that the responsible individuals were already deceased, a decision that was controversial given the circumstances.
What is the current status of the investigation into the murder of the Lwów professors?
Answer: It is under investigation by the Institute of National Remembrance (Poland).
The case of the murder of the professors is currently under investigation by the Institute of National Remembrance, a Polish institution.
Władysław Dobrzaniecki was the head of the ordinary Department of Surgery at the National Public Hospital.
Answer: True
Władysław Dobrzaniecki was a Professor and head of the ordinary Department of Surgery at the National Public Hospital (Państwowy Szpital Powszechny).
Which of the following professors was a Professor of Stomatology at Lwów University?
Answer: Antoni Cieszyński
Antoni Cieszyński was a Professor of Stomatology at Lwów University (Uniwersytet Jana Kazimierza).
What was Władysław Dobrzaniecki's professional role?
Answer: Professor and head of the ordinary Department of Surgery at the National Public Hospital
Władysław Dobrzaniecki was a Professor and head of the ordinary Department of Surgery at the National Public Hospital (Państwowy Szpital Powszechny).
Who was murdered alongside Professor Jan Grek?
Answer: His wife, Maria Grekowa
Professor Jan Grek's wife, Maria Grekowa, was murdered alongside him.
What was Jerzy Grzędzielski's position at Lwów University?
Answer: Docent and head of the Institute of Ophthalmology
Jerzy Grzędzielski was a Docent and head of the Institute of Ophthalmology at Lwów University (UJK).
Which professor was the Chief of the Institute of Electrical Measurement at Lwów Polytechnic?
Answer: Włodzimierz Krukowski
Włodzimierz Krukowski was a Professor and Chief of the Institute of Electrical Measurement at Lwów Polytechnic.
How many sons of Professor Roman Longchamps de Bérier were murdered with him?
Answer: Three sons
Professor Roman Longchamps de Bérier was murdered along with his three sons: Bronisław, Zygmunt, and Kazimierz.
What was Stanisław Pilat's area of expertise at Lwów Polytechnic?
Answer: Technology of Petroleum and Natural Gases
Stanisław Pilat was a Professor and Chief of the Institute of Technology of Petroleum and Natural Gases at Lwów Polytechnic.