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Mount Rainier is an extinct volcano located in the Sierra Nevada mountain range.
Answer: False
This statement is factually incorrect. Mount Rainier is an active stratovolcano located in the Cascade Range of Washington state, not the Sierra Nevada, and it is not extinct.
Geothermal heat beneath Mount Rainier's summit has created the world's largest network of volcanic glacier caves within its craters.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. Geothermal activity beneath Mount Rainier's summit has indeed led to the formation of extensive volcanic glacier caves within its ice-filled craters.
Mount Rainier is primarily composed of granite and basaltic lava flows.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. Mount Rainier is primarily composed of andesite lava flows and pyroclastic material, characteristic of stratovolcanoes in the Cascade Range, not granite or basalt.
The geological cone of Mount Rainier is estimated to be less than 100,000 years old.
Answer: False
This statement is incorrect. The geological cone of Mount Rainier is estimated to be significantly older, exceeding 500,000 years, with earlier volcanic deposits dating back over 840,000 years.
What is Mount Rainier primarily composed of geologically?
Answer: Andesite lava flows and pyroclastic material
Mount Rainier is a stratovolcano primarily composed of andesite lava flows and pyroclastic material, which are characteristic of its formation within the Cascade Volcanic Arc.
What geological process is responsible for the formation of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, including Mount Rainier?
Answer: Subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath the North American Plate
The Cascade Volcanic Arc, which includes Mount Rainier, is formed by the geological process of subduction, specifically the Juan de Fuca Plate subducting beneath the North American Plate.
Which of the following correctly describes the summit craters of Mount Rainier?
Answer: Two overlapping craters, with geothermal heat keeping parts of the rims snow-free.
Mount Rainier's summit features two overlapping craters, with geothermal activity preventing snow and ice accumulation on parts of the crater rims, creating unique conditions.
The official summit elevation of Mount Rainier is 14,410 feet, making it the highest peak in Washington state.
Answer: True
The official summit elevation of Mount Rainier is indeed 14,410 feet (4,392 meters), confirming its status as the highest peak in Washington state and the Cascade Volcanic Arc.
Mount Rainier possesses the highest topographic prominence of any mountain in the contiguous United States.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. Mount Rainier has a topographic prominence of 13,210 feet (4,030 meters), making it the most topographically prominent peak in the contiguous United States.
Point Success, with an elevation of 14,158 feet, is considered a separate major peak distinct from Mount Rainier's main summit.
Answer: False
This statement is incorrect. Point Success, while having a significant elevation, has a topographic prominence of only about 138 feet (42 meters), which is insufficient to classify it as a distinct major peak separate from Mount Rainier's main summit.
Mount Rainier is located approximately how far southeast of Seattle, Washington?
Answer: 59 miles (95 km)
Mount Rainier is situated approximately 59 miles (95 kilometers) southeast of Seattle, Washington, placing it within proximity to a major metropolitan area.
What is the significance of the 'Columbia Crest' on Mount Rainier?
Answer: It is the highest summit on the mountain.
The Columbia Crest is the highest summit point on Mount Rainier, reaching the official elevation of 14,410 feet (4,392 meters).
Mount Rainier hosts more glaciers and permanent snowfields than any other peak in the United States, including Alaska.
Answer: False
This statement is inaccurate. While Mount Rainier is heavily glaciated, it hosts more glaciers and permanent snowfields than any other peak in the *lower 48 states*, not the entire United States including Alaska.
The highest crater lake in North America is located within Mount Rainier's east crater.
Answer: False
This statement is incorrect. The highest crater lake in North America is located within Mount Rainier's *west* crater, not the east crater.
As of 2015, glaciers and perennial snow patches covered approximately 78.8 square kilometers on Mount Rainier.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. As of 2015, the glaciers and perennial snow patches on Mount Rainier covered approximately 78.8 square kilometers (30.41 square miles) of the mountain's surface.
Glaciers on Mount Rainier have generally been advancing since the end of the Little Ice Age.
Answer: False
This statement is false. Following the Little Ice Age, glaciers on Mount Rainier generally began a retreat, which has accelerated in recent decades, although there have been minor fluctuations.
The Stevens Glacier was removed from Mount Rainier's glacier inventory in 2021 due to its significant size and movement.
Answer: False
This statement is incorrect. The Stevens Glacier was removed from the park's glacier inventory in 2021 due to its *dwindling size and lack of movement*, indicating its near disappearance, not its significant size and movement.
How many major glaciers does Mount Rainier host, making it the most heavily glaciated peak in the lower 48 states?
Answer: 26
Mount Rainier hosts 26 major glaciers, which contribute to its status as the most heavily glaciated peak in the contiguous United States (lower 48 states).
What is the highest elevation recorded for a crater lake in North America, found within Mount Rainier?
Answer: 14,203 feet (4,329 meters)
The crater lake within Mount Rainier's west crater holds the distinction of being the highest crater lake in North America, with a surface elevation recorded at 14,203 feet (4,329 meters).
Mount Rainier is considered a low-risk volcano due to its remote location far from any major population centers.
Answer: False
This assertion is incorrect. Mount Rainier is classified as a high-risk volcano due to its potential for significant eruptions and its proximity to the densely populated Seattle metropolitan area.
Lahars, or volcanic mudflows, are a significant hazard associated with Mount Rainier primarily because of its large volume of glacial ice.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. The substantial volume of glacial ice on Mount Rainier is a critical factor in the potential formation of massive lahars (volcanic mudflows) during an eruption.
The last confirmed volcanic eruption from Mount Rainier occurred in the 20th century.
Answer: False
This statement is false. The last confirmed volcanic eruption from Mount Rainier occurred in the mid-15th century (around 1450 CE), not the 20th century.
Mount Rainier's potential eruption impact is considered less significant than the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption due to Rainier's smaller size.
Answer: False
This statement is incorrect. A significant eruption from Mount Rainier could have a cumulatively greater impact than the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption, owing to Rainier's larger glacial ice volume, its proximity to more heavily populated areas, and its overall greater size.
The Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System was established by the USGS in 1998 to monitor seismic activity.
Answer: False
This statement is partially correct but misleading. The Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System was established by the USGS in 1998, but its primary purpose is to monitor for potential lahars (volcanic mudflows) and facilitate evacuation, not solely to monitor seismic activity.
Seismic swarms detected near Mount Rainier's summit are typically strong indicators of an imminent eruption.
Answer: False
This statement is incorrect. While seismic swarms can occur at volcanoes, they are not typically strong indicators of an imminent eruption; they are often associated with the circulation of fluids beneath the volcano.
What is the main reason Mount Rainier is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes globally?
Answer: Its high potential for eruption combined with its proximity to the Seattle metropolitan area.
Mount Rainier is designated as a high-risk volcano primarily due to its potential for future eruptions and its proximity to the densely populated Seattle metropolitan area, which could be severely impacted.
How does the potential impact of a Mount Rainier eruption compare to that of Mount St. Helens in 1980?
Answer: Rainier's impact could be cumulatively greater due to more ice, populated areas, and size.
A significant eruption from Mount Rainier could have a cumulatively greater impact than the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption due to Rainier's larger volume of glacial ice, its proximity to more heavily populated areas, and its overall greater size.
What is the primary hazard associated with the large amount of glacial ice on Mount Rainier during an eruption?
Answer: Production of massive lahars (volcanic mudflows).
The substantial volume of glacial ice on Mount Rainier presents a primary hazard during an eruption, as it can lead to the production of massive lahars (volcanic mudflows) that pose a significant threat to downstream areas.
What is the approximate financial damage estimated in 2012 for a significant lahar event originating from Mount Rainier?
Answer: $40 billion
A 2012 estimate projected that a significant lahar event originating from Mount Rainier could cause approximately $40 billion in financial damage to downstream communities.
How does Mount Rainier's glacial ice volume contribute to its potential eruption hazards compared to Mount St. Helens?
Answer: Rainier's larger ice volume can produce more massive lahars.
Mount Rainier's significantly larger volume of glacial ice means that an eruption has the potential to generate more massive lahars compared to the hazards posed by Mount St. Helens' ice during its 1980 eruption.
What is the approximate number of people estimated to be living within the lahar-hazard zones draining Mount Rainier?
Answer: 80,000
It is estimated that approximately 80,000 individuals reside within the lahar-hazard zones that could be affected by volcanic mudflows originating from Mount Rainier.
Indigenous names for Mount Rainier, such as 'sky wiper,' reflect its imposing height and connection to the sky.
Answer: True
Indigenous names for Mount Rainier, such as those translating to 'sky wiper' or 'one who touches the sky,' indeed reflect its imposing height and its perceived connection to the celestial realm.
Captain George Vancouver named Mount Rainier in honor of his contemporary, Admiral Horatio Nelson.
Answer: False
This is incorrect. Captain George Vancouver named Mount Rainier in honor of his friend, Rear Admiral Peter Rainier of the Royal Navy, not Admiral Horatio Nelson.
The name 'Tacoma' was officially designated for the mountain by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1890.
Answer: False
This statement is false. While 'Tacoma' was a name used for the mountain, the United States Board on Geographic Names officially declared 'Rainier' in 1890. A movement to revert the name to 'Tacoma' persisted for some time.
Archaeological evidence suggests human use of the Mount Rainier area dates back over 8,500 years.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. Archaeological findings indicate that Indigenous peoples utilized the Mount Rainier area for resources dating back over 8,500 years.
The first documented European sighting of Mount Rainier was by Sir Alexander Mackenzie in 1774.
Answer: False
This statement is incorrect. The first documented European sighting of Mount Rainier occurred on May 7, 1792, by Captain George Vancouver's expedition, not Sir Alexander Mackenzie in 1774.
Hazard Stevens and P.B. Van Trump are credited with the first successful ascent of Mount Rainier in 1870.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. Hazard Stevens and P.B. Van Trump successfully summited Mount Rainier in 1870, marking the first documented ascent.
John Muir advocated for the protection of Mount Rainier, contributing to its designation as a national park.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. John Muir was a prominent advocate for the protection of Mount Rainier, and his efforts, along with others, were instrumental in its eventual designation as a national park.
Mount Rainier National Park was established as the first national park in the United States.
Answer: False
This statement is false. Mount Rainier National Park was established in 1899, making it the fifth national park in the United States. Yellowstone was the first.
The term 'flying saucers' gained popularity after Kenneth Arnold reported seeing unidentified objects over Mount Rainier in 1947.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. In 1947, pilot Kenneth Arnold reported observing nine unidentified flying objects near Mount Rainier, a sighting that significantly contributed to the popularization of the term 'flying saucers'.
Which Indigenous language group uses the name 'təqə́qama' for Mount Rainier?
Answer: Cowlitz
The name 'təqə́qama' (or variations thereof) for Mount Rainier is used by the Cowlitz Indigenous language group.
Who named Mount Rainier, and after whom was it named?
Answer: Captain George Vancouver, after Rear Admiral Peter Rainier.
Mount Rainier was named by Captain George Vancouver in 1792, in honor of his friend, Rear Admiral Peter Rainier of the Royal Navy.
Which of the following is true regarding the historical debate over Mount Rainier's name?
Answer: The name 'Rainier' was officially declared in 1890, though a movement to revert to 'Tacoma' persisted.
While the United States Board on Geographic Names officially declared the name 'Rainier' in 1890, a persistent movement sought to revert the name to 'Tacoma,' indicating an ongoing debate.
What was the purpose of establishing the Pacific Forest Reserve in 1893 concerning Mount Rainier?
Answer: To protect the mountain's timber and watersheds.
The Pacific Forest Reserve was established in 1893 with the primary objective of protecting the valuable timber resources and critical watersheds associated with Mount Rainier.
What event involving Mount Rainier in 1947 led to the popularization of the term 'flying saucers'?
Answer: The sighting of nine unidentified flying objects by Kenneth Arnold.
In 1947, pilot Kenneth Arnold reported observing nine unidentified flying objects near Mount Rainier, a sighting that significantly contributed to the popularization of the term 'flying saucers'.
Which of the following Indigenous names for Mount Rainier is correctly paired with its language group and meaning according to the source?
Answer: təkʷubəʔ - 'snow-covered mountain' (Lushootseed)
According to the source, the Lushootseed name təkʷubəʔ translates to 'snow-covered mountain,' correctly pairing the name, language group, and meaning.
Mount Rainier National Park was established in which year?
Answer: 1899
Mount Rainier National Park was officially established by Congress in 1899, making it the fifth national park in the United States.
Between 1950 and 2018, Mount Rainier experienced over 500 climbing deaths.
Answer: False
This statement is incorrect. Between 1950 and 2018, approximately 84 individuals died in mountaineering accidents on Mount Rainier, out of over 439,000 attempts.
Climbing Mount Rainier is considered easy due to well-maintained trails and minimal technical requirements.
Answer: False
This statement is incorrect. Climbing Mount Rainier is considered challenging, requiring technical climbing skills, specialized equipment, and the navigation of large glaciers, not minimal technical requirements or easy trails.
The Disappointment Cleaver Route is the most common route for summit attempts on Mount Rainier, used by approximately 90% of climbers.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. The Disappointment Cleaver Route is indeed the most frequently used route for summit attempts on Mount Rainier, accounting for approximately 90% of ascents.
The Liberty Ridge Route is known for its ease of access and low objective danger, making it popular among novice climbers.
Answer: False
This statement is incorrect. The Liberty Ridge Route is recognized as one of North America's Fifty Classic Climbs but is known for its significant objective dangers and technical difficulty, making it unsuitable for novice climbers.
Avalanches and rock/ice fall are primary causes of mountaineering deaths on Mount Rainier.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. Avalanches and rock/ice fall are identified as primary causes contributing to mountaineering fatalities on Mount Rainier, alongside other hazards like falls and hypothermia.
The worst mountaineering accident on Mount Rainier involved the deaths of three climbers in 1965.
Answer: False
This statement is false. The worst mountaineering accident on Mount Rainier occurred in 1981, resulting in the deaths of eleven people (ten clients and one guide) due to an avalanche or ice fall.
According to the source, what is the approximate success rate for climbers attempting to summit Mount Rainier?
Answer: Around 50%
The source indicates that the approximate success rate for climbers attempting to summit Mount Rainier is around 50%, with factors such as weather and climber conditioning being primary reasons for failure.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a primary cause of mountaineering deaths on Mount Rainier?
Answer: Equipment malfunction
While rock and ice fall, falls, and hypothermia are cited as primary causes of mountaineering deaths on Mount Rainier, equipment malfunction is not explicitly listed as a primary cause in the provided source material.
What is the characteristic of the Liberty Ridge Route on Mount Rainier?
Answer: It is considered one of North America's Fifty Classic Climbs but has a high fatality rate.
The Liberty Ridge Route is recognized as one of North America's Fifty Classic Climbs, but it is also characterized by significant objective dangers and a high fatality rate, making it a challenging ascent.
Which of the following activities is popular at Mount Rainier National Park besides climbing?
Answer: Hiking, backcountry skiing, and photography
Beyond mountaineering, popular recreational activities at Mount Rainier National Park include hiking on its extensive trail system, backcountry skiing, and photography, capitalizing on the park's scenic beauty.
What climate classification applies to the summit of Mount Rainier?
Answer: Ice Cap (EF)
The summit of Mount Rainier experiences an ice cap climate, classified as EF under the Köppen climate system, indicating that all months have average temperatures below freezing.