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Total Categories: 7
In political science, multiculturalism is primarily defined as the coexistence of multiple cultures within a single society.
Answer: False
While multiculturalism in sociology often refers to the coexistence of multiple cultures, in political science, it is more precisely defined as a state's capacity to effectively manage cultural plurality within its borders.
The 'melting pot' metaphor suggests that different cultural groups retain their distinct identities while coexisting within a larger society.
Answer: False
The 'melting pot' metaphor implies that various cultures assimilate and blend into a single, homogeneous culture, in contrast to metaphors like 'salad bowl' or 'cultural mosaic' where distinct identities are retained.
Multiculturalism can arise artificially when a jurisdiction is established by combining areas with two or more different cultures, such as in French Canada and English Canada.
Answer: True
Multiculturalism can arise artificially when a jurisdiction is established or expanded by combining areas with two or more different cultures, as exemplified by French and English Canada.
Migration researcher Hein de Haas argues that current societies are significantly more diverse than past societies due to modern globalization.
Answer: False
Hein de Haas argues that it is a myth that current societies are more diverse than ever, contending that historical diversity was often comparable to or even greater than today's levels.
Nation-states in Africa, Asia, and the Americas typically aim for multiculturalist policies focused on combating racism and protecting minority communities, similar to Western nations.
Answer: False
Multiculturalist policies in many African, Asian, and American nation-states often aim for mono-cultural or mono-ethnic nation-building, which contrasts with Western policies that typically focus on combating racism and protecting minority communities.
Supporters of multiculturalism argue it is a fairer system that combats institutionalized racism and protects minority communities.
Answer: True
Supporters of multiculturalism contend that it is a fairer system that allows individuals to express their true identities, combats institutionalized racism, and protects minority communities by rectifying past discriminatory practices.
The 'contact hypothesis' suggests that increased interaction between different groups always exacerbates prejudice and hostility.
Answer: False
The 'contact hypothesis' posits that cooperative interactions between individuals from different groups can actually reduce prejudice and inter-group hostility, not exacerbate it.
In political science, how is multiculturalism primarily defined?
Answer: A state's capacity to effectively manage cultural plurality within its borders.
Which of the following metaphors is NOT commonly used to describe multicultural societies where different cultural groups retain distinct identities?
Answer: A melting pot
According to Hein de Haas, what is a common misconception about the diversity of current societies?
Answer: That they are more diverse than ever, overlooking historical diversity.
How do the multiculturalist policies in many African, Asian, and American nation-states often differ from those in the Western world?
Answer: They often aim for mono-cultural or mono-ethnic nation-building.
Which of the following is an argument made by supporters of multiculturalism?
Answer: It is a fairer system that allows individuals to express their true identities within society.
What does the 'contact hypothesis' in sociology posit?
Answer: That cooperative interactions between individuals from different groups can reduce prejudice.
The Roman Empire is cited as an early example of a state that embodied multicultural ideals by incorporating and tolerating various cultures.
Answer: False
The Achaemenid Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, is cited as an ancient state that embodied multicultural ideals through its policy of incorporating and tolerating various cultures, not the Roman Empire.
Before the 16th century, Europe was characterized by strong local and regional identities with diverse dialects and customs.
Answer: True
Prior to the 16th century, Europe was indeed characterized by significant diversity, with strong local and regional identities, each possessing unique dialects, customs, and traditions.
The Habsburg monarchy actively promoted the centralizing and homogenizing tendencies of nation-state development in Europe.
Answer: False
The Habsburg monarchy stood in contrast to the emerging trend of nation-state formation, encompassing a mosaic of languages, religions, and regional identities, and resisting centralizing and homogenizing tendencies.
Modern multiculturalism in Western countries primarily emerged from economic globalization trends in the late 20th century.
Answer: False
Modern multiculturalism in Western countries primarily emerged from the 'human rights revolution' after World War II, the collapse of European colonial systems, and the U.S. civil rights movement, rather than solely from economic globalization.
In the 19th century, nationalism in Europe promoted cultural homogeneity and often led to the suppression of regional differences.
Answer: True
In the 19th century, nationalism in Europe indeed promoted cultural homogeneity, leading to the standardization of languages and often the suppression of regional differences and cultural assimilation.
Which ancient empire is cited as an early example of a state embodying multicultural ideals through a policy of incorporating and tolerating various cultures?
Answer: The Achaemenid Empire
What impact did the formation of larger nation-states in Europe, gaining momentum after the French Revolution, have on cultural identities?
Answer: It promoted national identities and standardized languages, leading to cultural homogenization.
Which monarchy stood in contrast to the emerging trend of nation-state formation in Europe by encompassing a mosaic of languages, religions, and regional identities?
Answer: The Habsburg Monarchy
The 'human rights revolution' after World War II, the collapse of European colonial systems, and the U.S. civil rights movement are all historical developments that contributed to the rise of what?
Answer: Modern multiculturalism in Western countries.
What was a significant consequence of nationalism in 19th-century Europe?
Answer: It promoted cultural homogeneity and often suppressed regional differences.
Angela Merkel criticized multiculturalism for leading to 'parallel societies' in Germany.
Answer: True
Angela Merkel explicitly criticized multiculturalism in Germany, stating in 2015 that it leads to 'parallel societies' and that attempts to build such a society had 'utterly failed'.
Susan Moller Okin argued that multiculturalism could potentially violate women's equal rights.
Answer: True
Susan Moller Okin is cited among critics of multiculturalism for arguing that it could potentially violate women's equal rights.
Which European leader notably stated that attempts to build a multicultural society in their country had 'utterly failed'?
Answer: Angela Merkel (Germany)
What did Robert D. Putnam's 2007 study initially find regarding the relationship between greater racial diversity and social trust?
Answer: It correlated with a loss of trust, leading people to 'hunker down.'
Canada adopted multiculturalism as an official national policy in 1973, two years after Australia.
Answer: False
Canada adopted multiculturalism as an official national policy in 1971, which was before Australia adopted its policy in 1973.
The Canadian Multiculturalism Act and Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms legally support Canada's multicultural policy.
Answer: True
Canada's multicultural policy is legally supported through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act and Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Canada's 'Monument to Multiculturalism' in Toronto symbolizes its commitment to diversity and cultural coexistence.
Answer: True
The 'Monument to Multiculturalism' in Toronto symbolizes Canada's commitment to diversity and cultural coexistence, reflecting its global recognition as a successful multicultural society.
The United States historically embraced the 'melting pot' metaphor, which implied active state intervention to assimilate immigrant cultures.
Answer: False
The 'melting pot' metaphor, as historically embraced in the United States, implied that immigrant cultures would mix and amalgamate without state intervention, with individuals assimilating at their own pace.
The 'Life in the United Kingdom test' is an example of a policy implemented by some EU countries to promote 'social cohesion' among immigrants.
Answer: True
The 'Life in the United Kingdom test' is cited as an example of policies implemented by some European Union countries to promote 'social cohesion' or 'integration' among immigrants.
Sofia, Bulgaria, is known as 'The Square of Religious Tolerance' because it has four major places of worship functioning peacefully within 300 meters of each other.
Answer: True
Sofia, Bulgaria, has earned the title 'The Square of Religious Tolerance' due to the peaceful coexistence of four major places of worship—Eastern Orthodox, Islam, Roman Catholicism, and Orthodox Judaism—within a 300-meter radius.
Luxembourg actively promotes cultural diversity, with nearly half its population being foreign-born and three official languages.
Answer: True
Luxembourg actively promotes cultural diversity, characterized by nearly half its population being foreign-born and the recognition of three official languages, contrasting with more assimilationist policies seen elsewhere in Europe.
Sweden was the first European country to adopt official multiculturalism in 1975, explicitly rejecting ethnic homogeneity.
Answer: True
Sweden was indeed the first European country to adopt official multiculturalism in 1975, explicitly rejecting ethnic homogeneity and implementing permissive policies regarding cultural diversity.
Radio Television of Vojvodina in Serbia broadcasts in only two official languages to promote national unity.
Answer: False
Radio Television of Vojvodina in Serbia broadcasts in ten local languages, actively promoting diversity in an autonomous province known for its multiethnic and multicultural identity.
After 2001, the United Kingdom shifted from a national multiculturalist approach to a policy of 'community cohesion.'
Answer: True
Following a backlash against multicultural policies after 2001, the United Kingdom shifted its approach towards a policy of 'community cohesion,' with leaders like David Cameron declaring 'state multiculturalism has failed'.
Australia adopted an official policy of multiculturalism in 1972, after the dismantling of the White Australia Policy.
Answer: True
Australia adopted an official policy of multiculturalism in 1972, following the dismantling of the discriminatory White Australia Policy post-World War II.
When did multiculturalism become an official policy in Canada?
Answer: 1971
Which of the following was NOT a factor influencing Canada's adoption of multiculturalism as an official policy?
Answer: A desire to establish a mono-cultural national identity
What does the 'Monument to Multiculturalism' in Toronto symbolize for Canada?
Answer: Its commitment to diversity and cultural coexistence.
The United States historically approached cultural diversity through the 'melting pot' metaphor, which implied what about immigrant cultures?
Answer: They would mix and amalgamate without state intervention.
The 'canon' defined for the Netherlands and the 'Life in the United Kingdom test' are examples of policies aimed at promoting what among immigrants in some EU countries?
Answer: Social cohesion or integration
What unique characteristic earned Sofia, Bulgaria, the title 'The Square of Religious Tolerance'?
Answer: It has four major places of worship functioning peacefully within 300 meters of each other.
Which Scandinavian country was the first in Europe to adopt official multiculturalism in 1975, explicitly rejecting ethnic homogeneity?
Answer: Sweden
How does the autonomous province of Vojvodina in Serbia promote diversity?
Answer: By broadcasting Radio Television of Vojvodina in ten local languages.
What policy did the United Kingdom shift towards after 2001, following a backlash against multicultural policies?
Answer: A policy of 'community cohesion'
When did Australia adopt an official policy of multiculturalism?
Answer: 1972
Bolivia's 2009 Constitution inscribed multicultural principles and recognized 36 official indigenous languages in addition to Spanish.
Answer: True
Bolivia's 2009 Constitution indeed inscribed multicultural principles and recognized 36 official indigenous languages alongside Spanish, reflecting its diverse heritage.
Brazil is considered a straightforward example of multiculturalism due to its universal Portuguese language and clear ethnic divisions.
Answer: False
Brazil is considered a complex and controversial example of multiculturalism due to its large mixed-race population alongside a near-universal Portuguese language, rather than clear ethnic divisions.
Mexico's cultural blending, known as 'mestizaje,' was primarily influenced by pre-Columbian indigenous traditions without significant Spanish impact.
Answer: False
Mexico's cultural blending, 'mestizaje,' was significantly shaped by the Spanish conquest, which influenced indigenous religion, politics, culture, and ethnicity, leading to the emergence of the mestizo population.
Venezuela's culture is primarily a mixture of indigenous, Spanish, and African influences, with over 40 indigenous languages still spoken.
Answer: True
Venezuela's culture is indeed a primary mixture of indigenous, Spanish, and African influences, and it maintains a rich linguistic diversity with over 40 indigenous languages still spoken.
Colombia hosts the largest Arab diaspora in Latin America, primarily from Syrian, Lebanese, and Palestinian origins.
Answer: False
Colombia hosts the second-largest Arab diaspora in Latin America, primarily from Syrian, Lebanese, and Palestinian origins, not the largest.
Mauritius describes its cultural blending using the term 'melting-pot,' implying a forced assimilation of diverse groups.
Answer: False
Mauritius describes its cultural blending with the term 'fruit-salad,' which implies a more appealing and less forced blending compared to a 'melting-pot' metaphor.
Which country's 2009 Constitution inscribed multicultural principles and recognized 36 official languages besides Spanish?
Answer: Bolivia
Why is Brazil considered a complex example in defining multiculturalism?
Answer: It has a large mixed-race population alongside a near-universal Portuguese language.
The concept of 'mestizaje' in Mexico refers to what?
Answer: The cultural blending influenced by mixed Indigenous and Spanish ancestry.
Which of the following is a key cultural influence on Venezuela's culture?
Answer: A mixture of indigenous, Spanish, and African influences
What percentage of Colombia's population is approximately Mestizo?
Answer: 49%
How does Mauritius describe its cultural blending?
Answer: As a 'fruit-salad'
In the Russian Federation, the concept of 'nationality' distinguishes between Rossiyane (ethnic Russians) and Russkie (Russian citizens).
Answer: False
In the Russian Federation, the distinction is made between *Rossiyane* (Russian citizens) and *Russkie* (ethnic Russians), meaning the question reverses the definitions.
Indonesia's national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, translates to 'Homogeneity is Strength,' reflecting its desire for a unified culture.
Answer: False
Indonesia's national motto, *Bhinneka Tunggal Ika*, translates to 'Unity in Diversity,' reflecting the country's vast cultural and ethnic heterogeneity, not a desire for homogeneity.
Kazakhstan largely avoided interethnic clashes after the Soviet breakup due to the establishment of the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan.
Answer: True
Kazakhstan largely avoided interethnic clashes after the Soviet breakup, partly due to the establishment of the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan in 1995, an advisory body representing ethnic minorities.
Malaysia's New Economic Policy (NEP) is widely praised for successfully achieving 'racial equalization' without any criticism of discrimination.
Answer: False
Malaysia's New Economic Policy (NEP) has drawn criticism, with some labeling it as a form of 'racial discrimination' or 'Apartheid' due to its institutionalized discrimination, despite its aim for 'racial equalization'.
Singapore's Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP) for public housing aims to create ethnic enclaves to preserve distinct cultural identities.
Answer: False
Singapore's Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP) for public housing aims to ensure an even ethnic distribution to foster social cohesion, rather than creating ethnic enclaves.
The term honhyeol in South Korea, referring to multiracial individuals, has historically been associated with social acceptance and integration.
Answer: False
The term *honhyeol* in South Korea, referring to multiracial individuals, has historically been associated with alienation, not social acceptance and integration.
Turkey's culture is primarily shaped by a single dominant historical influence, leading to a homogenous ethnic landscape.
Answer: False
Turkey's culture is shaped by diverse historical influences from ancient Hellenic, Mediterranean, Semitic, and Iranian civilizations, leading to a multicultural character rather than a homogenous ethnic landscape.
In the Russian Federation, what is the distinction made between Rossiyane and Russkie?
Answer: Rossiyane refers to Russian citizens, while Russkie refers to ethnic Russians.
Indonesia's national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, translates to what?
Answer: Unity in Diversity
What mechanism did Kazakhstan create in 1995 to manage its ethnic diversity and largely avoid interethnic clashes after the Soviet breakup?
Answer: The Assembly of People of Kazakhstan.
How does Singapore's Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP) for public housing contribute to managing diversity?
Answer: By ensuring an even ethnic distribution to foster social cohesion.
What term was associated with multiracial individuals in South Korea after World War II, often linked to alienation?
Answer: Honhyeol
What recent shift has been observed in Turkey regarding diversity acceptance?
Answer: An increase in diversity acceptance, partly driven by a desire to preserve Ottoman values.
Cameroon is known as 'Africa in Miniature' due to its exceptionally large population density compared to other African nations.
Answer: False
Cameroon is known as 'Africa in Miniature' due to its diverse geographical and cultural areas, encompassing mountains, deserts, rainforests, coastlands, and savanna grasslands, not its population density.
South Africa officially recognizes 11 languages, making it one of the countries with the most official languages globally.
Answer: True
South Africa officially recognizes 11 languages, including English, making it one of the countries with the most official languages worldwide.
New Zealand officially recognized Māori as a national language in 2001, leading to its revitalization.
Answer: False
New Zealand officially recognized Māori as a national language in 1987, not 2001, which significantly contributed to its revitalization.
Papua New Guinea is home to over 820 different indigenous languages, making it exceptionally diverse linguistically.
Answer: True
Papua New Guinea is indeed home to over 820 different indigenous languages, making its indigenous population exceptionally heterogeneous and linguistically diverse.
Why is Cameroon known as 'Africa in Miniature'?
Answer: Because of its diverse geographical and cultural areas.
How many official languages does South Africa recognize?
Answer: 11
In what year was Māori officially recognized as a national language in New Zealand?
Answer: 1987
What makes Papua New Guinea's indigenous population exceptionally heterogeneous?
Answer: It is composed of several thousand separate communities, most with only a few hundred people.