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The modern Western music industry primarily emerged in the early 2000s, characterized by the dominance of digital music sales over physical records.
Answer: False
The modern Western music industry emerged between the 1930s and 1950s, with records replacing sheet music as the primary product. While digital distribution became prominent in the 2000s, it led to a drop in recorded music sales, not dominance over physical records in the early part of the decade.
Music publishing, using machine-printed sheet music, developed during the Baroque music era in the mid-17th century.
Answer: False
Music publishing using machine-printed sheet music developed during the Renaissance music era in the mid-15th century, not the Baroque era in the mid-17th century.
Ottaviano Petrucci was a pioneer of modern music printing, known for his triple-impression method and securing a monopoly in Venice during the 16th century.
Answer: True
Ottaviano Petrucci was indeed a pioneer of modern music printing, known for his triple-impression method and for securing a twenty-year monopoly on printed music in Venice during the 16th century.
In the mid-to-late 18th century, composers like Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart began to seek commercial opportunities to market their music directly to the public, shifting from the traditional patronage system.
Answer: True
The mid-to-late 18th century saw a shift where composers and performers, including Mozart, began to pursue commercial opportunities to market their music directly to the public, moving away from the patronage system.
In the 19th century, sound recording and radio broadcasting dominated the music industry, replacing sheet music as the primary means of consumption.
Answer: False
In the 19th century, sheet-music publishers dominated the music industry, and people primarily consumed music by performing sheet music at home. Sound recording and radio broadcasting became disruptive technologies at the *turn of the 20th century*, replacing sheet music.
Tin Pan Alley's influence began to wane with the rise of rock & roll in the 1950s, after dominating popular music in the United States for decades.
Answer: False
Tin Pan Alley's influence began to wane with the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s, as phonographs and radio supplanted sheet music, though some consider its era to have extended into the 1950s before the rise of rock & roll.
When did records largely replace sheet music as the most crucial product in the music business, leading to 'the recording industry' becoming a common synonym for 'the music industry'?
Answer: Between the 1930s and 1950s
The modern Western music industry emerged between the 1930s and 1950s, a period characterized by records largely replacing sheet music as the most crucial product.
What was a key characteristic of music consumption in the 19th century, before sound recording became widespread?
Answer: Music lovers mainly purchased sheet music and performed it at home.
In the 19th century, before sound recording, music lovers primarily consumed new music by purchasing sheet music and performing it at home.
What were sound recording and radio broadcasting considered at the turn of the 20th century?
Answer: Disruptive technologies that replaced sheet music as the primary means of accessing popular songs.
At the turn of the 20th century, sound recording and radio broadcasting were considered disruptive technologies because they replaced sheet music as the primary means of accessing popular songs.
What was Ottaviano Petrucci's 'Harmonice Musices Odhecaton' (1501) notable for?
Answer: Being the first book of polyphony using movable type.
Ottaviano Petrucci's 'Harmonice Musices Odhecaton' (1501) is notable for being the first book of polyphony printed using movable type.
What was 'Tin Pan Alley' primarily known for?
Answer: A group of music publishers and songwriters that dominated popular music in the US.
'Tin Pan Alley' was primarily known as a group of music publishers and songwriters who dominated popular music in the United States.
The main branches of the music industry's business structure are the recording industry, the live music industry, and the manufacturing of musical instruments.
Answer: False
The main branches of the music industry's business structure are the live music industry, the recording industry, and all companies that train, support, supply, and represent musicians. The manufacturing of musical instruments is part of the broader industry but not listed as a *main branch* of its business structure.
Which of the following is NOT considered a core activity of the music industry according to its fundamental definition?
Answer: Manufacturing musical instruments and equipment
The fundamental definition of the music industry includes writing songs, creating and selling recorded music, and organizing live concerts. While instrument manufacturing is related, it is listed as part of the broader industry's individuals and organizations, not a core income-generating activity in the fundamental definition.
Why do some up-and-coming musicians choose to sign with 'independent labels' (indies) instead of major labels?
Answer: Indies typically offer performers greater artistic freedom.
Up-and-coming musicians often choose independent labels because these labels typically offer performers greater artistic freedom, even if they cannot provide the same financial backing as major labels.
Advances in digital recording technology in the 21st century have largely eliminated the need for audio engineers in music production.
Answer: False
While digital recording technology has enabled home studios, it has created challenges for traditional studios and audio engineers, but it has not eliminated the need for them in music production. The source mentions problems for audio engineers, not their obsolescence.
A record producer's responsibilities include choosing material, hiring session musicians, and directing the audio engineer to achieve optimal sound.
Answer: True
A record producer's responsibilities indeed include choosing material, hiring session musicians, and directing the audio engineer during recording and mixing to achieve optimal sound.
Under a traditional recording contract, the record company owns the recording created by the artist, and the artist receives a 'royalty' from sales.
Answer: True
Under a traditional recording contract, the record company owns the recording, and the artist is compensated with a 'royalty' from sales, distinct from publishing royalties.
Session musicians typically receive ongoing royalties from sales, similar to recording artists under traditional contracts.
Answer: False
Session musicians are typically contracted for 'work for hire' and receive one-time fees or regular wages, rather than ongoing royalties from sales.
A '360 deal' is a new business relationship where record companies benefit from all of an artist's income streams, including live performance and merchandise.
Answer: True
A '360 deal' is a contemporary business model where record companies derive revenue from all of an artist's income streams, including live performance, merchandise, and endorsements, in addition to recorded music sales.
Inexpensive recording hardware and software have significantly boosted the business for traditional commercial recording studios and audio engineers.
Answer: False
Inexpensive recording hardware and software have allowed artists to bypass traditional commercial studios, causing significant problems and failures for recording studios and audio engineers.
How have advances in digital recording technology impacted traditional recording studios in the 21st century?
Answer: They have allowed many producers and artists to establish 'home studios,' bypassing commercial studios.
Advances in digital recording technology have enabled many producers and artists to establish 'home studios,' thereby bypassing the traditional reliance on commercial recording studios and causing problems for them.
What is the typical compensation structure for session musicians for their services?
Answer: They typically receive one-time fees or regular wages for 'work for hire'.
Session musicians are typically contracted for 'work for hire' and receive one-time fees or regular wages for their services, rather than ongoing royalties.
Within the recording industry, compositions are typically owned by record companies, while recordings are owned by composers.
Answer: False
Within the recording industry, compositions (songs, pieces, lyrics) are typically owned by composers, while recordings (audio and video) are owned by record companies.
Publishing companies primarily focus on promoting compositions by securing song placements in television or films and collecting 'publishing royalties'.
Answer: True
Publishing companies are responsible for collecting publishing royalties and promoting compositions, including securing placements in television or films.
When consumers purchase physical music media like CDs, they own the recording itself and have the right to make digital copies.
Answer: False
When consumers purchase physical music media, they own the physical item but not the recording itself, and therefore typically do not have the right to make digital copies.
Mechanical royalties are paid directly from music retailers to composers and publishers without involving collection societies or record companies.
Answer: False
Mechanical royalties flow from record companies to publishers and composers through a collection society, after retailers pay distributors and distributors pay record companies.
With streaming services, users own a digital copy of the song, which they can store on their devices, similar to purchasing digital downloads.
Answer: False
With streaming services, users pay for access to a music library but do not own or download the song file; access is contingent on an active subscription, unlike digital downloads where ownership is granted.
Performance rights organizations like ASCAP and BMI collect performance royalties when a recording is broadcast on radio or used by a background music service.
Answer: True
Performance rights organizations (PROs) such as ASCAP and BMI are responsible for collecting performance royalties when recordings are broadcast on radio or used by background music services.
Who typically owns the musical compositions (songs, pieces, lyrics) within the recording industry?
Answer: Composers
Within the recording industry, musical compositions (songs, pieces, lyrics) are typically owned by their composers.
What is a primary responsibility of publishing companies in the music industry?
Answer: Collecting 'publishing royalties' when a composition is used and promoting compositions.
Publishing companies primarily collect 'publishing royalties' when a composition is used and promote compositions, for instance, by securing song placements in television or films.
What right do consumers NOT typically have when purchasing physical music media such as CDs?
Answer: The right to make digital copies from the CDs.
When consumers purchase physical music media, they own the physical item but typically do not have the right to make digital copies from the CDs.
How are composers and their publishing companies typically compensated when recordings are used in television and film?
Answer: Through a synchronization license.
When recordings are used in television and film, composers and their publishing companies are typically compensated through a synchronization license.
What is the key difference in user access between purchasing digital downloads and using subscription-based 'pay to stream' services?
Answer: With digital downloads, the user owns a digital copy; with streaming, access is contingent on a subscription without ownership.
The key difference is that with digital downloads, the user owns a digital copy of the song, whereas with streaming services, access is contingent on an active subscription without ownership of the song file.
In the 2000s, the majority of the music market was controlled by four major corporate labels, including EMI and BMG.
Answer: False
In the 2000s, the music market was primarily controlled by three major corporate labels: Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, and Warner Music Group. EMI and BMG were part of the 'Big Six' that consolidated into the 'Big Three' by the 2010s.
The widespread digital distribution of music via the Internet in the early 2000s led to a substantial increase in recorded music sales, while live music declined in importance.
Answer: False
The widespread digital distribution of music in the early 2000s, including illegal file sharing, led to a substantial *drop* in recorded music sales, while live music *gained* importance.
In 2011, Apple Inc.'s online iTunes Store became the world's largest recorded music retailer, operating as a digital, Internet-based platform.
Answer: True
The source confirms that in 2011, Apple Inc.'s online iTunes Store, a digital and Internet-based platform, became the world's largest recorded music retailer.
By the end of the 1980s, the 'Big Six' record labels included Universal Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment.
Answer: False
By the end of the 1980s, the 'Big Six' included CBS and MCA. Universal Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment were formed later through mergers and acquisitions, such as Sony buying CBS Records in 1987 and PolyGram merging with MCA to form Universal in 1998.
The record industry's aggressive legal action against illegal file sharing in the early 2000s successfully halted the decline in music-recording revenue.
Answer: False
The record industry's aggressive legal action against illegal file sharing in the early 2000s failed to halt the decline in music-recording revenue and resulted in a significant public relations disaster.
Legal digital downloads, widely available with the launch of the Apple iTunes Store in 2003, fully compensated for the loss of revenue from declining CD sales.
Answer: False
While legal digital downloads grew rapidly after the iTunes Store launch in 2003, they did not initially compensate for the significant loss of revenue from declining CD sales.
Streaming services like Spotify have been widely praised by artists for providing fair compensation for their work.
Answer: False
Streaming services like Spotify have faced criticism from artists who claim they are not fairly compensated for their work, particularly as streaming increases and downloaded music sales decline.
Total album sales have increased in the early decades of the 21st century, leading to a resurgence of the album format.
Answer: False
Total album sales have *declined* in the early decades of the 21st century, leading some critics to declare the 'death of the album'.
Which of the following companies was NOT one of the three major corporate labels controlling the majority of the music market in the 2000s?
Answer: EMI Group
In the 2000s, the three major corporate labels were Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, and Warner Music Group. EMI Group was part of the 'Big Six' that consolidated into the 'Big Three' by the 2010s, with Universal acquiring most of EMI's recorded music interests in 2012.
What significant change did the music industry experience in the first decades of the 2000s due to the Internet?
Answer: The widespread digital distribution of music, leading to a drop in recorded music sales.
The first decades of the 2000s saw widespread digital distribution of music via the Internet, which led to a substantial drop in recorded music sales.
Which event marked a significant step in the consolidation of the 'Big Six' record labels into the 'Big Three'?
Answer: PolyGram merging with MCA Music Entertainment in mid-1998 to form Universal Music Group.
The merger of PolyGram with MCA Music Entertainment in mid-1998 to form Universal Music Group was a significant step in the consolidation of the 'Big Six' into the 'Big Three'.
What was a consequence of the record industry's aggressive legal action against illegal file sharing in the early 2000s?
Answer: It led to a significant public relations disaster for the industry.
The record industry's aggressive legal action against illegal file sharing in the early 2000s resulted in a significant public relations disaster for the industry, and it failed to halt the decline in music-recording revenue.
What trend was observed in used CD sales between 2003 and 2007?
Answer: They grew from approximately 21% to 27% of gross CD revenue.
Used CD sales grew from approximately 21% of gross CD revenue in 2003 to about 27% in 2007, largely due to increasing online sales.
By the end of the 1980s, which of these companies was part of the 'Big Six' record labels?
Answer: EMI
By the end of the 1980s, EMI was one of the 'Big Six' record labels. Universal Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment were formed later through mergers and acquisitions.
Live Nation, the largest promoter and music venue owner, is a current subsidiary of iHeartMedia Inc., the largest owner of radio stations in the United States.
Answer: False
Live Nation is the largest promoter and music venue owner, and it was a *former* subsidiary of iHeartMedia Inc., not a current one.
In the 21st century, it has become more common to book tours primarily to promote the sales of recordings, reversing a previous trend.
Answer: False
In the 21st century, the trend has reversed; recordings are now often released to promote ticket sales for live shows, indicating a greater reliance on live performance as a revenue stream.
Major artists typically employ a road crew led by a tour manager, providing services like stage lighting, sound reinforcement, and instrument maintenance.
Answer: True
Major artists do employ a road crew, led by a tour manager, to provide essential services such as stage lighting, live sound reinforcement, and musical instrument maintenance during concert series.
Which of the following entities is primarily responsible for connecting a performing artist with a venue owner and arranging contracts in the live music industry?
Answer: A promoter
In the live music industry, a promoter is primarily responsible for connecting a performing artist with a venue owner and arranging contracts.
What has been the primary impact of the shift in the music industry on the income streams for music-performing artists?
Answer: Artists rely heavily on live performances and merchandise sales for most of their income.
The shift in the music industry has led music-performing artists to rely heavily on live performances and merchandise sales for the majority of their income.
What is the purpose of platforms like Kickstarter for independent musicians?
Answer: To enable crowdfunding for album production, allowing fans to directly fund bands.
Platforms like Kickstarter enable independent musicians to produce their albums through crowdfunding, allowing fans to directly fund the bands they wish to support.
Which of the following professionals is responsible for overseeing all career aspects for an artist for a percentage of income?
Answer: An artist manager
An artist manager is responsible for overseeing all career aspects for an artist, typically for a percentage of their income.
In 2015, streaming services became the largest source of income for the U.S. recorded-music-industry, accounting for 34.3 percent of revenue.
Answer: True
In 2015, streaming services indeed became the largest source of income for the U.S. recorded-music industry, generating approximately $2.4 billion and accounting for 34.3 percent of revenue.
In 2014, global digital album sales experienced a decline of 6.9%, according to IFPI.
Answer: False
According to IFPI, global digital album sales *grew* by 6.9% in 2014, not declined.
As of September 2018, independent labels and smaller entities ('Other') held the largest market share among major record companies.
Answer: True
As of September 2018, 'Other' (independent labels and smaller entities) held the largest market share at 28.5%, surpassing individual major record companies.
In 2014, the United States had the highest retail value in the music market, with digital sales accounting for 71% of its revenue.
Answer: True
In 2014, the United States indeed had the highest retail value in the music market, and digital sales constituted 71% of its revenue.
Global recorded music revenues climbed for the first time since 1999 in 2012, showing a 2% increase.
Answer: True
Global recorded music revenues did climb for the first time since 1999 in 2012, with a 2% increase to $16.5 billion, according to the IFPI Digital Music Report 2013.
According to Forrester Research, what was the trend in total revenue from U.S. recorded music sales and licensing between 1999 and 2009?
Answer: It substantially declined, dropping by half from $14.6 billion to $6.3 billion.
Between 1999 and 2009, total revenue from U.S. recorded music sales and licensing substantially declined, dropping by half from $14.6 billion to $6.3 billion.
According to IFPI, what was the global digital album sales growth in 2014?
Answer: A growth of 6.9%
According to IFPI, global digital album sales grew by 6.9% in 2014.
In 1998, after the PolyGram-Universal merger, which entity held the largest market share among the 'Big Five' record labels?
Answer: Universal Music Group
In 1998, after the PolyGram-Universal merger, Universal Music Group held the largest market share among the 'Big Five' record labels at 21.1%.
According to Nielsen SoundScan's 2011 report, what percentage of the US market did independent labels hold?
Answer: 12.11%
Nielsen SoundScan's 2011 report indicated that independent labels held 12.11% of the U.S. market.
What was the primary driver of the overall music sales increase of 3.1% in 2012, according to The Nielsen Company & Billboard's Industry Report?
Answer: Growth in Digital Album and Digital Track sales.
The overall music sales increase of 3.1% in 2012 was primarily driven by growth in Digital Album and Digital Track sales, despite a decrease in Physical Music sales.
What was the global trade revenue for the music industry in 2022?
Answer: $26.2 billion
In 2022, the global trade revenue for the music industry was $26.2 billion.
Which country showed the highest positive percentage change in retail value in the music market in 2014?
Answer: South Korea
South Korea showed the highest positive percentage change in retail value in the music market in 2014, with an increase of 19.2%.
What percentage of worldwide classical music sales did Universal Music Group make in the year ending June 30, 2000?
Answer: 40%
Universal Music Group made 40% of the worldwide classical music sales in the year ending June 30, 2000.
What was the total value of physical retail music sales for the top 20 countries in 2005?
Answer: $12,378.7 million
In 2005, the total value of physical retail music sales for the top 20 countries was $12,378.7 million.
In 2012, after the absorption of EMI, what percentage of the market did Universal Music Group (which owns EMI Music) hold, according to Nielsen SoundScan?
Answer: 32.41% plus 6.78% of EMI Group
According to Nielsen SoundScan's 2012 report, after the absorption of EMI, Universal Music Group (which owns EMI Music) held 32.41% plus 6.78% of EMI Group's market share.