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Narcissism is fundamentally defined as a self-centered personality style marked by an excessive preoccupation with oneself, often at the expense of others, and is named after a Greek mythological figure.
Answer: True
The fundamental definition of narcissism describes it as a self-centered personality style with excessive self-preoccupation, named after the Greek mythological figure Narcissus.
The term 'narcissism' originates from the Roman poet Ovid's *Metamorphoses*, which tells the story of Narcissus falling in love with his own reflection.
Answer: True
The term 'narcissism' indeed originates from Ovid's *Metamorphoses*, which recounts the myth of Narcissus and his self-love.
In ancient Greece, the concept of 'hubris' was used to describe excessive selfishness, which shares similarities with modern understandings of narcissism.
Answer: True
The ancient Greek concept of 'hubris,' referring to excessive pride or self-confidence, indeed shares conceptual similarities with modern understandings of excessive selfishness and narcissistic tendencies.
From which mythological figure does the term 'narcissism' originate?
Answer: Narcissus
The term 'narcissism' is directly derived from the Greek mythological figure Narcissus, whose story of falling in love with his own reflection is well-known.
What concept in ancient Greece was similar to modern understandings of excessive selfishness?
Answer: Hubris
In ancient Greece, 'hubris' referred to excessive pride or self-confidence, a concept that aligns with modern understandings of excessive selfishness and narcissistic tendencies.
The psychological definition of narcissism first emerged in the early 20th century, primarily as a normal developmental stage.
Answer: False
The psychological definition of narcissism began to emerge in the late 19th century, not early 20th, and initially encompassed various interpretations beyond just a normal developmental stage, including sexual perversion and a symptom in psychosis.
Paul Näcke and Havelock Ellis independently used the term 'narcissism' in 1889 to describe a person who treats their own body in the same way a sexual partner's body is typically treated.
Answer: True
Paul Näcke and Havelock Ellis independently introduced the term 'narcissism' in 1889, defining it as treating one's own body as a sexual object.
Sigmund Freud published the first clinical paper about narcissism in 1911, linking the concept to vanity and self-admiration.
Answer: False
Otto Rank, not Sigmund Freud, published the first clinical paper about narcissism in 1911, linking it to vanity and self-admiration. Freud's seminal work on narcissism, 'On Narcissism: An Introduction,' was published in 1914.
Ernest Jones, in his 1913 essay 'The God complex,' described individuals with extreme narcissism as aloof, self-important, and possessing fantasies of omnipotence.
Answer: True
Ernest Jones's 1913 essay 'The God complex' indeed characterized individuals with extreme narcissism as aloof, self-important, and prone to fantasies of omnipotence and omniscience.
Sigmund Freud's 1914 essay 'On Narcissism: An Introduction' defined narcissism as the redirection of libidinal energy toward external objects rather than oneself.
Answer: False
Sigmund Freud's 1914 essay defined narcissism as the redirection of libidinal energy *toward oneself*, not external objects, proposing a universal 'primary narcissism' and a 'secondary narcissism' characterized by withdrawal from the external world.
Robert Waelder conceptualized narcissism as a personality trait in 1925, describing individuals who are condescending, feel superior, and lack empathy.
Answer: True
Robert Waelder's 1925 contribution indeed conceptualized narcissism as a personality trait, characterized by condescension, feelings of superiority, preoccupation with admiration, and a lack of empathy.
Karen Horney (1939) argued that narcissism is exclusively a pathological state, with no healthy expressions.
Answer: False
Karen Horney (1939) actually postulated that narcissism exists on a spectrum, ranging from healthy self-esteem to a pathological state, acknowledging that some degree of self-focus is normal.
Christopher Lasch's 1979 book, *The Culture of Narcissism*, helped bring the term into broader social consciousness, leading to its widespread application.
Answer: True
Christopher Lasch's 1979 book, *The Culture of Narcissism*, is widely credited with popularizing the term and bringing it into broader social discourse, leading to its widespread, though sometimes indiscriminate, application.
When did the psychological definition of narcissism begin to emerge?
Answer: Late 19th century
The psychological definition of narcissism began to emerge in the late 19th century, with early interpretations appearing around 1889.
Which two psychiatrists independently used the term 'narcissism' in 1889 to describe treating one's own body like a sexual partner's?
Answer: Paul Näcke and Havelock Ellis
Paul Näcke and Havelock Ellis independently introduced the term 'narcissism' in 1889, defining it as treating one's own body in the same way a sexual partner's body is typically treated.
Who published the first clinical paper about narcissism in 1911, linking it to vanity and self-admiration?
Answer: Otto Rank
Otto Rank published the first clinical paper on narcissism in 1911, connecting the concept to vanity and self-admiration.
Ernest Jones's 1913 essay 'The God complex' associated extreme narcissism with which of the following traits?
Answer: Aloofness and fantasies of omnipotence
In 'The God complex,' Ernest Jones associated extreme narcissism with traits such as aloofness, self-importance, and fantasies of omnipotence and omniscience.
How did Sigmund Freud define narcissism in his 1914 essay?
Answer: As the redirection of libidinal energy toward oneself
In his 1914 essay, Sigmund Freud defined narcissism as the redirection of an individual's libidinal energy toward themselves, rather than external objects.
What was Robert Waelder's contribution to the understanding of narcissism in 1925?
Answer: He conceptualized it as a personality trait with lack of empathy.
Robert Waelder conceptualized narcissism as a personality trait in 1925, describing individuals who are condescending, feel superior, and lack empathy.
Karen Horney (1939) postulated that narcissism exists on a spectrum ranging from:
Answer: Healthy self-esteem to a pathological state
Karen Horney (1939) posited that narcissism exists on a spectrum, ranging from healthy self-esteem to a pathological state.
Christopher Lasch's 1979 book, *The Culture of Narcissism*, is notable for:
Answer: Bringing the term 'narcissism' into broader social consciousness.
Christopher Lasch's 1979 book, *The Culture of Narcissism*, is notable for bringing the term 'narcissism' into broader social consciousness and leading to its widespread application.
The core of narcissism, encompassing both grandiose and vulnerable expressions, is often referred to as 'entitled self-importance,' characterized by selfishness and a lack of empathy.
Answer: True
The core of narcissism, underlying both grandiose and vulnerable expressions, is indeed conceptualized as 'self-centered antagonism' or 'entitled self-importance,' characterized by selfishness, entitlement, and a lack of empathy.
Grandiose narcissism is characterized by a combination of the antagonistic core with temperamental reactivity, leading to shyness and social avoidance.
Answer: False
Grandiose narcissism is characterized by temperamental boldness, social dominance, and reward-seeking. Temperamental reactivity, shyness, and social avoidance are characteristic of vulnerable narcissism.
Vulnerable narcissism is defined by low and contingent self-esteem, an unstable sense of self, and social withdrawal due to shame and distrust.
Answer: True
Vulnerable narcissism is indeed defined by low and contingent self-esteem, an unstable sense of self, and social withdrawal, often stemming from shame and distrust.
Sexual narcissism is an egocentric pattern of sexual behavior that is exclusively found in men and is always a sign of underlying high self-esteem.
Answer: False
Sexual narcissism is an egocentric pattern of sexual behavior that can occur in both men and women, and it is often an overcompensation for underlying low self-esteem or an inability to form genuine intimacy, not a sign of high self-esteem.
Destructive narcissism is characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, entitlement, and a general lack of empathy, falling between healthy narcissism and full pathological NPD.
Answer: True
Destructive narcissism is accurately characterized by grandiosity, entitlement, and a lack of empathy, positioning it on the spectrum between healthy narcissism and a full diagnosis of Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
The 'dark triad' model of personality includes narcissism, sadism, and psychopathy.
Answer: False
The 'dark triad' model of personality includes narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Sadism is an additional trait included in the 'dark tetrad,' not the dark triad.
Collective narcissism is a type of narcissism where an individual possesses an inflated self-love for their own group, extending beyond just cultures and ethnicities.
Answer: True
Collective narcissism is accurately defined as an inflated self-love for one's own in-group, which indeed extends beyond specific cultures and ethnicities to encompass any group with which an individual identifies.
What is considered the core of both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism?
Answer: Self-centered antagonism
The core of both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism is considered 'self-centered antagonism,' also known as 'entitled self-importance,' characterized by selfishness and a lack of empathy.
Which of the following is a characteristic of grandiose narcissism?
Answer: Temperamental boldness and reward-seeking
Grandiose narcissism is characterized by temperamental boldness, positive emotionality, social dominance, reward-seeking, and risk-taking.
Vulnerable narcissism is characterized by a combination of the antagonistic core with:
Answer: Temperamental reactivity
Vulnerable narcissism is characterized by a combination of the antagonistic core with temperamental reactivity, which includes negative emotionality, social avoidance, and a proneness to rage.
Sexual narcissism is described as an egocentric pattern of sexual behavior that may include:
Answer: An inflated sense of sexual ability or entitlement
Sexual narcissism is an egocentric pattern of sexual behavior that may include an inflated sense of sexual ability or entitlement, sometimes as an overcompensation for low self-esteem.
The 'dark triad' model of personality consists of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and what other trait?
Answer: Psychopathy
The 'dark triad' model of personality includes narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy.
What additional trait is included in the 'dark tetrad' beyond the dark triad?
Answer: Sadism
The 'dark tetrad' expands upon the dark triad by including sadism as an additional trait, which refers to deriving pleasure from the pain or humiliation of others.
How does collective narcissism differ from ethnocentrism?
Answer: Collective narcissism extends to any type of in-group beyond just cultures and ethnicities.
Collective narcissism differs from ethnocentrism by extending beyond just cultures and ethnicities to encompass an inflated self-love for any type of in-group.
According to social learning theory, children develop narcissistic traits when their parents consistently undervalue their achievements.
Answer: False
Social learning theory suggests that children develop narcissistic traits when their parents *excessively overvalue* them, not undervalue them, teaching them that their worth is tied to an inflated self-perception.
Clinical theorists like Kernberg, Kohut, and Millon proposed that pathological narcissism could stem from unempathetic and inconsistent early childhood interactions.
Answer: True
Clinical theorists such as Kernberg, Kohut, and Millon indeed proposed that unempathetic and inconsistent early childhood interactions are potential origins of pathological narcissism.
Heritability studies using twins have shown that narcissistic traits have a low heritability score, indicating minimal genetic influence.
Answer: False
Heritability studies using twins have shown that narcissistic traits have a *high* heritability score of 0.64, indicating a *significant* genetic influence, not minimal.
A 2024 meta-analysis found a strong association between grandiose narcissism and various adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).
Answer: False
A 2024 meta-analysis found a small-to-moderate association between *vulnerable* narcissism and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), particularly emotional neglect. Research supports an association between *antagonistic aspects* of narcissism and ACEs, but not a strong association specifically for *grandiose* narcissism.
Grandiose narcissism is consistently associated with increased grey matter volume in brain regions linked to self-enhancement, reward, and social dominance.
Answer: True
Grandiose narcissism is indeed consistently associated with increased grey matter volume in brain regions linked to self-enhancement, reward, and social dominance, including the orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and striatal regions.
Vulnerable narcissism shows a similar positive association with the structural properties of brain regions as grandiose narcissism.
Answer: False
Vulnerable narcissism shows an *opposite* association with the structural properties of brain regions (cortical thickness and volume) compared to the positive association seen in grandiose narcissism, suggesting distinct neurological underpinnings.
The 'hierometer theory' suggests that grandiose narcissism serves an evolutionary function by enabling individuals to navigate social status hierarchies.
Answer: True
The 'hierometer theory' indeed proposes that grandiose narcissism serves an evolutionary function by facilitating an individual's navigation and ascent within social status hierarchies.
According to social learning theory, children are anticipated to develop narcissistic traits when their parents:
Answer: Excessively overvalue them
According to social learning theory, children are anticipated to develop narcissistic traits when their parents excessively overvalue them, teaching them that their worth is tied to an inflated self-perception.
According to clinical theorists like Kernberg, Kohut, and Millon, what is a potential origin of pathological narcissism?
Answer: Unempathetic and inconsistent early childhood interactions
Clinical theorists such as Kernberg, Kohut, and Millon proposed that unempathetic and inconsistent early childhood interactions are potential origins of pathological narcissism.
Heritability studies using twins have shown that narcissistic traits have a high heritability score of:
Answer: 0.64
Heritability studies using twins have indicated that narcissistic traits have a high heritability score of 0.64, suggesting a significant genetic influence.
What type of adverse childhood experience (ACE) is particularly associated with vulnerable narcissism?
Answer: Emotional neglect
A 2024 meta-analysis found that emotional neglect is particularly associated with vulnerable narcissism among various adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).
Which brain regions are positively associated with grandiose narcissism?
Answer: Orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and striatal regions
Grandiose narcissism is positively associated with increased grey matter volume in brain regions linked to self-enhancement, reward, and social dominance, such as the orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and striatal regions.
What hormonal association has been found with grandiose narcissism?
Answer: High testosterone levels
Grandiose narcissism has been associated with high testosterone levels, both at rest and in response to social challenges, which is also linked to increased aggression.
The 'hierometer theory' suggests that grandiose narcissism serves an evolutionary function by enabling individuals to:
Answer: Navigate social status hierarchies
The 'hierometer theory' posits that grandiose narcissism serves an evolutionary function by enabling individuals to effectively navigate and ascend social status hierarchies.
Narcissistic parents typically view their children as extensions of themselves, expecting them to fulfill the parents' emotional and self-esteem needs.
Answer: True
Narcissistic parents commonly view their children as extensions of themselves, expecting them to cater to the parents' emotional and self-esteem requirements.
Professional narcissism is a compulsion among some professionals to constantly assert their competence, even when incorrect, driven by a dread of appearing incompetent.
Answer: True
Professional narcissism is accurately described as a compulsion to assert competence, even when wrong, stemming from a fear of appearing incompetent, leading to 'narcissistic traps'.
Narcissism in leadership is consistently linked to improved motivational skills and cautious decision-making.
Answer: False
Narcissism in leadership is often linked to *poor* motivational skills and *risky* decision-making, not improved or cautious ones, and can lead to underachievement or failure.
Individuals high in narcissism in the general workforce are more prone to engage in counterproductive behaviors, especially when their self-esteem is threatened.
Answer: True
Individuals with high narcissistic traits in the workforce are indeed more likely to engage in counterproductive and aggressive behaviors, particularly when their fragile self-esteem is perceived to be threatened.
Celebrity narcissism, or acquired situational narcissism, typically develops in early childhood due to parental overvaluation.
Answer: False
Celebrity narcissism, or acquired situational narcissism, develops in late adolescence or adulthood, triggered by wealth, fame, and a celebrity-obsessed society, not typically in early childhood due to parental overvaluation.
Social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok amplify narcissistic behaviors by encouraging self-promotion and rewarding users with likes and followers.
Answer: True
Social media platforms indeed amplify narcissistic behaviors by fostering self-promotion and providing validation through likes and followers, creating a feedback loop that reinforces these tendencies.
An analysis of US popular song lyrics between 1987 and 2007 showed a decrease in first-person singular pronouns, suggesting a decline in narcissistic tendencies.
Answer: False
An analysis of US popular song lyrics between 1987 and 2007 actually revealed an *increase* in first-person singular pronouns, along with an increase in antisocial behavior references and a decrease in words reflecting a focus on others, suggesting a *rise* in narcissistic tendencies.
How do narcissistic parents typically view their children?
Answer: As extensions of themselves to fulfill parental needs
Narcissistic parents typically view their children as extensions of themselves, expecting them to fulfill the parents' emotional and self-esteem needs.
What is professional narcissism primarily driven by?
Answer: A dread of appearing stupid or incompetent
Professional narcissism is primarily driven by a deep-seated dread of appearing stupid or incompetent, leading to a compulsion to constantly assert competence.
Which of the following is a potential negative impact of narcissism on leadership?
Answer: Risky decision-making and white-collar crime
Narcissism in leadership can lead to negative impacts such as poor motivational skills, risky decision-making, and, in extreme cases, white-collar crime.
In romantic relationships, narcissistic individuals typically:
Answer: Demand attention and admiration without reciprocating empathy
In romantic relationships, narcissistic individuals typically demand attention and admiration without reciprocating empathy or concern for their partner's emotional needs, often creating toxic dynamics.
Celebrity narcissism, or acquired situational narcissism, is triggered and sustained by:
Answer: Wealth, fame, and a celebrity-obsessed society
Celebrity narcissism is triggered and sustained by wealth, fame, and a celebrity-obsessed society, which reinforce an inflated sense of self-importance.
How do social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok contribute to narcissistic behaviors?
Answer: By encouraging self-promotion and validation through likes and followers
Social media platforms contribute to narcissistic behaviors by fostering self-promotion and providing validation through likes and followers, creating a feedback loop that reinforces these tendencies.
According to some commentators, how has the American populace's level of narcissism changed since World War II?
Answer: It has become increasingly narcissistic.
Some commentators contend that the American populace has become increasingly narcissistic since World War II, evidenced by a heightened pursuit of attention and the proliferation of self-help literature.
What linguistic change in US popular song lyrics between 1987 and 2007 suggested an increase in narcissistic behaviors?
Answer: A growth in the use of first-person singular pronouns.
An analysis of US popular song lyrics between 1987 and 2007 showed a growth in the use of first-person singular pronouns, indicating an increased focus on the self and suggesting a rise in narcissistic behaviors.
A moderate degree of narcissism is always considered pathological and indicative of Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD).
Answer: False
A moderate degree of narcissism is generally considered healthy and normal, contributing to psychological resilience, and is not inherently pathological or indicative of NPD.
Psychologists generally agree that any level of narcissism is detrimental to psychological health.
Answer: False
Psychologists generally agree that a moderate level of narcissism can be beneficial for psychological health, supporting resilience and ambition, and is not inherently detrimental.
Pathological narcissism is primarily characterized by an individual's profound ability to love others and a strong sense of empathy.
Answer: False
Pathological narcissism is characterized by a profound *inability* to love others and a significant *lack* of empathy, along with feelings of emptiness and a drive for power.
A significant debate occurred between 2010 and 2013 regarding the proposed removal of Narcissistic Personality Disorder from the 5th Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
Answer: True
A significant and contentious debate did occur between 2010 and 2013 concerning the proposed removal of Narcissistic Personality Disorder from the DSM-5, a recommendation that ultimately did not pass.
What is the psychological view on a moderate level of narcissism?
Answer: It is beneficial for good psychological health, supporting resilience.
A moderate level of narcissism is generally viewed as beneficial for good psychological health, supporting resilience and ambition, and is not inherently pathological.
Which of the following is a key manifestation of pathological narcissism?
Answer: An unremitting need to seek power
A key manifestation of pathological narcissism is an unremitting need to seek power, coupled with an inability to love others and a profound lack of empathy.
What was a key area of debate regarding Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) between 2010 and 2013?
Answer: Its proposed removal from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
A key debate between 2010 and 2013 concerned the proposed removal of Narcissistic Personality Disorder from the 5th Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).