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Total Categories: 6
The Northern Chinese Famine of 1876-1879 was primarily precipitated by extensive flooding across the northern provinces of China.
Answer: False
The primary cause of the Northern Chinese Famine of 1876-1879 was a severe drought, not widespread flooding, which led to extensive crop failures.
The Northern Chinese Famine persisted for a duration of precisely three years, from 1876 to 1878.
Answer: False
The Northern Chinese Famine spanned a period of four years, commencing in 1876 and concluding in 1879.
Crop failures resulting from drought constituted the principal factor behind the widespread starvation observed during the Northern Chinese Famine.
Answer: True
The famine was predominantly caused by severe drought conditions that led to extensive crop failures, resulting in widespread starvation.
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate pattern exerted no discernible influence on the drought conditions prevalent during the famine.
Answer: False
Research indicates that the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate pattern is believed to have significantly influenced the drought conditions that contributed to the famine.
The severe drought that precipitated the famine commenced in 1876, coinciding precisely with the onset of the famine years.
Answer: False
The drought that led to the famine began in 1875, preceding the main period of widespread starvation in 1876.
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is identified as a factor that likely influenced the drought conditions leading to the famine.
Answer: True
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is recognized as a significant climate pattern that likely contributed to the drought conditions responsible for the famine.
What was the principal natural cause of the Northern Chinese Famine of 1876-1879?
Answer: A severe drought resulting in widespread crop failures.
The primary natural cause of the famine was a severe drought that led to extensive crop failures across the affected northern provinces.
Over what temporal span did the Northern Chinese Famine occur?
Answer: Four years (1876-1879)
The Northern Chinese Famine persisted for a duration of four years, from 1876 to 1879.
Which meteorological phenomenon is posited to have influenced the drought conditions precipitating the famine?
Answer: The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is identified as a climate pattern that likely influenced the drought conditions leading to the famine.
What natural event signaled the cessation of the most severe phase of the famine in June 1879?
Answer: The return of heavy rains and a successful harvest.
The most critical period of the famine concluded in June 1879 with the return of substantial rainfall, which facilitated a successful autumn harvest.
The famine predominantly afflicted the southern Chinese provinces, such as Guangdong and Fujian.
Answer: False
The Northern Chinese Famine primarily impacted northern provinces, including Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Zhili (Hebei), and Shandong, not the southern provinces.
Shanxi province recorded the highest number of fatalities, with an estimated mortality exceeding 5 million deaths.
Answer: True
Shanxi province suffered the most severe impact, with an estimated 5.5 million deaths, representing the highest provincial fatality count.
Shandong province experienced approximately 500,000 fatalities attributed to the famine.
Answer: True
The recorded death toll for Shandong province due to the famine is approximately 0.5 million, or 500,000 individuals.
Which of the following provinces was NOT among those most severely impacted by the famine?
Answer: Jiangsu
The provinces most severely affected were Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Zhili (Hebei), and Shandong. Jiangsu was not among the primary epicenters of the famine.
Approximately how many individuals are estimated to have perished in Zhili province as a consequence of the famine?
Answer: 2.5 million
Zhili province experienced an estimated 2.5 million fatalities directly attributable to the famine.
How many fatalities were recorded in Shandong province as a direct result of the famine?
Answer: 0.5 million
Shandong province registered approximately 0.5 million deaths attributed to the famine.
What was the estimated death toll in Henan province during the famine?
Answer: 1 million
Henan province recorded an estimated 1 million fatalities as a direct result of the famine.
The aggregate death toll attributed to the Northern Chinese Famine is estimated to be fewer than 5 million individuals.
Answer: False
Estimates place the total death toll from the Northern Chinese Famine between 9.5 and 13 million people, significantly exceeding 5 million.
Census data indicated a total population reduction of 23 million people, considering solely direct fatalities from starvation.
Answer: False
The census data indicated a total population reduction of 23 million people when accounting for both direct deaths and subsequent migration, not solely direct starvation deaths.
Shanxi province experienced a population loss of approximately 15% due to the famine and subsequent migration.
Answer: False
Shanxi province suffered a population decline of approximately 48%, not 15%, due to the famine and migration.
Shaanxi province experienced a population decrease of 25%, which represented approximately 2.43 million individuals.
Answer: True
Shaanxi province indeed saw a population reduction of 25%, equating to approximately 2.43 million people.
Henan province's population decreased by 22%, totaling approximately 7.48 million individuals.
Answer: True
Henan province experienced a population decline of 22%, which amounted to approximately 7.48 million people.
The famine resulted in significant depopulation of numerous rural areas due to starvation, disease outbreaks, and subsequent migration.
Answer: True
The famine led to substantial depopulation in many rural regions, driven by starvation, disease, and the migration of survivors seeking sustenance elsewhere.
What is the estimated aggregate death toll attributed to the Northern Chinese Famine?
Answer: Between 9.5 and 13 million individuals
Estimates suggest that the Northern Chinese Famine resulted in the deaths of between 9.5 and 13 million people.
What was the estimated population loss percentage for Shanxi province, considering both famine deaths and migration?
Answer: 48%
Shanxi province suffered a substantial population decline of approximately 48% due to the combined effects of famine mortality and migration.
The total estimated population reduction across the affected regions, accounting for both mortality and migration, was approximately:
Answer: 23 million
The combined impact of famine-related deaths and subsequent migration resulted in an estimated total population reduction of 23 million individuals in the affected northern Chinese provinces.
Timothy Richard was a Chinese official who documented the famine and solicited foreign aid.
Answer: False
Timothy Richard was a British missionary, not a Chinese official, who played a significant role in publicizing the famine and organizing relief efforts.
Timothy Richard first brought attention to the famine in Shanxi province in 1876.
Answer: False
Timothy Richard first publicized the famine in Shandong province in the summer of 1876, not Shanxi.
Timothy Richard appealed primarily to the Qing imperial court for funds to alleviate famine victim suffering.
Answer: False
Timothy Richard initially appealed to the foreign community in Shanghai for financial assistance, rather than directly to the Qing imperial court.
The Shandong Famine Relief Committee was established in March 1879 to coordinate relief operations.
Answer: False
The Shandong Famine Relief Committee was formed earlier, in March 1877, to coordinate relief efforts.
The Shandong Famine Relief Committee comprised exclusively foreign diplomats and businessmen.
Answer: False
The Shandong Famine Relief Committee included representatives from both Protestant and Roman Catholic missionary groups, in addition to diplomats and businessmen.
Timothy Richard's observations indicated that Shandong province was experiencing more severe famine conditions than Shanxi.
Answer: False
Timothy Richard's findings revealed that Shanxi province was experiencing even more dire drought and famine conditions compared to Shandong.
Roman Catholic missions raised approximately 5 million taels, equivalent to $125,000 in 2012 silver prices.
Answer: False
Roman Catholic missions raised at least 125,000 taels, which was approximately $5 million in 2012 silver prices, not 5 million taels.
Fewer than 20 missionaries, encompassing both Catholic and Protestant denominations, were involved in administering relief efforts.
Answer: False
A total of over 70 missionaries (more than 40 Catholic and 31 Protestant) were actively involved in administering the famine relief operations.
The organized relief efforts provided assistance to approximately 3.4 million individuals across all affected provinces.
Answer: False
The figure of 3.4 million people assisted specifically refers to those aided in Shanxi province, not the total across all affected regions.
Several Protestant missionaries tragically perished from injuries sustained during relief operations in Shanxi.
Answer: False
Three Protestant missionaries tragically succumbed to disease, likely typhus, which was prevalent in the famine-stricken areas, rather than injuries sustained during operations.
The Oberlin Band significantly augmented its presence in Shandong province subsequent to the famine's conclusion.
Answer: False
The Oberlin Band and other Protestant missionaries notably increased their presence in Shanxi province after the famine, not Shandong.
Who was the prominent British missionary instrumental in publicizing the famine and organizing relief efforts?
Answer: Timothy Richard
Timothy Richard, a British missionary, was a key figure in bringing international attention to the famine and mobilizing relief efforts.
What committee was established in March 1877 to coordinate relief operations, involving diplomats, businessmen, and missionaries?
Answer: The Shandong Famine Relief Committee
The Shandong Famine Relief Committee was formed in March 1877 to coordinate the multifaceted relief operations.
Timothy Richard's journey to Shanxi province in early 1878 revealed that this province was experiencing:
Answer: Even more severe drought and famine conditions than Shandong.
Upon visiting Shanxi in early 1878, Timothy Richard documented that the province was enduring even more dire drought and famine conditions than those observed in Shandong.
What was the approximate monetary value of the funds raised by international efforts, calculated based on 2012 silver prices?
Answer: $7 to $10 million
The international relief efforts successfully raised approximately $7 to $10 million, when valued in 2012 silver prices.
Which group of missionaries was noted for having a greater physical presence and operating effectively at the local level in famine-stricken regions?
Answer: Roman Catholic missions
Roman Catholic missions, due to their extensive local presence, were particularly effective in administering aid directly within the famine-stricken areas.
Where did the majority of foreign relief efforts concentrate their aid?
Answer: Shanxi province
The predominant focus of foreign relief efforts was directed towards Shanxi province, which suffered exceptionally high mortality rates.
Which group of missionaries significantly increased its presence in Shanxi province following the famine's conclusion?
Answer: The Oberlin Band and other Protestant missionaries
Subsequent to the famine, the Oberlin Band, along with other Protestant missionary groups, established a more substantial presence within Shanxi province.
How many Protestant missionaries tragically succumbed to disease during the famine, according to the source?
Answer: Three
Tragically, three Protestant missionaries died from disease during the famine period.
The Qing government played no role in addressing the famine, leaving relief efforts entirely to foreign organizations.
Answer: False
The Qing government, alongside Chinese philanthropists and businessmen, contributed resources and funds to combat the famine, indicating a role in relief efforts.
Private Chinese relief efforts concentrated primarily on Shanxi province, mirroring the focus of foreign efforts.
Answer: False
While foreign relief efforts largely concentrated on Shanxi province, private Chinese efforts primarily focused on Henan and Shandong provinces.
The famine had minimal impact on the Chinese perspective regarding their nation's standing or the legitimacy of the ruling dynasty.
Answer: False
The famine significantly influenced the Chinese perspective, heightening awareness of 'material inferiority' and 'insulted cultural pride,' thereby increasing dissatisfaction with the Qing dynasty's rule.
Protestant missionaries anticipated that their relief work would be largely forgotten and have little bearing on future missionary endeavors.
Answer: False
Protestant missionaries expected their famine relief work to cultivate goodwill and create favorable conditions for future missionary activities, not to be forgotten.
Besides foreign aid organizations, who else contributed resources and funds to combat the famine?
Answer: The Qing government and Chinese philanthropists/businessmen
In addition to foreign aid, the Qing government and various Chinese philanthropists and businessmen also mobilized resources and funds to address the famine.
What were the primary concerns of the Chinese populace regarding foreign relief efforts?
Answer: That missionaries might use relief work for proselytizing and adopting children.
A significant concern among the Chinese was that missionaries might leverage relief efforts for proselytization and the adoption of orphaned children.
The famine exacerbated Chinese dissatisfaction with the ruling dynasty by highlighting:
Answer: China's 'material inferiority' and 'insulted cultural pride.'
The famine intensified Chinese awareness of their nation's 'material inferiority' and 'insulted cultural pride,' contributing to increased discontent with the Qing dynasty's governance.
What did Protestant missionaries anticipate as a long-term outcome of their involvement in famine relief?
Answer: That it would cultivate goodwill and create favorable conditions for future missionary work.
Protestant missionaries foresaw that their participation in famine relief would foster goodwill among the Chinese populace and establish a more conducive environment for their future endeavors.
The Chinese appellation for the Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 is Dongchou qihuang (丁丑奇荒).
Answer: True
The Chinese name associated with the Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 is indeed Dongchou qihuang (丁丑奇荒).
Timothy Richard's diary primarily detailed successful harvests and abundant food supplies in Shanxi province.
Answer: False
Timothy Richard's diary documented the severe drought and desperate conditions in Shanxi, not successful harvests or abundant food.
An illustrated pamphlet produced by Chinese relief efforts was titled "Pictures to Draw Tears from Iron."
Answer: True
The title of the illustrated pamphlet created by Chinese relief efforts to garner support was indeed "Pictures to Draw Tears from Iron."
The caption 'Victims of the famine forced to sell their children from *The Famine in China* (1878)' refers to an event occurring in 1978.
Answer: False
The caption explicitly refers to the year 1878, placing the depicted event within the context of the Northern Chinese Famine of that period.
The 1878 illustration depicting Chinese immigrants as locusts symbolizes their successful integration into American society.
Answer: False
The illustration symbolizes the mass migration of Chinese people fleeing famine, portrayed negatively as locusts, rather than their successful integration.
The Northern Chinese Famine occurred during a period when no other significant famines were concurrently afflicting other regions globally.
Answer: False
The Northern Chinese Famine occurred concurrently with other major food crises, such as the Great Famine of 1876–1878 in another region.
The Great Eastern Crisis is listed in the 'See also' section adjacent to the Northern Chinese Famine.
Answer: True
The Great Eastern Crisis is indeed listed in the 'See also' section of the source material, suggesting a contextual relationship or concurrent major event.
Which Chinese appellation is associated with the Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879?
Answer: Dongchou qihuang (丁丑奇荒)
The Chinese name for the Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 is Dongchou qihuang (丁丑奇荒).
What harrowing detail did Timothy Richard document in his 'famine diary' regarding conditions in Shanxi?
Answer: Individuals dismantling their homes and selling family members due to desperation.
Timothy Richard's diary recorded desperate measures, including the dismantling of homes and the sale of family members, reflecting the extreme suffering caused by the famine.
What was the title of an illustrated pamphlet created by Chinese relief efforts to garner support?
Answer: Pictures to Draw Tears from Iron
An illustrated pamphlet produced by Chinese relief efforts, intended to solicit aid, was titled "Pictures to Draw Tears from Iron."
Which significant geopolitical event is listed in the 'See also' section of the source material alongside the Northern Chinese Famine?
Answer: The Great Eastern Crisis
The Great Eastern Crisis is listed in the 'See also' section, indicating its relevance as a concurrent major event or related historical context.