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Nouvelle Résistance, abbreviated as NR, was a French far-right political group that operated throughout the 1980s.
Answer: False
Nouvelle Résistance was founded in August 1991 and operated primarily during the 1990s, not the 1980s.
Christian Bouchet founded Nouvelle Résistance in August 1991, having previously led the 'Troisième Voie' group.
Answer: True
The source confirms that Christian Bouchet, who previously led 'Troisième Voie', founded Nouvelle Résistance in August 1991.
The political group 'Jeune Europe,' founded by Jean-François Thiriart in the 1960s, was a predecessor to Nouvelle Résistance.
Answer: True
The source identifies 'Jeune Europe', founded in the 1960s, as a movement that Nouvelle Résistance succeeded, placing it within its ideological lineage.
The broader historical context for Nouvelle Résistance is the history of left-wing movements in France.
Answer: False
Nouvelle Résistance belongs to the broader historical context of far-right movements in France, not left-wing movements.
Christian Bouchet served as the general secretary of Troisième Voie in 1989 before founding Nouvelle Résistance.
Answer: True
The source states that in 1989, Christian Bouchet was the general secretary of Troisième Voie, a group he led before establishing Nouvelle Résistance in 1991.
Nouvelle Résistance was a direct continuation of 'Jeune Europe' without any intervening organizations.
Answer: False
Nouvelle Résistance succeeded both 'Jeune Europe' and 'Troisième Voie', with the latter being its immediate predecessor group.
Who founded Nouvelle Résistance?
Answer: Christian Bouchet
Nouvelle Résistance was founded in August 1991 by Christian Bouchet, who was also the head of its predecessor group, 'Troisième Voie'.
From which political group did Nouvelle Résistance originate?
Answer: Troisième Voie
Nouvelle Résistance was created as an offshoot of 'Troisième Voie' (Third Way), which was also led by NR's founder, Christian Bouchet.
Which earlier movement, founded by Jean-François Thiriart in the 1960s, did Nouvelle Résistance succeed?
Answer: Jeune Europe
Nouvelle Résistance is considered a successor to 'Jeune Europe', a movement founded by Jean-François Thiriart in the 1960s.
Nouvelle Résistance belongs to the broader historical context of which type of movements in France?
Answer: Far-right movements
Nouvelle Résistance is situated within the broader historical context of far-right movements in France.
When was Nouvelle Résistance founded?
Answer: August 1991
Nouvelle Résistance was founded by Christian Bouchet in August 1991.
Nouvelle Résistance described its political orientation as 'national socialist,' aligning with traditional Nazi ideology.
Answer: False
Nouvelle Résistance described its political orientation as 'national revolutionary', a term distinct from 'national socialist'.
A core ideological stance of Nouvelle Résistance was its support for traditional capitalism and free-market principles.
Answer: False
Nouvelle Résistance was explicitly anti-capitalist, a stance characteristic of 'Third Position' ideologies which also reject communism.
Nouvelle Résistance's ideological stances included Ecofascism, Anti-Zionism, and Anti-clericalism, alongside National Bolshevism.
Answer: True
The source confirms that the key ideological stances of Nouvelle Résistance included National Bolshevism, Third Position, Ecofascism, Anti-Zionism, and Anti-clericalism.
Nouvelle Résistance embraced the traditional left/right political divide, believing it accurately represented political realities.
Answer: False
As a 'Third Position' group, Nouvelle Résistance explicitly rejected the traditional left/right political division, seeking to transcend conventional political categories.
Nouvelle Résistance's stance on environmental issues was characterized by a commitment to mainstream green politics.
Answer: False
The group's stance was ecofascist, an ideology that combines fascism with environmentalism and is distinct from mainstream green politics.
Nouvelle Résistance supported state secularism and opposed the influence of the clergy in secular affairs.
Answer: True
The source confirms that Nouvelle Résistance supported state secularism and anti-clericalism as part of its core ideology.
Opposition to United States cultural imperialism was a key aspect of Nouvelle Résistance's foreign policy views.
Answer: True
The source explicitly states that Nouvelle Résistance opposed United States cultural imperialism.
Nouvelle Résistance was a Zionist organization, advocating for the establishment of a Jewish state.
Answer: False
Nouvelle Résistance was explicitly anti-Zionist, meaning it opposed the movement for the establishment and development of a Jewish state.
National Bolshevism, an international movement Nouvelle Résistance was part of, blends elements of fascism and Bolshevism.
Answer: True
The source defines National Bolshevism, the international movement Nouvelle Résistance belonged to, as a political ideology that blends elements of fascism and Bolshevism.
Nouvelle Résistance's rejection of both communism and capitalism is a defining characteristic of 'Third Position' ideologies.
Answer: True
The source confirms that Nouvelle Résistance was both anti-Communist and anti-capitalist, which is a hallmark of 'Third Position' ideologies.
Neo-Nazism and Third Position are ideologies suggested to be closely related to National Bolshevism in the source.
Answer: True
The source suggests a close relationship between National Bolshevism, Neo-Nazism, and Third Position, as they often share themes of extreme nationalism and anti-capitalism.
What term did Nouvelle Résistance use to describe its own political orientation?
Answer: National Revolutionary
Nouvelle Résistance self-identified as 'national revolutionary,' a term used by groups that combine nationalist and revolutionary elements in their ideology.
Which international political movement was Nouvelle Résistance a part of?
Answer: National Bolshevism
Nouvelle Résistance was part of the National Bolshevism international movement, which blends elements of fascism and Bolshevism.
Which of the following was NOT a key ideological stance of Nouvelle Résistance?
Answer: Liberal Democracy
The key ideological stances of Nouvelle Résistance included Anti-Zionism, Ecofascism, and Anti-clericalism. As a far-right, anti-establishment group, it opposed liberal democracy.
What was Nouvelle Résistance's economic stance regarding both communism and capitalism?
Answer: Opposed both communism and capitalism
Nouvelle Résistance was explicitly both anti-Communist and anti-capitalist, a dual opposition characteristic of 'Third Position' ideologies.
What was Nouvelle Résistance's stance on environmental issues?
Answer: Ecofascist
Nouvelle Résistance held an ecofascist stance, an ideology that combines elements of fascism with environmentalism.
What was Nouvelle Résistance's position on the relationship between state and religion?
Answer: Supported state secularism and anti-clericalism
Nouvelle Résistance supported state secularism (separation of government and religion) and anti-clericalism (opposition to the influence of clergy in secular affairs).
How did Nouvelle Résistance view the cultural influence of the United States?
Answer: As cultural imperialism
Nouvelle Résistance opposed what it termed United States cultural imperialism, which is the imposition of a dominant culture by a powerful nation.
What was Nouvelle Résistance's view on the traditional left/right political divide?
Answer: They rejected the traditional left/right political division.
Consistent with its 'Third Position' ideology, Nouvelle Résistance rejected the conventional left/right political spectrum.
Which of the following ideologies is suggested to be closely related to National Bolshevism in the source's 'See also' section?
Answer: Neo-Nazism
The source suggests a close relationship between National Bolshevism, Neo-Nazism, and Third Position, as they often share common ideological themes.
Which of the following best describes the 'Third Position' ideology, as adopted by Nouvelle Résistance?
Answer: A rejection of both traditional left (communism) and right (capitalism) economic systems.
'Third Position' ideology is characterized by its dual opposition to both communism and capitalism, seeking an alternative that transcends the traditional left-right economic divide.
What specific characteristic typically defines National Bolshevism, the international movement Nouvelle Résistance was part of?
Answer: Blending elements of fascism and Bolshevism, characterized by extreme nationalism and anti-capitalism.
National Bolshevism is defined as a political ideology that combines elements of fascism and Bolshevism, typically marked by extreme nationalism and anti-capitalism.
What was the primary characteristic of Ecofascism, as held by Nouvelle Résistance?
Answer: A combination of fascism with environmentalism, often advocating for authoritarian measures.
Ecofascism, an ideology held by Nouvelle Résistance, is defined as a political ideology that combines elements of fascism with environmentalism, often supporting authoritarian methods to protect the environment.
Christian Bouchet, in 1989, suggested that the national revolutionary movement could either be a wing of the National Front or a broader 'contest movement.'
Answer: True
In 1989, Christian Bouchet outlined two strategic alternatives: aligning with the National Front or becoming a 'contest movement' supporting various forms of popular protest.
Nouvelle Résistance initially sought a close alliance with the National Front, viewing it as a natural partner.
Answer: False
Initially, Nouvelle Résistance chose to oppose the National Front, which it characterized as the 'reactionary right'.
The policy of 'the peripheries against the center' was an early strategy implemented by Nouvelle Résistance to challenge the political establishment.
Answer: True
The source confirms that an early strategy of Nouvelle Résistance was to enact a policy of 'the peripheries against the center' to challenge the mainstream political order.
Christian Bouchet later advocated for an alliance with Jean-Marie Le Pen's National Front, proposing the slogan 'Less Leftism! More Fascism!'
Answer: True
After concluding that the initial strategy of opposition had failed, Christian Bouchet advocated for an alliance with the National Front under the slogan 'Less Leftism! More Fascism!'
Nouvelle Résistance adopted 'entryism' as a political tactic, drawing inspiration from the Anarchists.
Answer: False
While Nouvelle Résistance did practice 'entryism', it drew inspiration from the Trotskyists, not the Anarchists.
The application of Nouvelle Résistance's entryism tactic involved infiltrating the leadership of a major environmental organization.
Answer: True
Nouvelle Résistance applied its entryism tactic by successfully infiltrating the national direction of the deep ecology movement Earth First.
Nouvelle Résistance's initial opposition to the National Front was based on the latter being characterized as the 'progressive left.'
Answer: False
Nouvelle Résistance's initial opposition was based on characterizing the National Front as the 'reactionary right,' not the 'progressive left'.
The slogan 'Less Leftism! More Fascism!' was proposed by Jean-Marie Le Pen for an alliance with Nouvelle Résistance.
Answer: False
The slogan was proposed by Christian Bouchet of Nouvelle Résistance for a potential alliance with Jean-Marie Le Pen's National Front, not the other way around.
According to Christian Bouchet in 1989, what was one of the two potential strategic paths for the national revolutionary movement?
Answer: Presenting themselves as a 'National Revolutionary wing' of the National Front.
In 1989, Christian Bouchet identified two strategic options: either acting as a 'National Revolutionary wing' of the National Front or as a broader 'contest movement'.
How did Nouvelle Résistance initially position itself in relation to the National Front?
Answer: As an opponent, characterizing it as the 'reactionary right'
Nouvelle Résistance initially chose to oppose the National Front, which it labeled as the 'reactionary right'.
What specific policy did Nouvelle Résistance implement in its early strategy against the political establishment?
Answer: 'The peripheries against the center'
In its early phase, Nouvelle Résistance enacted a policy of 'the peripheries against the center' to challenge the established political order from outside the mainstream.
What slogan did Christian Bouchet propose for the advocated alliance with Jean-Marie Le Pen's National Front?
Answer: 'Less Leftism! More Fascism!'
After changing strategy, Christian Bouchet proposed the slogan 'Less Leftism! More Fascism!' for a potential alliance with the National Front.
From whom did Nouvelle Résistance draw inspiration for its political tactic of 'entryism'?
Answer: Trotskyists
Nouvelle Résistance explicitly practiced 'entryism,' a political tactic for which it drew inspiration from the Trotskyists.
How did Nouvelle Résistance apply its entryism tactic in practice?
Answer: By infiltrating the national direction of the deep ecology movement Earth First.
A practical application of Nouvelle Résistance's entryism tactic was the infiltration of the national leadership of the deep ecology movement Earth First.
What was the primary goal of Nouvelle Résistance's 'policy of the peripheries against the center'?
Answer: To challenge the established political order from outside the mainstream.
The 'policy of the peripheries against the center' was a strategy aimed at challenging the established political system from outside of its conventional structures.
What was the purpose of 'entryism' as practiced by Nouvelle Résistance?
Answer: To influence a larger group from within by joining it.
Entryism is a political strategy where members of one group join a larger organization with the intent of influencing its policies and direction from within.
Nouvelle Résistance was dissolved in 1999, two years after its transformation into the Union des cercles résistance.
Answer: False
The group was dissolved in 1997. Its transformation into the Union des cercles résistance occurred in Autumn 1996.
Nouvelle Résistance transformed into the 'Union des cercles rèsistance' in Spring 1997, shortly before its dissolution.
Answer: False
The transformation into the 'Union des cercles résistance' occurred in Autumn 1996, and the group was dissolved in 1997.
The 'Unité radicale' movement was a direct successor that emerged from the Union des cercles résistance.
Answer: True
The source indicates a direct lineage where the 'Unité radicale' movement was created from the Union des cercles résistance.
The transformation of Nouvelle Résistance into the Union des cercles résistance occurred during its second congress in Paris.
Answer: False
The transformation occurred during the group's third congress, which was held in Aix-en-Provence in Autumn 1996.
In what year was Nouvelle Résistance dissolved?
Answer: 1997
Nouvelle Résistance was dissolved in 1997, marking the end of its operational period as a distinct political entity.
What was the successor organization to Nouvelle Résistance after its transformation?
Answer: Union des cercles résistance
In 1996, Nouvelle Résistance transformed itself into a new organization named the 'Union des cercles résistance'.
When and where did Nouvelle Résistance transform into the Union des cercles résistance?
Answer: Autumn 1996, Aix-en-Provence
The transformation occurred in Autumn 1996 during the group's third congress, which was held in Aix-en-Provence, France.
What subsequent political movement emerged directly from the Union des cercles résistance?
Answer: Unité radicale
The 'Unité radicale' movement was created from the Union des cercles résistance, continuing the political lineage.
In which city did Nouvelle Résistance hold its third congress, where it transformed into the Union des cercles résistance?
Answer: Aix-en-Provence
The transformation of Nouvelle Résistance occurred during its third congress, which was held in the city of Aix-en-Provence.
What was the name of the movement that was created from the Union des cercles résistance?
Answer: Unité radicale
The 'Unité radicale' movement was the direct successor to the Union des cercles résistance, continuing the ideological lineage.
Nouvelle Résistance was primarily based in Germany, focusing on pan-European far-right movements.
Answer: False
Nouvelle Résistance was a French political group, headquartered and operating primarily within France.
Nouvelle Résistance's position on the political spectrum was center-right, aiming for broad appeal.
Answer: False
Nouvelle Résistance was positioned on the far-right of the political spectrum, reflecting its extreme nationalist and revolutionary ideologies.
The term 'cultural imperialism' as opposed by Nouvelle Résistance refers to the promotion of a dominant culture by a powerful nation.
Answer: True
The source defines cultural imperialism, which Nouvelle Résistance opposed, as the practice of promoting and imposing a dominant culture from a powerful nation over a less powerful one.
What was the common abbreviation for Nouvelle Résistance?
Answer: NR
The source material explicitly states that Nouvelle Résistance was commonly abbreviated as NR.
How did Nouvelle Résistance position itself on the general political spectrum?
Answer: Far-right
Nouvelle Résistance was positioned on the far-right of the political spectrum, reflecting its extreme nationalist and revolutionary ideologies.
What was the primary geographical base of Nouvelle Résistance's operations?
Answer: France
Nouvelle Résistance was a French political group, headquartered and operating primarily within France.
What is Zionism, as defined in the context of Nouvelle Résistance's opposition to it?
Answer: The movement for the self-determination of the Jewish people and establishment of a Jewish state.
The source defines Zionism as the movement for the self-determination of the Jewish people and the establishment of a Jewish state, which Nouvelle Résistance opposed as part of its anti-Zionist stance.
What does 'anti-clericalism' involve, as supported by Nouvelle Résistance?
Answer: Opposition to the power or influence of the clergy in secular affairs.
The source defines anti-clericalism, an ideology supported by Nouvelle Résistance, as opposition to the power or influence of the clergy in secular matters.
What was the general political position of Nouvelle Résistance on the spectrum?
Answer: Far-right
Nouvelle Résistance was positioned on the far-right of the political spectrum, a classification reflecting its extreme nationalist and revolutionary ideologies.