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The Prussian Union, established by royal decree, aimed to unify Catholic and Protestant churches within the Kingdom of Prussia.
Answer: False
The Prussian Union's objective was to unify the Lutheran and Reformed (Protestant) churches within Prussia, not to include Catholic churches. The aim was standardization of liturgy, organization, and architecture under state control.
King Frederick William III of Prussia sought to establish a single, unified structure for the Protestant churches within his kingdom.
Answer: True
King Frederick William III's primary objective was the unification of the Protestant churches in Prussia, aiming for a standardized liturgy, organization, and architecture, thereby creating a single, unified structure.
The common liturgical agenda intended for Prussian churches was published in the 1790s.
Answer: False
The common liturgical agenda for Prussian churches was not published in the 1790s. It was finalized and published in 1821, after more than two decades of effort, with the goal of standardizing worship services.
The primary objective of the Prussian Union was to foster theological diversity among Protestant churches.
Answer: False
The Prussian Union's primary goal was unification and standardization, not the promotion of theological diversity. It aimed to merge Lutheran and Reformed churches into a single entity.
A 'liturgical agenda' is best described as a guide for selecting hymns for worship services.
Answer: False
A liturgical agenda is a comprehensive guide detailing the order, prayers, readings, and rituals for public worship services, not solely a selection of hymns.
Who was King Frederick William III of Prussia and what was his main religious objective?
Answer: He was the King of Prussia who sought to unify the Protestant churches into a single structure.
King Frederick William III of Prussia pursued the unification of the Protestant churches within his kingdom, aiming to create a single, standardized structure encompassing both Lutheran and Reformed traditions.
What was the main objective of King Frederick William III's Prussian Union?
Answer: To unify Lutheran and Reformed churches, standardizing liturgy, organization, and architecture.
King Frederick William III's primary objective with the Prussian Union was to consolidate Lutheran and Reformed churches into a single entity, enforcing uniformity in worship, structure, and design.
A 'liturgical agenda' is best described as:
Answer: A book outlining the order, prayers, and rituals for public worship.
A liturgical agenda serves as a comprehensive guide that delineates the structure, prayers, readings, and prescribed rituals for conducting public worship services within a church.
The Old Lutherans, a confessional Lutheran movement, primarily originated in the United Kingdom.
Answer: False
The historical records indicate that the Old Lutherans primarily originated in the Kingdom of Prussia, particularly in Silesia, not the United Kingdom. This group emerged in the 1830s and 1840s in response to the Prussian Union.
Lutherans objected to the 1821 liturgical agenda primarily due to its excessive number of elaborate rituals.
Answer: False
The primary objection to the 1821 liturgical agenda by many Lutherans was not related to the number of rituals, but rather to its wording concerning the Words of Institution, which they felt compromised the doctrine of the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
Johann Gottfried Scheibel was a proponent of the Prussian Union and contributed to the drafting of its new liturgy.
Answer: False
Johann Gottfried Scheibel was a prominent opponent of the Prussian Union and its new liturgy. His dissent led to his suspension from his professorship.
Johann Gottfried Scheibel's suspension from his professorship was a consequence of his opposition to the Prussian Union.
Answer: True
Scheibel's suspension from his theological professorship in Breslau occurred in 1830 due to his vocal opposition and dissent against the Prussian Union and its imposed liturgical changes.
Following his suspension, Johann Gottfried Scheibel continued his academic work in Breslau.
Answer: False
After his suspension and being ordered to leave Dresden, Scheibel relocated to various places in Saxony and eventually Nuremberg, continuing his dissent through writing and preaching, rather than remaining in Breslau to continue academic work.
Eduard Huschke succeeded Johann Gottfried Scheibel as a prominent leader within the Old Lutheran movement.
Answer: True
The source material identifies Eduard Huschke as a successor and leader of the Old Lutherans following Johann Gottfried Scheibel.
The term 'Old Lutherans' refers to Lutherans who fully embraced the Prussian Union and its policies.
Answer: False
The term 'Old Lutherans' specifically denotes those German Lutherans in Prussia who resisted the forced unification into the Prussian Union, preferring to maintain their distinct confessional identity and traditional practices.
The 'Words of Institution' controversy centered on whether the new agenda adequately supported the doctrine of the Real Presence.
Answer: True
The controversy surrounding the 1821 Prussian liturgical agenda indeed focused on the wording of the 'Words of Institution,' with many Lutherans arguing that it obscured or inadequately supported the doctrine of the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
What was the primary reason the Old Lutherans resisted joining the Prussian Union?
Answer: They believed the unification compromised their distinct Lutheran confessional identity and liturgical practices.
The Old Lutherans' resistance stemmed from their conviction that the Prussian Union's forced unification threatened their unique confessional identity and traditional liturgical practices, leading them to preserve their distinctiveness.
What specific theological issue caused significant objection among Lutherans regarding the 1821 liturgical agenda?
Answer: The wording concerning the Words of Institution and the Real Presence in the Eucharist.
A primary theological objection to the 1821 liturgical agenda concerned its wording related to the Words of Institution, which many Lutherans felt did not sufficiently affirm the doctrine of the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
Which of the following was a key leader of the Old Lutherans who was suspended for opposing the Prussian Union?
Answer: Johann Gottfried Scheibel
Johann Gottfried Scheibel, a theology professor, was a prominent leader of the Old Lutherans. His opposition to the Prussian Union led to his suspension from his academic post.
The term 'Old Lutherans' specifically refers to:
Answer: German Lutherans in Prussia who resisted the Prussian Union.
The designation 'Old Lutherans' is specifically applied to German Lutherans residing in Prussia who opposed the forced unification into the Prussian Union, choosing instead to uphold traditional Lutheran practices.
The controversy surrounding the 1821 Prussian liturgical agenda primarily involved:
Answer: The perceived compromise on the doctrine of the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
The central point of contention regarding the 1821 Prussian liturgical agenda was the perceived weakening or obscuring of the doctrine of the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist due to its specific wording.
Johann Gottfried Scheibel, after being suspended, continued his dissent from which city mentioned in the source?
Answer: Nuremberg
After his suspension and subsequent relocation from Dresden, Johann Gottfried Scheibel continued his dissenting activities, notably from Nuremberg, among other locations.
Which of the following figures is mentioned as a *leader* of the Old Lutherans *after* Johann Gottfried Scheibel?
Answer: Eduard Huschke
Eduard Huschke is identified in the source material as a leader who succeeded Johann Gottfried Scheibel within the Old Lutheran movement.
The Old Lutherans' resistance to the Prussian Union was rooted in their desire to:
Answer: Preserve their specific confessional identity and traditional practices.
The core motivation behind the Old Lutherans' resistance to the Prussian Union was their commitment to preserving their distinct confessional identity and adhering to their traditional liturgical and theological practices.
What was the primary theological objection to the wording in the 1821 Prussian liturgical agenda?
Answer: It obscured the doctrine of the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
The principal theological objection to the 1821 Prussian liturgical agenda centered on its wording concerning the Words of Institution, which was perceived by many Lutherans as undermining the doctrine of the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
A royal decree issued in 1830 mandated the use of the old liturgical agenda for all Protestant congregations in Prussia.
Answer: False
The royal decree of 1830 mandated the use of the *newly formulated* agenda for the Lord's Supper, not the old one. This was part of the enforcement efforts for the Prussian Union.
The 1834 decree permitted dissenters to organize separate sectarian groups freely.
Answer: False
While the 1834 decree offered some concessions regarding confessional identity, it explicitly forbade dissenters from organizing separate sectarian groups, aiming to maintain the unified structure of the Union.
Pastors who persisted in using the old liturgical agenda after suspension faced potential imprisonment if apprehended while performing pastoral duties.
Answer: True
Pastors who defied the Prussian Union decrees and continued to exercise their pastoral functions after suspension were subject to disciplinary measures, including imprisonment if caught acting in a pastoral role.
The persecution of Old Lutherans intensified significantly following the death of King Frederick William III in 1840.
Answer: False
The persecution of Old Lutherans actually eased significantly after the death of King Frederick William III in 1840. However, they continued to face marginalization and challenges regarding their clergy's rights.
By 1835, numerous Old Lutheran groups were actively considering emigration as a means to secure religious freedom.
Answer: True
The source indicates that by 1835, many Old Lutheran groups, facing persecution and restrictions, were contemplating emigration as a path to practice their faith freely.
The Prussian government enforced the new liturgical agenda solely through voluntary adoption by congregations.
Answer: False
The Prussian government enforced the new liturgical agenda through royal decrees and mandates, imposing it upon congregations and implementing disciplinary actions for non-compliance, rather than relying solely on voluntary adoption.
Emigration was primarily viewed by Old Lutherans as a means to pursue enhanced economic opportunities.
Answer: False
The primary motivation for Old Lutherans choosing emigration was to escape religious persecution and find freedom to practice their faith, rather than seeking solely economic advantages.
How did the Prussian government attempt to enforce the use of the new liturgical agenda after 1830?
Answer: Through royal decrees mandating its use, with disciplinary actions for non-compliance.
The Prussian government enforced the new liturgical agenda via royal decrees, mandating its use and implementing disciplinary measures, including potential imprisonment for non-compliant pastors, to ensure adherence to the Union's policies.
What was the consequence for pastors who continued to defy the Prussian Union decrees after being suspended?
Answer: They faced imprisonment if caught acting in a pastoral role.
Pastors who defied the Prussian Union decrees after suspension faced severe consequences, including potential imprisonment if they were apprehended while continuing to perform pastoral duties.
When did the persecution of Old Lutherans begin to ease significantly?
Answer: After the death of King Frederick William III in 1840.
The intensity of persecution against Old Lutherans notably decreased following the death of King Frederick William III in 1840, although challenges persisted.
What was the primary motivation for Old Lutherans choosing emigration?
Answer: To escape religious persecution and practice their faith freely.
The principal driver for Old Lutherans undertaking emigration was the desire to escape religious persecution and find regions where they could freely practice their faith according to their conscience.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a country or region where Old Lutherans emigrated?
Answer: South America
While the source material details emigration to South Australia, New Zealand, and the United States, South America is not mentioned as a destination for Old Lutheran emigrants within this context.
The 1830 royal decree concerning the Lord's Supper mandated:
Answer: The use of the newly formulated agenda for the Lord's Supper.
The 1830 royal decree specifically mandated that all Protestant congregations utilize the newly formulated agenda for the celebration of the Lord's Supper, enforcing uniformity.
Pastor August Kavel led the initial group of Prussian immigrants who settled in South Australia.
Answer: True
Pastor August Kavel was indeed the leader of the first significant group of Prussian Lutheran immigrants who arrived in South Australia in 1838.
The settlements of Klemzig, Hahndorf, and Glen Osmond were established by Pastor Gotthard Fritzsche's group.
Answer: False
Klemzig, Hahndorf, and Glen Osmond were the initial settlements established by Pastor August Kavel's group. Pastor Gotthard Fritzsche led a subsequent group that settled in Lobethal and Bethanien.
Pastor Gotthard Fritzsche led the second wave of Prussian immigrants to South Australia in 1841.
Answer: True
Pastor Gotthard Fritzsche indeed led the second wave of Prussian immigrants to South Australia, arriving in 1841 and establishing settlements in Lobethal and Bethanien.
The Killalpaninna Mission, also known as Bethesda Station, was established by Lutherans in Victoria, Australia.
Answer: False
The Killalpaninna Mission, or Bethesda Station, was established by Lutherans at Cooper's Creek in South Australia, not Victoria.
Johann Flierl, a pioneer missionary, served for seven years at the Killalpaninna Mission.
Answer: True
Johann Flierl, recognized as a pioneer missionary, served a seven-year tenure at the Killalpaninna Mission, also known as Bethesda Station.
Which country received the first significant wave of Prussian Lutheran immigrants in 1838, led by Pastor August Kavel?
Answer: South Australia
The first significant wave of Prussian Lutheran immigrants, led by Pastor August Kavel, arrived in South Australia in 1838.
Pastor Gotthard Fritzsche led a group of immigrants who settled in which areas of South Australia?
Answer: Lobethal and Bethanien
Pastor Gotthard Fritzsche's group, comprising the second wave of Prussian immigrants in 1841, established settlements in Lobethal and Bethanien in South Australia.
Johann Flierl, known as a pioneer missionary, served for seven years at which Lutheran mission station?
Answer: Bethesda Station, Cooper's Creek
Johann Flierl, a notable pioneer missionary, dedicated seven years of service to the Killalpaninna Mission, also referred to as Bethesda Station, located at Cooper's Creek.
Which of the following figures is mentioned as a pioneer missionary who served at the Killalpaninna Mission?
Answer: Johann Flierl
Johann Flierl is identified as a pioneer missionary who served for seven years at the Killalpaninna Mission (Bethesda Station).
The ship *Olbers* carried the main group of Old Lutherans led by J. A. A. Grabau to the United States.
Answer: False
While the ship *Olbers* is mentioned in connection with Saxon emigrants, the primary group of Old Lutherans led by J. A. A. Grabau to the United States in 1839 arrived on different vessels, not specifically the *Olbers*.
J. A. A. Grabau led approximately 1000 Old Lutherans from Erfurt, Magdeburg, and surrounding areas to the United States in 1839.
Answer: True
J. A. A. Grabau led a significant contingent of about 1000 Old Lutherans from regions including Erfurt and Magdeburg to the United States in 1839.
The synod founded by J. A. A. Grabau and his fellow Prussian immigrants was initially named the 'American Lutheran Synod.'
Answer: False
The synod founded by J. A. A. Grabau and his fellow immigrants was initially called the 'Synod of Lutherans immigrated from Prussia,' later becoming known as the Buffalo Synod.
Thousands of Old Lutherans who emigrated to the United States primarily settled in the Southern states.
Answer: False
While Old Lutherans did emigrate to the United States, the primary settlement areas for thousands of them, distinct from Grabau's group, were the Midwest and Upper Midwest regions, not the Southern states.
Pastor Martin Stephan led nearly 1100 Saxon Lutherans to the United States in 1838.
Answer: True
Pastor Martin Stephan was the leader of the Saxon Lutheran immigration in 1838, guiding nearly 1100 individuals from the Kingdom of Saxony to the United States.
The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod traces its origins to the Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838-39.
Answer: True
The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (LCMS) is recognized as tracing its foundational roots to the Saxon Lutheran immigration that occurred between 1838 and 1839.
The 'Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838-39' is associated with the founding of the Buffalo Synod.
Answer: False
The Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838-39 is associated with the founding of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (LCMS). The Buffalo Synod originated from the group led by J. A. A. Grabau.
J. A. A. Grabau led a group of Old Lutherans from Prussia to the United States, eventually founding which synod?
Answer: The Buffalo Synod (initially 'Synod of Lutherans immigrated from Prussia')
J. A. A. Grabau and his fellow Prussian immigrants founded the 'Synod of Lutherans immigrated from Prussia,' which subsequently became known as the Buffalo Synod.
Where did thousands of Old Lutherans, distinct from Grabau's group, primarily settle in the United States?
Answer: The Midwest and Upper Midwest regions.
Thousands of Old Lutherans, separate from Grabau's contingent, established communities primarily in the Midwest and Upper Midwest regions of the United States.
The Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838-39, led by Pastor Martin Stephan, is considered a predecessor to which major US Lutheran denomination?
Answer: The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (LCMS)
The Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838-39, under Pastor Martin Stephan's leadership, is recognized as a foundational event leading to the establishment of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (LCMS).
The 'Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838-39' and the group led by J. A. A. Grabau both represent movements of Old Lutherans, but they are associated with the origins of different Lutheran church bodies. Which pairing is correct?
Answer: Saxon Lutherans -> LCMS; Grabau's group -> Buffalo Synod
The Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838-39 is linked to the founding of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (LCMS), while the group led by J. A. A. Grabau is associated with the origin of the Buffalo Synod.
The 'Synod of Lutherans immigrated from Prussia' later became known by what name?
Answer: The Buffalo Synod
The synod initially established by J. A. A. Grabau and his fellow Prussian immigrants, known as the 'Synod of Lutherans immigrated from Prussia,' eventually adopted the name Buffalo Synod.
The first significant wave of Prussian Lutheran immigrants arrived in New Zealand in 1838.
Answer: False
The first significant wave of Prussian Lutheran immigrants arrived in South Australia in 1838, led by Pastor August Kavel. Immigration to New Zealand occurred later.
The text indicates that only three distinct waves of migration have contributed to the Lutheran Church in New Zealand.
Answer: False
Contrary to the statement, the source material specifies that there have been five distinct waves of migration contributing to the Lutheran Church in New Zealand.
The first Lutheran missionaries arrived in New Zealand in 1843 and immediately established a mission in Otago.
Answer: False
While the first Lutheran missionaries did arrive in Otago, New Zealand, in January 1843, they did not immediately establish a mission there. Upon finding existing missions, they accepted a suggestion to relocate to the Chatham Islands.
Norsewood and Dannevirke in New Zealand were settled by migrants primarily from Scandinavia in the 1870s.
Answer: True
The towns of Norsewood and Dannevirke in New Zealand originated from settlements established in the 1870s by Lutheran migrants, including a significant number from Scandinavia, who settled in the Wairarapa, Manawatu, and Hawkes Bay regions.
According to the text, how many waves of migration have contributed to the Lutheran Church in New Zealand?
Answer: Five
The provided text explicitly states that there have been five distinct waves of migration that have contributed to the development of the Lutheran Church in New Zealand.
The towns of Norsewood and Dannevirke in New Zealand originated from settlements established primarily by which group in the 1870s?
Answer: Lutheran migrants, including many from Scandinavia
Norsewood and Dannevirke in New Zealand owe their origins to Lutheran migrants who settled in the 1870s, a group that included a substantial number from Scandinavia.
The first Lutheran missionaries in New Zealand arrived in Otago in January 1843. What was their subsequent action upon finding established missions there?
Answer: They took up the suggestion to move to the Chatham Islands.
Upon arriving in Otago, New Zealand, in 1843 and discovering existing missions, the first Lutheran missionaries accepted a recommendation to relocate to the Chatham Islands.
The settlement of Upper Moutere in New Zealand is linked to which group of migrants?
Answer: Prussian immigrants arriving in 1843.
The settlement of Upper Moutere in New Zealand is associated with Prussian immigrants who arrived in Nelson in June 1843.
Neo-Lutheranism was a theological movement that advocated for the unification of Lutheran and Reformed churches.
Answer: False
Neo-Lutheranism is described as a confessional Lutheran counter-reaction that sought to reaffirm traditional Lutheran doctrines and practices, rather than supporting the unification of Lutheran and Reformed churches.
The Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church (SELK) in Germany has no historical connection to the Old Lutherans.
Answer: False
The Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church (SELK) in Germany is noted as tracing its origins back to the Old Lutherans, having been formed through the eventual merger of synods established by those who resisted the Prussian Union.
The 'Protestation at Speyer' was a significant event leading to the formation of the Old Lutherans in the 19th century.
Answer: False
The 'Protestation at Speyer' occurred in 1529 during the Reformation, marking a protest by Lutheran princes against the suppression of their faith. It is foundational to the term 'Protestant' but not directly linked to the formation of 19th-century Old Lutherans.
The Book of Concord contains documents that summarize Roman Catholic doctrine.
Answer: False
The Book of Concord is a collection of confessional documents that articulate and summarize core Lutheran doctrines, distinguishing them from Roman Catholic teachings and other Protestant traditions.
The doctrine of 'Law and Gospel' in Lutheran theology distinguishes between God's commands and human sinfulness (Law) and God's grace and forgiveness (Gospel).
Answer: True
This statement accurately describes the Lutheran theological distinction between Law and Gospel, where the Law reveals divine commands and human sinfulness, and the Gospel proclaims God's grace and forgiveness through Christ.
The 'Theology of the Cross' in Lutheran thought emphasizes understanding God through power and glory.
Answer: False
The 'Theology of the Cross,' central to Lutheran thought, emphasizes understanding God not through worldly power and glory, but through suffering, weakness, and the crucifixion of Christ.
The Augsburg Confession is a document outlining core doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church.
Answer: False
The Augsburg Confession is a primary statement of Lutheran faith, articulating core Lutheran doctrines. It was presented in 1530 as a defense of Lutheran beliefs distinct from Roman Catholic doctrine.
The doctrine of 'Real Presence' asserts that Christ is only symbolically present in the Eucharist.
Answer: False
The doctrine of 'Real Presence' asserts that Christ is truly, substantially, and bodily present in the Eucharist, not merely symbolically. This is a key tenet of Lutheran eucharistic theology.
A 'synod' is typically a gathering of church officials convened to discuss doctrine and governance.
Answer: True
This definition accurately describes a synod as a council or assembly of church officials, or sometimes lay representatives, convened to address matters of doctrine, governance, and administration within a church body.
The theological movement known as Neo-Lutheranism is described in the source as:
Answer: A confessional Lutheran counter-reaction seeking to reaffirm traditional doctrines against the Union.
Neo-Lutheranism is characterized as a confessional Lutheran movement that emerged in reaction to the Prussian Union, aiming to reaffirm and preserve traditional Lutheran doctrines and practices.
The 'Protestation at Speyer' is historically significant because:
Answer: It was a protest by Lutheran princes against the suppression of the Reformation in 1529.
The 'Protestation at Speyer' in 1529 is historically significant as the event where Lutheran princes formally protested against imperial decrees aimed at suppressing the Reformation, thereby giving rise to the term 'Protestant'.
Which of the following is a core confessional document foundational to Lutheran churches, mentioned in the source?
Answer: The Book of Concord
The Book of Concord is identified as a collection of authoritative confessional documents fundamental to Lutheran churches, summarizing their core doctrines.
In Lutheran theology, the 'Theology of the Cross' emphasizes understanding God through:
Answer: Suffering, weakness, and the crucifixion of Christ.
The 'Theology of the Cross' posits that God is best understood not through manifest power or glory, but through His actions in suffering and weakness, exemplified by the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
The Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church (SELK) in Germany is noted as:
Answer: A church body tracing its origins back to the Old Lutherans.
The Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church (SELK) in Germany is recognized as a contemporary church body whose historical lineage can be traced to the Old Lutherans.
What does the doctrine of the 'Real Presence' assert about Christ's presence in the Eucharist?
Answer: Christ is truly, substantially, and bodily present.
The doctrine of the 'Real Presence' affirms that Jesus Christ is genuinely, substantially, and bodily present in the Eucharist, a central tenet within Lutheran theology.
The doctrine of 'Law and Gospel' in Lutheran theology serves to:
Answer: Explain God's commands and human sinfulness (Law) versus God's grace and forgiveness (Gospel).
The doctrine of 'Law and Gospel' is fundamental in Lutheran theology for articulating the distinction between God's commands revealing human sinfulness (Law) and God's grace and forgiveness offered through Christ (Gospel).
What is the significance of the Augsburg Confession in Lutheranism?
Answer: It is the primary statement of Lutheran faith, outlining core doctrines.
The Augsburg Confession holds profound significance as the principal statement of Lutheran faith, systematically outlining the core doctrines that define Lutheran theology and practice.