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An owned-and-operated station (O&O) is a television or radio station directly owned by the network it is associated with, distinguishing it from an independently owned affiliate station.
Answer: True
An owned-and-operated station (O&O) is defined as a television or radio station directly owned by the network it is associated with, in contrast to an independently owned affiliate station.
In the United States, an O&O's affiliation agreement with its parent network is typically a legal formality, enabling the network to exert greater direct control over its practices compared to an independent affiliate.
Answer: True
In the U.S., an O&O's affiliation agreement is often a legal formality, granting the network more direct control over the station's operations than with an independent affiliate.
Informally, a station not owned by ABC but contracted to air its programming is never referred to as an 'ABC station' by viewers.
Answer: False
Informally, independently owned affiliates are often referred to as 'network stations' by viewers, even if they are not directly owned by the network.
A station owned by a network's parent company must always be an O&O of that parent company's primary network.
Answer: False
A station owned by a network's parent company can operate as an independent station or affiliate with a different network, as exemplified by WPSG in Philadelphia.
What is the fundamental difference between an owned-and-operated station (O&O) and an affiliate station?
Answer: An O&O is directly owned by the network, while an affiliate is independently owned but carries network programming.
In the United States, what is the primary implication of an O&O having an affiliation agreement with its parent network?
Answer: It is often a legal formality, allowing the network to dictate practices more directly than with an independent affiliate.
How do networks formally refer to a station they own and operate, such as one associated with ABC?
Answer: An 'ABC station' or an 'ABC O&O.'
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates that a station owned by a network's parent company can operate independently or affiliate with a different network?
Answer: WPSG in Philadelphia, owned by Paramount Global, airing syndicated programming as an independent station.
In countries such as France and Italy, the term 'owned-and-operated station' is less frequently used because many television networks were granted national broadcasting licenses from their inception, resulting in operations primarily composed of O&Os.
Answer: True
In several countries, including France and Italy, the concept of O&Os is less distinct because national broadcasting licenses often led to networks operating primarily through their own stations from the outset.
In Australia, the national public broadcasters, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), own and operate all of their local stations across the country.
Answer: True
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) are national public broadcasters that own and operate all their local stations throughout Australia.
According to Indonesia's 2002 Act on Broadcasting, owned-and-operated radio stations are permitted to air mostly national programming.
Answer: False
Indonesia's 2002 Act on Broadcasting specifies that owned-and-operated radio stations tend to air mostly local programming, not national programming.
In Japan, many stations outside major metropolitan areas are technically affiliates but are often considered *de facto* O&Os because the networks or their affiliated newspapers hold controlling shares in them.
Answer: True
Many Japanese stations are considered *de facto* O&Os due to controlling shares held by networks or affiliated newspapers, despite being technically affiliates.
NHK, Japan's public broadcaster, operates its regional stations as a mix of O&Os and independent affiliates.
Answer: False
NHK, Japan's public broadcaster, operates all of its regional stations as entirely owned-and-operated, not as a mix with independent affiliates.
In the Philippines, major networks like GMA Network and TV5 primarily rely on independent affiliates to distribute their programming nationally.
Answer: False
Major television networks in the Philippines, such as GMA Network and TV5, predominantly own and operate almost all of their local stations, rather than relying primarily on independent affiliates.
Viewers in the Philippines often refer to networks by the terrestrial channel numbers of their flagship stations, even if they receive the network on a different channel number through cable or satellite.
Answer: True
Philippine viewers commonly refer to networks by their flagship stations' terrestrial channel numbers, regardless of the actual channel number on other platforms.
ARD, Germany's public broadcaster, is unique because its regional stations effectively own the network, rather than the network owning the stations.
Answer: True
ARD is structured as an umbrella organization where regional public broadcasters collectively own the network, a unique model where the stations effectively own the network.
In the UK, STV Group plc, operating as STV, is considered an ITV owned-and-operated station despite its significant deviations from the ITV1 schedule.
Answer: False
STV Group plc is comparable to an affiliate within the ITV network due to its significant deviations from the ITV1 schedule, rather than being considered an O&O.
The BBC maintains direct control over all content and operations for its regional television services, making them all O&Os.
Answer: True
The BBC produces all of its regional programs itself, ensuring direct control over content and operations, thus classifying all its 'stations' as owned-and-operated.
In Argentina, major commercial broadcasters like Telefe and El Trece primarily own and operate all their stations across the country.
Answer: False
Commercial broadcasters in Argentina, such as Telefe and El Trece, typically rely on private affiliates outside the capital city to distribute their programming, rather than owning and operating all their stations.
Brazilian government regulations allow major television networks to own and operate stations in every market across the country.
Answer: False
Brazilian government regulations impose limits on the number of stations a television network can own, restricting O&Os primarily to large metropolitan areas.
All major Chilean television networks have historically owned and operated every single one of their stations without exception.
Answer: False
Historically, Canal 13 in Chile had an affiliate named Telenorte, which disaffiliated in 1989, indicating that not all major Chilean networks have always owned and operated every single station.
Due to strict ownership caps, Mexican television networks like Grupo Televisa are limited to owning only one station per market.
Answer: False
The absence of an ownership cap in Mexico allows networks like Grupo Televisa to own and operate all their stations, potentially multiple in various markets, not limiting them to one per market.
Canada has a lower concentration of O&Os compared to the United States due to stricter media ownership policies.
Answer: False
Canada actually has a higher concentration of O&Os compared to the United States, attributed to more lenient media ownership policies and a population concentrated in fewer urban centers.
As of January 2017, CBC Television continues to rely on a significant number of private affiliates to distribute its programming across Canada.
Answer: False
As of January 2017, CBC Television no longer had any private affiliates, having significantly decreased their number in the early 2000s.
The FCC mandates that a single company can own television stations covering up to 50% of the US market.
Answer: False
The FCC currently mandates a maximum market coverage of 39% for a single company owning television stations in the United States, not 50%.
Owned-and-operated stations in the United States are exclusively found in the top 10 largest designated market areas.
Answer: False
While O&Os are typically found in large urban centers, they have also been present in smaller markets, such as Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Toledo, Ohio, in the past.
Ion Television and non-commercial religious networks like TBN typically rely heavily on independent affiliates rather than owning most of their stations.
Answer: False
Networks such as Ion Television and non-commercial religious networks like TBN are noted for owning the vast majority of their stations, rather than relying on independent affiliates.
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) directly owns and operates a select number of its member stations across the United States.
Answer: False
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is not permitted to own or operate any of its stations; instead, its individual member stations collectively own the network.
In which group of countries is the term 'owned-and-operated station' typically less necessary due to networks traditionally having national broadcasting licenses?
Answer: France, Italy, Spain, Chile
In Australia, which type of broadcaster owns and operates all of its local stations across the country?
Answer: National public broadcasters like the ABC and SBS.
According to Indonesia's 2002 Act on Broadcasting, what is the typical programming focus for owned-and-operated radio stations?
Answer: Mostly local programming.
In Japan, why are many technically affiliate stations outside major metropolitan areas often considered *de facto* O&Os?
Answer: The networks or their affiliated newspapers hold controlling shares in them.
How does NHK, Japan's public broadcaster, operate its regional television stations?
Answer: Entirely as owned-and-operated stations.
What is the predominant ownership model for major television networks in the Philippines, such as GMA Network and TV5?
Answer: They predominantly own and operate almost all of their local television stations.
How are television networks in the Philippines often informally referred to by viewers?
Answer: By their flagship stations' terrestrial channel numbers.
What is a unique characteristic of ARD, Germany's public broadcaster, regarding its ownership structure?
Answer: It is an umbrella organization where regional stations effectively own the network.
In the United Kingdom, which entity is comparable to an affiliate within the ITV network due to its significant deviations from the ITV1 schedule?
Answer: STV Group plc
How does the BBC manage its regional television services in the United Kingdom?
Answer: It produces all regional programs itself, making all BBC 'stations' owned-and-operated.
What is the typical ownership pattern for commercial broadcasters in Argentina outside of Buenos Aires?
Answer: They typically have private affiliates.
What is a consequence of government regulations imposing limits on the number of stations a television network can own in Brazil?
Answer: Major networks tend to have O&Os only in large metropolitan areas and rely on affiliates elsewhere.
Which Chilean television network had an affiliate named Telenorte in northern Chile until it disaffiliated in 1989?
Answer: Canal 13
How does the absence of an ownership cap in Mexico influence the structure of television networks like Grupo Televisa?
Answer: It allows them to own and operate all of their stations, potentially multiple in various markets.
What is a primary reason for Canada having a higher concentration of O&Os compared to the United States?
Answer: More lenient media ownership policies, generally without an ownership cap on television stations.
As of January 2017, what was the status of private CBC affiliates in Canada?
Answer: No private CBC affiliates remained.
What is the maximum market coverage percentage allowed for a single company owning television stations in the United States, according to FCC regulations?
Answer: 39%
While typically found in large urban centers, O&Os in the United States have also been present in smaller markets. Which of the following is an example of a smaller market mentioned in the source that previously had an O&O?
Answer: Green Bay, Wisconsin
Which types of networks in the US are noted for owning the vast majority of their stations?
Answer: Ion Television and non-commercial religious television networks.
Which of the following radio networks operates with its own owned-and-operated model, owning many stations in top US markets?
Answer: iHeartMedia
Why is the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) not allowed to own or operate any of its stations?
Answer: Its individual member stations collectively own the network.
The branding choice 'network-owned stations' by some O&Os emphasizes that local station management has minimal discretion over day-to-day operations.
Answer: False
The branding 'network-owned stations' reflects that local management often retains significant discretion over day-to-day operations, not that it has minimal discretion.
O&Os often use distinct and unique branding elements to differentiate themselves from their parent network and sister stations.
Answer: False
Owned-and-operated stations frequently share similar branding elements, often combining the parent network's name with the station's channel number, to reinforce a common identity rather than differentiate themselves.
Shared branding elements among O&Os primarily serve to increase the individual marketing budgets for each local station.
Answer: False
Shared branding elements among O&Os primarily lead to cost savings for the parent network by using standardized graphics and music packages, rather than increasing individual marketing budgets.
The 'circle 7 logo' was originally designed for all ABC affiliates, regardless of their channel number.
Answer: False
The 'circle 7 logo' was specifically designed for ABC's owned-and-operated stations that broadcast on VHF channel 7, not for all ABC affiliates regardless of channel number.
Canadian networks typically emphasize local call signs and channel numbers in their O&O branding to highlight regional identity.
Answer: False
Canadian networks almost entirely eliminate references to local call signs and channel numbers in their O&O branding, except during sign-on/off, to emphasize a strong national brand identity.
BBC One's regional output in the UK uses entirely different fonts and graphics styles compared to its national news bulletins to distinguish local content.
Answer: False
BBC One's regional output mirrors the fonts and graphics styles used in national news bulletins, creating a cohesive visual identity rather than using entirely different styles.
Working at a network O&O is often considered a career stepping stone for television personalities aiming for national network positions.
Answer: True
Positions at network O&Os are frequently sought after as a stepping stone for television personalities aspiring to national network roles, providing valuable experience and exposure.
Only on-air personalities, not behind-the-scenes personnel, at O&Os have opportunities for promotion to network-level positions.
Answer: False
Behind-the-scenes personnel at O&O stations also have opportunities for network-level promotions, as exemplified by Walter Balderson, an engineer who became a national network editor.
O&O presenters and staff are strictly confined to their local duties and never take on occasional roles at the network level.
Answer: False
O&O presenters and staff frequently take on occasional roles at the network level, such as local anchors filling in for national newscasts, in addition to their local duties.
Network operations are always physically separate from their owned-and-operated stations to maintain distinct organizational structures.
Answer: False
Parts of a network's operations are sometimes co-located within the same facilities as one or more of its O&Os, such as NBC's national network operations being housed with its New York and Los Angeles O&Os.
Co-location of network and O&O facilities primarily complicates promotional activities due to conflicting schedules.
Answer: False
The co-location of network and O&O facilities actually facilitates promotional activities by enabling joint promotional shoots featuring both local and national shows.
US O&Os rarely share content with their sister stations or the parent network, preferring to maintain strict editorial independence.
Answer: False
US O&Os frequently share content with sister stations and the parent network, especially during breaking news, and major network news websites often draw content from their O&Os.
All national BBC programs are exclusively produced at the main BBC headquarters in London, with no contributions from regional offices.
Answer: False
Some regional BBC offices, such as BBC Bristol, BBC Wales/Cymru, and BBC Scotland, are credited with producing national BBC programs, indicating a decentralized production model.
When some owned-and-operated stations choose to brand themselves as 'network-owned stations,' what does this choice primarily reflect?
Answer: The reality that local station management often retains significant discretion over day-to-day operations.
What is a common practice among a network's O&Os to reinforce their common identity?
Answer: Identifying themselves by combining the parent network's name with the station's channel number.
What is a practical benefit of shared branding elements among a network's owned-and-operated stations?
Answer: It leads to cost savings for the parent network by using standardized graphics and music packages.
The 'circle 7 logo' was an iconic branding element originally designed for which specific group of stations?
Answer: ABC's O&Os that broadcast on VHF channel 7.
How do Canadian networks typically approach branding for their O&Os regarding local identifiers?
Answer: They almost entirely eliminate references to local call signs and channel numbers, except during sign-on/off.
What is true about the branding elements used in BBC One's regional output in the UK compared to national news bulletins?
Answer: Fonts and graphics styles used in national news bulletins are mirrored in regional ones.
For television personalities, what role do positions at network O&Os frequently serve?
Answer: A stepping stone for aspiring national television network roles.
Can behind-the-scenes personnel at an O&O station be promoted to higher network-level positions?
Answer: Yes, as exemplified by Walter Balderson, an engineer at WRC-TV who became NBC's videotape editor for national shows.
How do O&O presenters and staff sometimes contribute at the network level?
Answer: They frequently take on occasional roles, such as local anchors filling in for national newscasts.
How does the co-location of network and O&O facilities benefit promotional activities?
Answer: It facilitates the production of promotional shoots featuring both local and national shows.
In the US, how do O&Os typically share content with their sister stations and the parent network during breaking news?
Answer: Sister O&Os may rely on a correspondent from the originating station for on-air updates.
Which of the following regional BBC offices in the UK is credited with producing national BBC programs?
Answer: BBC Bristol
After Nexstar Media Group acquired a majority interest in The CW in October 2022, all CBS-owned CW stations transitioned to being mere affiliates.
Answer: True
Following Nexstar's acquisition of a majority stake in The CW, the CBS-owned CW stations, which were previously O&Os, transitioned to affiliate status.
Since the 1980s, traditional radio networks in the US like NBC have significantly expanded their owned-and-operated station models.
Answer: False
Since the 1980s, traditional radio networks in the US largely broke up, with networks like NBC no longer existing as traditional radio networks, thus not expanding their O&O models.
An owned-and-operated station is highly likely to frequently change its ownership or network affiliation.
Answer: False
An owned-and-operated station is generally very unlikely to experience changes in ownership or network affiliation because they are significant revenue sources and the owner is the parent network.
Profitable O&Os are never sold off, as networks always prioritize retaining high-revenue generating stations.
Answer: False
Even profitable O&Os might be sold off, often due to mergers and corporate deals that could cause a network to exceed ownership limits in its local jurisdiction.
Both STW-9 and QTQ-9 consistently remained Nine Network O&Os from 1987 through all subsequent ownership changes.
Answer: False
While QTQ-9 consistently remained a Nine O&O, STW-9 was sold after Bond Media's collapse, becoming an affiliate before being re-acquired by Nine Entertainment Co. in 2013.
CKVU-TV in Vancouver was sold by CanWest Global because the station was unprofitable, leading to its disaffiliation from the Global Television Network.
Answer: False
CKVU-TV was sold by CanWest Global due to CRTC regulations preventing a single company from owning more than two stations in the same market in the same language, not because it was unprofitable.
During its financial difficulties, Canwest successfully sold all five of its E! O&Os to other major networks, maintaining their network affiliations.
Answer: False
During its financial difficulties, Canwest's E! O&Os had varied outcomes; some were sold and became independent, one became a Global O&O, and one closed down, indicating not all were sold to major networks while maintaining affiliations.
Fox acquired a significant number of O&Os in major NFC markets primarily by building new stations after securing the NFL broadcast contract.
Answer: False
Fox primarily acquired O&Os in major NFC markets by purchasing a stake in and later fully acquiring New World Communications, whose stations then switched to Fox, rather than building new stations.
The merger of Westinghouse with CBS in 1995 resulted in CBS acquiring several new O&Os, but did not require CBS to sell any existing stations.
Answer: False
The merger of Westinghouse with CBS in 1995 did result in CBS acquiring new O&Os, but it also required CBS to sell WPRI in Providence due to signal overlap with WBZ-TV.
When Nexstar Media Group acquired a majority stake in The CW, the CBS-owned CW O&Os retained their status as owned-and-operated stations.
Answer: False
After Nexstar acquired a majority stake in The CW, the CBS-owned CW O&Os transitioned to being mere affiliates, not retaining their O&O status.
Following Nexstar's acquisition of a majority stake in The CW, CBS decided to strengthen its commitment to the network by increasing the number of its CW affiliates.
Answer: False
Following Nexstar's acquisition of a majority stake in The CW, CBS announced that its eight CW affiliates would drop the network and become independent stations, rather than increasing its commitment.
What was a key characteristic of the stations carrying The WB Television Network regarding O&O status?
Answer: Controlling shares were held by Time Warner, but stations with minority interests were not considered O&Os under the standard definition.
How did the ownership structure of The CW Television Network change regarding CBS-owned stations after Nexstar Media Group acquired a majority interest in 2022?
Answer: CBS-owned stations transitioned to being mere affiliates.
How did the ownership of traditional radio networks in the United States change significantly starting in the 1980s?
Answer: They largely broke up, with networks like NBC no longer existing as traditional radio networks.
What is the general likelihood of an owned-and-operated station changing ownership or network affiliation?
Answer: Generally very unlikely, due to being significant revenue sources and the owner being the parent network.
Under what circumstances might a network sell off even a profitable O&O?
Answer: As a result of mergers and corporate deals that might cause the network to exceed ownership limits.
Which Australian station, after initially becoming a Nine Network O&O in 1987, was later sold and became an affiliate before being re-acquired by Nine Entertainment Co. in 2013?
Answer: STW-9 in Perth
Why was CKVU-TV in Vancouver sold by CanWest Global in 2000, leading to its change in network affiliation?
Answer: CRTC regulations prevented CanWest Global from owning more than two stations in the same market in the same language.
What was the fate of Canwest's CHCA-TV, one of its E! O&Os, during the company's financial difficulties in 2009?
Answer: It closed down.
How did Fox primarily acquire a significant number of O&Os in major NFC markets after securing the NFL broadcast contract in 1993?
Answer: By purchasing a stake in and later fully acquiring New World Communications, whose stations then switched to Fox.
After its affiliation with WHDH expired, how did NBC eventually establish its new O&O in Boston?
Answer: By acquiring a Telemundo affiliate (WTMU-LD) and later purchasing WYCN-CD for channel sharing.
What was the immediate impact on CBS-owned CW stations after Nexstar Media Group acquired a majority stake in The CW in October 2022?
Answer: They transitioned to being mere affiliates of The CW.
What action did CBS announce regarding its eight CW affiliates after Nexstar acquired a majority stake in The CW?
Answer: They would drop The CW network and become independent stations.