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The Rio Paraíba do Sul flows primarily from north to south across Brazil.
Answer: False
The Rio Paraíba do Sul generally flows from west to northeast, not primarily from north to south.
The Rio Paraíba do Sul originates from the confluence of the Rio Pomba and Rio Muriaé.
Answer: False
The river originates from the Paraitinga River, not from the confluence of the Rio Pomba and Rio Muriaé, which are tributaries joining downstream.
The Rio Jaguari and the Rio Preto are the longest tributaries feeding into the Paraíba do Sul.
Answer: False
While the Rio Jaguari is a tributary, the Rio Pomba and Rio Muriaé are identified as the longest tributaries, not the Rio Preto.
The Rio Pomba joins the main river significantly closer to the mouth than the Rio Muriaé.
Answer: False
The Rio Muriaé joins the main river 50 km from the mouth, while the Rio Pomba joins 140 km from the mouth, making the Muriaé closer.
The Paraíba do Sul basin is geographically located entirely within the Southern Hemisphere.
Answer: True
The basin spans between 20°26′ and 23°39′ South latitude, placing it entirely within the Southern Hemisphere.
The Paraíba do Sul basin covers an area slightly larger than 57,000 square kilometers.
Answer: True
The basin area is stated as approximately 57,000 square kilometers (22,000 square miles) in one source, and 56,000 square kilometers in the infobox, making 'slightly larger than 57,000' a reasonable approximation based on the former.
The image caption mentions a view of the river near Jacareí in the state of Minas Gerais.
Answer: False
The source material indicates the image caption describes a view near Jacareí in the state of São Paulo, not Minas Gerais.
Juiz de Fora is located on the Rio Paraíba do Sul itself.
Answer: False
Juiz de Fora is located on the Paraibuna River, a significant tributary of the Paraíba do Sul, not directly on the main river itself.
The infobox states the basin size of the Rio Paraíba do Sul is approximately 57,000 square kilometers.
Answer: False
The infobox states the basin size is 56,000 square kilometers, not 57,000 square kilometers.
The mouth of the Rio Paraíba do Sul is located at approximately 21.62° South latitude.
Answer: True
The mouth of the Rio Paraíba do Sul is located at approximately 21°37′S 41°01′W (21.62°S 41.01°W).
The elevation at the mouth of the Rio Paraíba do Sul is significantly above sea level.
Answer: False
The elevation of the Rio Paraíba do Sul at its mouth is 0 meters above sea level, as it flows into the Atlantic Ocean, not significantly above it.
The Rio Paraíba do Sul flows exclusively through the state of Minas Gerais.
Answer: False
The Rio Paraíba do Sul flows through three states: São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro, not exclusively through Minas Gerais.
What is the approximate total length of the Rio Paraíba do Sul in kilometers?
Answer: 1,137 km
The Rio Paraíba do Sul measures 1,137 kilometers (706 miles) in length.
The Rio Paraíba do Sul empties into which body of water?
Answer: The Atlantic Ocean
The river empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Campos dos Goytacazes.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a primary tributary of the Rio Paraíba do Sul?
Answer: Rio Tietê
The primary tributaries listed are Jaguari, Buquira, Paraibuna, Preto, Pomba, and Muriaé. The Rio Tietê is not among them.
According to the source, which two tributaries are the longest and join the main river closest to its mouth?
Answer: Rio Pomba (140 km from mouth) and Rio Muriaé (50 km from mouth)
The Rio Pomba and Rio Muriaé are identified as the longest tributaries, joining the main river 140 km and 50 km from its mouth, respectively.
The Paraíba do Sul basin spans between which approximate longitude range?
Answer: 41° and 46°30′ West
The Paraíba do Sul basin spans between the longitudes of 41° and 46°30′ West.
Juiz de Fora is located on which tributary of the Paraíba do Sul?
Answer: Rio Paraibuna
Juiz de Fora is located on the Paraibuna River, which is a major tributary of the Paraíba do Sul.
What is the approximate area of the Paraíba do Sul basin in square miles, according to the source?
Answer: 22,000 sq mi
The approximate area of the Paraíba do Sul basin is 22,000 square miles.
The coordinates 21°37′S 41°01′W correspond to which feature of the Rio Paraíba do Sul?
Answer: The mouth of the river
The coordinates 21°37′S 41°01′W correspond to the mouth of the Rio Paraíba do Sul.
Which states does the Rio Paraíba do Sul flow through?
Answer: São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro
The Rio Paraíba do Sul flows through the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro.
Water temperatures in the Paraíba do Sul show significant seasonal variation, unlike rivers in northern Brazil.
Answer: True
Unlike northern Brazilian rivers with limited seasonal variation, the Paraíba do Sul exhibits distinct winter and summer water temperature differences.
A winter water temperature of 15.2°C was recorded in the Paraíba do Sul during a survey in Lorena, São Paulo.
Answer: True
A survey in Lorena, São Paulo, recorded winter temperatures of 15.2°C (59.4°F).
The Rio Paraíba do Sul river water is typically acidic, with a pH range below 6.
Answer: False
The water of the Paraíba do Sul river is generally neutral, with a pH range typically between 6 and 8, not acidic below 6.
There are over 100 native fish species inhabiting the Paraíba do Sul basin.
Answer: True
The Paraíba do Sul basin supports over 100 native fish species.
Approximately 40% of the fish species in the basin are endemic, meaning they are found worldwide.
Answer: False
Endemic species are found exclusively within a specific geographic area. In this context, approximately 40% of the fish species are endemic to the Paraíba do Sul basin, not found worldwide.
The genus *Oligobrycon* is found exclusively within the Paraíba do Sul basin.
Answer: True
The fish genus *Oligobrycon* is found exclusively within the Paraíba do Sul basin.
No new fish species have been discovered in the Paraíba do Sul basin in recent years.
Answer: False
A new species of catfish, *Pareiorhina hyptiorhachis*, was described in 2013, indicating ongoing discoveries.
Pollution is a significant environmental issue for the Paraíba do Sul due to its location in a densely populated and industrialized region.
Answer: True
The Paraíba do Sul river suffers significantly from pollution due to its location in a densely populated and industrialized region.
Studies found heavy metal levels in the fish *Geophagus brasiliensis* that were below Brazilian Food Legislation limits.
Answer: False
Studies on *Geophagus brasiliensis* revealed heavy metal levels that exceeded the limits set by Brazilian Food Legislation, not fell below them.
The introduction of non-native species and the presence of dams are major threats to the Paraíba do Sul basin's ecology.
Answer: True
Major threats include dams and the introduction of non-native species (around 70).
Around 46 species of non-native fish have been introduced into the Paraíba do Sul basin.
Answer: True
46 species of non-native fish have been introduced into the Paraíba do Sul basin.
The parasitic copepod *Lernaea cyprinacea* is native to the Paraíba do Sul basin.
Answer: False
The parasitic copepod *Lernaea cyprinacea* is an introduced species found in the Paraíba do Sul basin, not a native one.
Fish species like *Brycon insignis* and *Pogonopoma parahybae* are considered seriously threatened in the basin.
Answer: True
*Brycon insignis* is listed as a native fish species that is seriously threatened in the Paraíba do Sul basin.
Fish populations in the Paraíba do Sul have generally shown an increase in abundance and species richness.
Answer: False
A general decline in the abundance and species richness of fish populations has been observed in the Paraíba do Sul, not an increase.
The endemic catfish *Hypostomus auroguttatus* has adapted well to the environmental changes in the basin.
Answer: True
The endemic catfish *Hypostomus auroguttatus* has demonstrated adaptation to environmental changes.
The catfish *Potamarius grandoculis* is known to inhabit multiple river systems across Brazil.
Answer: False
The catfish *Potamarius grandoculis* is known only from the vicinity of the Paraíba do Sul and Doce Rivers, not multiple river systems across Brazil.
A national conservation plan for the Paraíba do Sul river basin was published in 2010.
Answer: True
In 2010, a national conservation plan for the Paraíba do Sul river basin was published.
Compared to rivers in northern Brazil, the Paraíba do Sul exhibits:
Answer: Distinct differences between winter and summer water temperatures
Compared to rivers in northern Brazil, the Paraíba do Sul exhibits distinct differences between winter and summer water temperatures.
What is the typical pH range of the Paraíba do Sul river water, indicating a generally neutral state?
Answer: 6.0 - 8.0
The typical pH range of the Paraíba do Sul river water is between 6.0 and 8.0, indicating a generally neutral state.
Which three families contain the majority of the native fish species in the Paraíba do Sul basin?
Answer: Loricariidae, Characidae, Trichomycteridae
The majority of native fish species in the Paraíba do Sul basin belong to the Loricariidae, Characidae, and Trichomycteridae families.
The high percentage of endemic fish species (around 40%) in the Paraíba do Sul basin signifies:
Answer: The basin has a unique evolutionary history and ecological importance.
The high percentage of endemic fish species signifies the basin's unique evolutionary history and ecological importance.
What environmental problem is the Paraíba do Sul particularly affected by due to its location?
Answer: Pollution
The Paraíba do Sul is particularly affected by pollution due to its location in a densely populated and industrialized region.
Studies on the cichlid *Geophagus brasiliensis* revealed heavy metal levels that:
Answer: Exceeded the limits set by Brazilian Food Legislation.
Studies on the cichlid *Geophagus brasiliensis* revealed heavy metal levels that exceeded the limits set by Brazilian Food Legislation.
Besides pollution, what is another major ecological threat mentioned for the Paraíba do Sul basin?
Answer: Introduction of non-native fish species
Besides pollution, the introduction of non-native fish species is another major ecological threat mentioned for the Paraíba do Sul basin.
Which of the following native fish species is listed as seriously threatened in the Paraíba do Sul basin?
Answer: Brycon insignis
*Brycon insignis* is listed as a native fish species that is seriously threatened in the Paraíba do Sul basin.
What trend has been observed regarding the fish populations in the Paraíba do Sul?
Answer: A general decline in abundance and species richness
A general decline in the abundance and species richness of fish populations has been observed in the Paraíba do Sul.
Which catfish species, known only from the mouths of the Paraíba do Sul and Doce Rivers, is potentially extinct?
Answer: Potamarius grandoculis
The catfish *Potamarius grandoculis* is known only from the vicinity of the Paraíba do Sul and Doce Rivers and is potentially extinct.
Which of the following bivalve species is listed as threatened in the Paraíba do Sul basin?
Answer: Diplodon fontaineanus
*Diplodon fontaineanus* is listed as a threatened bivalve species in the Paraíba do Sul basin.
What action was taken in 2010 concerning the Paraíba do Sul river basin?
Answer: A national conservation plan was published.
In 2010, a national conservation plan for the Paraíba do Sul river basin was published.
The primary economic activities within the Paraíba do Sul basin are agriculture and fishing.
Answer: False
The primary economic activities identified within the Paraíba do Sul basin are industry and cattle raising, not agriculture and fishing.
The Paraíba Valley is known for its low fertility and sparse population.
Answer: False
The Paraíba Valley is described as being very fertile and historically a region with a relatively dense population.
Volta Redonda is recognized as the location of Brazil's first steel industry.
Answer: True
Volta Redonda holds historical importance as the site of Brazil's first steel industry.
Aparecida, located in São Paulo, is known for its high-tech industry and aircraft manufacturing.
Answer: False
Aparecida is renowned for its Marian pilgrimage site. High-tech industry and aircraft manufacturing, specifically Embraer, are associated with São José dos Campos.
São José dos Campos is home to Embraer, a major Brazilian aircraft manufacturer.
Answer: True
São José dos Campos is a hub for high-tech industry and is home to Embraer, Brazil's aircraft manufacturer.
Campos dos Goytacazes is recognized as a center for sugar cane cultivation along the river.
Answer: True
Campos dos Goytacazes, near the river's mouth, is noted as a center for sugar cane cultivation.
What are the two main economic activities identified within the Paraíba do Sul basin?
Answer: Industry and cattle raising
The primary economic activities identified within the Paraíba do Sul basin are industry and cattle raising.
Which city, located on the Paraíba do Sul, is known as the site of Brazil's first steel industry?
Answer: Volta Redonda
Volta Redonda is recognized as the site of Brazil's first steel industry.
In the state of São Paulo, which city along the river is famous for its Marian pilgrimage site?
Answer: Aparecida
Aparecida, located in São Paulo state along the river, is famous for its Marian pilgrimage site.
Which city in São Paulo state is a hub for high-tech industry and home to Embraer?
Answer: São José dos Campos
São José dos Campos in São Paulo state is a hub for high-tech industry and is home to Embraer.
What is the significance of the city of Campos dos Goytacazes in relation to the river?
Answer: It is the center of a rich sugar cane growing area.
Campos dos Goytacazes is significant as the center of a rich sugar cane growing area along the river.
The Paraíba do Sul river is currently navigable along its entire length.
Answer: False
Only two specific sections of the river are currently considered navigable; large portions are impassable due to natural obstacles and dams.
The lower navigable section of the Paraíba do Sul extends approximately 90 kilometers to the city of Campos dos Goytacazes.
Answer: True
The lower navigable section extends approximately 90 kilometers from the mouth to São Fidélis, which is upstream from Campos dos Goytacazes, but the city is associated with the river's lower reaches and mouth area.
Navigation in the upper middle section between Cachoeira Paulista and Guararema is primarily used for commercial cargo transport.
Answer: False
Navigation in the upper middle section between Cachoeira Paulista and Guararema is currently limited to tourist boats, not commercial cargo transport.
Hydroelectric dams on the Paraíba do Sul typically include locks to facilitate navigation.
Answer: False
The source explicitly states that numerous hydroelectric dams lack locks, which impedes navigation.
What is a primary reason cited for the limited navigability of large portions of the Paraíba do Sul?
Answer: Presence of numerous waterfalls, rapids, and dams without locks
Limited navigability is primarily due to waterfalls, rapids, steep gradients, and numerous hydroelectric dams lacking locks.
The upper middle section of the Paraíba do Sul, between Cachoeira Paulista and Guararema, is currently used mainly for:
Answer: Tourist boat navigation
The upper middle section of the Paraíba do Sul is currently used mainly for tourist boat navigation.
The Rio Paraíba do Sul is commonly referred to simply as 'Paraíba'.
Answer: True
The Rio Paraíba do Sul is frequently referred to simply as Paraíba.
The Paraíba do Sul river is named specifically after it joins with the Rio Paraibuna at the Paraibuna dam.
Answer: True
The river is officially named Paraíba do Sul upon its confluence with the Rio Paraibuna at the Paraibuna dam.
What is the common name used for the Rio Paraíba do Sul?
Answer: Paraíba
The Rio Paraíba do Sul is frequently referred to simply as Paraíba.
At what specific point does the river officially receive the name 'Paraíba do Sul'?
Answer: When it converges with the Rio Paraibuna at the Paraibuna dam
The river is officially named Paraíba do Sul upon its confluence with the Rio Paraibuna at the Paraibuna dam.