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Philip III was known as Philip II in Portugal during the Iberian Union.
Answer: True
During the Iberian Union, Philip III of Spain was indeed recognized as Philip II in Portugal.
Philip III's parents, Philip II and Anna of Austria, were first cousins but not uncle and niece.
Answer: False
Philip III's parents, Philip II and Anna of Austria, were both first cousins and uncle and niece, reflecting the extensive inbreeding within the Habsburg family.
Philip II made specific arrangements for Prince Philip's education to ensure he would be exposed to various political factions.
Answer: False
Philip II made specific arrangements for Prince Philip's education to *avoid* a compromised upbringing and exposure to political factions, learning from the negative experience of his older half-brother, Don Carlos.
Prince Philip's education was guided by Father Juan de Mariana's philosophy, emphasizing moderation and personal discipline.
Answer: True
Father Juan de Mariana's guidelines, which emphasized moderation and personal discipline, were central to Prince Philip's early education.
Philip III was considered less intelligent and politically competent than his older half-brother, Don Carlos, by some observers.
Answer: True
While generally liked and favorably compared to the disobedient Don Carlos, some observers noted that Philip III appeared less intelligent and politically competent than his older half-brother.
In which year was Philip III born?
Answer: 1578
Philip III was born on 14 April 1578, in the Royal Alcázar of Madrid.
Which of the following titles did Philip III not hold?
Answer: Holy Roman Emperor
Philip III held titles as King of Spain and Portugal, King of Naples and Sicily, Duke of Milan, and Lord of the Seventeen Provinces, but not Holy Roman Emperor.
What was a notable characteristic of Philip III's parentage, Philip II and Anna of Austria?
Answer: They were uncle and niece, as well as cousins.
Philip III's parents, Philip II and Anna of Austria, were uncle and niece, as well as cousins, due to the extensive inbreeding within the Habsburg family.
Who was appointed as Prince Philip's tutor by Philip II?
Answer: García de Loaysa
Philip II appointed García de Loaysa as Prince Philip's tutor, alongside Juan de Zúñiga as governor.
What was the primary reason Philip II made serious arrangements for Prince Philip's education after Don Carlos's death?
Answer: To avoid a compromised upbringing and exposure to political factions.
Philip II made serious arrangements for Prince Philip's education to avoid a compromised upbringing and exposure to political factions, learning from the negative experience of his older half-brother, Don Carlos.
Which of the following best describes Philip III's personality according to observers?
Answer: Dynamic, good-natured, pious, and a competent linguist.
Observers described Prince Philip as 'dynamic, good-natured, and earnest,' pious, and a competent linguist in Latin, French, and Portuguese.
Who was Philip III's wife, and what was her relationship to him?
Answer: Margaret of Austria, his Habsburg cousin.
Philip III married his Habsburg cousin, Margaret of Austria, who was also the sister of the future Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.
Philip III delegated most of his governmental authority to his wife, Queen Margaret of Austria.
Answer: False
Philip III delegated most of his governmental authority to his chief minister, the Duke of Lerma, not to his wife, Queen Margaret of Austria, who often contended with Lerma for influence.
The Duke of Lerma was initially sent to Valencia as viceroy by Philip II to strengthen his influence over Prince Philip.
Answer: False
King Philip II and Prince Philip's tutors considered the Marquis of Denia (later Duke of Lerma) unsuitable and dispatched him to Valencia as viceroy in 1595 to remove his influence over the young prince.
Queen Margaret of Austria was known for her extreme piety and often struggled with the Duke of Lerma for influence.
Answer: True
Queen Margaret of Austria was known for her extreme piety and astute political dealings, often engaging in an ongoing struggle with the Duke of Lerma for influence at court.
Empress Maria and her daughter Margaret of the Cross successfully convinced Philip III to provide financial support to Ferdinand from 1600 onward.
Answer: True
Empress Maria and her daughter Margaret of the Cross formed a powerful pro-Austrian and Catholic voice that successfully convinced Philip III to provide financial support to Ferdinand from 1600 onward.
The 'Doctrine of Medrano' advocated for a governance style of direct royal rule, similar to Philip II's approach.
Answer: False
The 'Doctrine of Medrano' advocated for a governance style rooted in kingship and delegated rule, marking a transformation from Philip II's direct, personal scrutiny to a more noble-mediated structure.
Philip III implemented 'royal seclusion' by drastically limiting daily access to himself, primarily granting it to the Duke of Lerma.
Answer: True
Philip III implemented 'royal seclusion' by drastically limiting daily access to himself, granting it almost exclusively to the Duke of Lerma, a policy advised by Tomás Fernández de Medrano.
The Duke of Lerma consolidated his power by ensuring all government business was submitted directly to the King without his prior review.
Answer: False
The Duke of Lerma consolidated his power by instructing that all government business be submitted in writing and channeled *through him* before reaching the King, effectively making him the sole gateway to the monarch.
Juan Fernández de Medrano defended the valido system by comparing the valido to the 'Sun that illuminates us,' emphasizing his indispensability.
Answer: True
Juan Fernández de Medrano defended the *valido* system by using metaphors such as the 'Sun that illuminates us' to emphasize the *valido*'s indispensability for order and justice.
The Duke of Lerma's administration was widely popular due to his modest spending and commitment to traditional royal rule.
Answer: False
The Duke of Lerma's administration was widely unpopular due to the novel idea of a *valido* exercising power, his personal enrichment, and extravagant spending, which went against traditional expectations of royal rule.
The downfall of the Duke of Lerma was primarily due to his successful financial reforms and popular support.
Answer: False
The downfall of the Duke of Lerma was primarily due to his monopoly of power, scandalous personal enrichment, mounting debts, and growing religious and personal pressure on the King, rather than successful reforms or popular support.
Rodrigo Calderón, Lerma's former secretary, was executed for the murder of Francisco de Juarez after being suspected of witchcraft.
Answer: True
Rodrigo Calderón, a key figure in Lerma's administration, was executed for the murder of Francisco de Juarez, following suspicions of witchcraft in Queen Margaret's death.
Who was Philip III's chief minister, to whom he delegated most of his governmental authority?
Answer: The Duke of Lerma
Philip III quickly delegated most of his power and duties to his chief minister, the Duke of Lerma.
Which two Habsburg women formed a powerful pro-Austrian and Catholic voice influencing Philip III?
Answer: Empress Maria and her daughter Margaret of the Cross.
Empress Maria and her daughter Margaret of the Cross formed a powerful pro-Austrian and Catholic voice that influenced Philip III, particularly regarding financial support for Ferdinand.
How did Philip II's approach to governance differ from Philip III's?
Answer: Philip II applied extensive personal scrutiny, while Philip III delegated most authority.
Philip II had a highly centralized approach with extensive personal scrutiny, whereas Philip III quickly delegated most of his authority to his chief minister, the Duke of Lerma.
What did the 'Doctrine of Medrano' advocate for in terms of governance?
Answer: A governance style rooted in kingship and delegated rule.
The 'Doctrine of Medrano' advocated for a governance style rooted in kingship and delegated rule, emphasizing divine order and noble service, transforming policy-making from direct royal governance.
How did Philip III implement 'royal seclusion'?
Answer: By drastically limiting daily access to himself, primarily to the Duke of Lerma.
Philip III implemented 'royal seclusion' by drastically limiting daily access to himself, granting it almost exclusively to the Duke of Lerma, thereby legitimizing the *valido*'s role.
According to Juan Fernández de Medrano's 1601 defense, what metaphor was used to emphasize the valido's indispensability?
Answer: The 'Sun that illuminates us'
Juan Fernández de Medrano defended the *valido* system by using metaphors such as the 'Sun that illuminates us' to emphasize the *valido*'s indispensability for order and justice.
What was a primary reason for the unpopularity of the Duke of Lerma's administration?
Answer: The novel idea of a valido exercising power and his extravagant spending.
The Duke of Lerma's administration became unpopular due to the novel idea of a *valido* exercising power, his personal enrichment, and extravagant spending, which went against traditional expectations of royal rule.
Which alliance ultimately led to the downfall of the Duke of Lerma?
Answer: His own son, Cristóbal de Sandoval, and Baltasar de Zúñiga.
The Duke of Lerma fell to an alliance led by his own son, Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda, and Baltasar de Zúñiga.
The Spanish crown during Philip III's era operated through a centralized, single-council system.
Answer: False
The Spanish crown during Philip III's era operated through a polysynodial system, comprising numerous royal councils, rather than a centralized, single-council system.
Philip III's reign marked a political shift that aligned Roman Catholicism with Hispanidad.
Answer: True
Philip III's reign established the *Pax Hispanica* and redefined the monarchy by aligning Roman Catholicism with *Hispanidad*, a concept of Spanish identity rooted in Catholic faith and tradition.
The 'Expulsion of the Moriscos' was decreed in 1619, after the end of the Twelve Years' Truce.
Answer: False
The 'Expulsion of the Moriscos' was decreed by Philip III in 1609, timed to coincide with the declaration of a truce in the Eighty Years' War, not in 1619 after its end.
The expulsion of the Moriscos was solely driven by religious conversion efforts.
Answer: False
While ostensibly about religious conversion, the expulsion of the Moriscos was largely driven by financial considerations, including seizing assets and benefiting from cheap land, as well as addressing jealousy and resentment from other Christians.
The Morisco expulsion significantly boosted the economies of Valencia, Aragon, and Murcia by eliminating competition.
Answer: False
The Morisco expulsion severely damaged the economies of the Kingdom of Valencia, Aragon, and Murcia, leading to a significant decrease in cheap labor, rent-paying property owners, and agricultural outputs, rather than boosting them.
Philip III's reign was marked by widespread famine and a bubonic plague outbreak that killed over 10% of the population.
Answer: True
Philip III's reign was indeed marked by severe economic problems, including widespread famine from bad harvests in the 1590s and a bubonic plague outbreak from 1599 to 1600 that killed over 10% of the population.
The Crown of Castile bore a disproportionately small share of the imperial costs during Philip III's reign.
Answer: False
The Crown of Castile bore a disproportionately large share of the imperial costs during Philip III's reign, carrying 65% of total imperial costs by 1616, while other regions contributed little.
Philip III's attempts to issue new copper coinage (véllon) successfully resolved Spain's financial difficulties.
Answer: False
Philip III's attempts to issue new copper *véllon* coinage resulted in considerable economic instability rather than successfully resolving Spain's financial difficulties.
What was the nature of the Spanish crown's governmental system during Philip III's era?
Answer: A polysynodial system of royal councils.
The Spanish crown during Philip III's era operated through a polysynodial system of royal councils, including the Council of State, Council for War, regional councils, and specialized councils.
What concept of Spanish identity, rooted in Catholic faith and tradition, was aligned with the monarchy during Philip III's reign?
Answer: Hispanidad
Philip III's reign marked a political shift that aligned Roman Catholicism with *Hispanidad*, a concept of Spanish identity rooted in Catholic faith and tradition.
What was the primary domestic challenge Philip III faced in governing his vast empire?
Answer: The legal distinctiveness of territories, leading to varied taxation and privileges.
The primary domestic challenge was the legal distinctiveness of the empire's territories, which resulted in different taxation, privileges, and military arrangements across regions.
When was the 'Expulsion of the Moriscos' decreed by Philip III?
Answer: 1609
The 'Expulsion of the Moriscos' was a decree issued by Philip III in 1609, timed to coincide with the declaration of a truce in the Eighty Years' War.
Beyond religious conversion, what was a significant underlying reason for the expulsion of the Moriscos?
Answer: Financial considerations, including seizing Morisco assets and benefiting from cheap land.
Beyond religious conversion, the expulsion of the Moriscos was largely driven by financial considerations, allowing the royal treasury to seize assets and benefiting those close to the crown from cheap land.
Which regions' economies were severely damaged by the Morisco expulsion?
Answer: Valencia, Aragon, and Murcia.
The expulsion of the Moriscos severely damaged the economies of the Kingdom of Valencia, Aragon, and Murcia, leading to a significant decrease in labor and agricultural outputs.
What major natural disaster affected Spain from 1599 to 1600, killing over 10% of the population?
Answer: A terrible outbreak of bubonic plague.
Philip III's reign was marked by a terrible outbreak of bubonic plague from 1599 to 1600, which killed over 10% of the population.
By 1616, what percentage of total imperial costs was borne by the Crown of Castile?
Answer: 65%
By 1616, the Crown of Castile bore 65% of total imperial costs, highlighting its disproportionate financial burden.
What was the impact of Philip III's attempts to issue new copper véllon coinage?
Answer: It led to considerable economic instability.
Philip III's attempts to issue new copper *véllon* coinage in 1603–04, 1617, and 1621 resulted in considerable economic instability.
What was the primary purpose of the 'Junta de Reformación' established in 1618?
Answer: To address Spain's economic and administrative problems.
The 'Junta de Reformación' was established in 1618 with the intention of addressing Spain's pressing economic and administrative problems.
Philip III's reign saw the Spanish Empire reach its height and achieved a temporary peace with the Dutch.
Answer: True
Philip III's reign is noted for the Spanish Empire reaching its height and for achieving a temporary peace with the Dutch through the Twelve Years' Truce (1609-1621).
Imperial proconsuls like Ambrosio Spinola and the Duke of Osuna exercised independent judgment due to strong central leadership from Madrid.
Answer: False
Imperial proconsuls such as Ambrosio Spinola and the Duke of Osuna exercised independent judgment and policies due to a lack of strong central leadership from Madrid, complicating central control over the vast Spanish Empire.
The Duke of Osuna, as Viceroy of Naples, prevented local Neapolitans from petitioning the King with complaints.
Answer: True
As Viceroy of Naples, the Duke of Osuna demonstrated significant independence, including preventing local Neapolitans from petitioning the King with complaints.
The Twelve Years' Truce (1609) effectively recognized the Dutch Republic's independence.
Answer: True
The Twelve Years' Truce, signed in 1609, effectively recognized the Dutch Republic's independence, leading many European powers to establish diplomatic relations with the Dutch.
The 'Spanish match' proposal failed primarily due to the English king's strong support for the marriage.
Answer: False
The 'Spanish match' proposal failed due to internal tensions in England, the refusal of English traders to compensate Iberians for past attacks, and persistent mutual religious hostility, not due to the English king's strong support.
Philip III's global policy prioritized the West Indies to secure Spanish holdings against Dutch expansion.
Answer: False
Philip III's global policy prioritized the East Indies over the West Indies, aiming to integrate Indo-Mediterranean trade routes and secure Spanish-Portuguese holdings against Dutch and English expansion.
To finance his Asian policy, Philip III pardoned Sephardic Jewish minorities who had converted to Christianity.
Answer: True
To finance his Asian policy initiatives, Philip III pardoned Sephardic Jewish minorities who had converted to Christianity, many of whom resided in Portugal and served as Court Jews.
The 'Ormus Crisis' resulted in a successful Habsburg-Safavid alliance, strengthening Iberian influence in the Persian Gulf.
Answer: False
The 'Ormus Crisis' led to the failure of a proposed Habsburg-Safavid alliance and culminated in the Anglo-Persian capture of Qeshm and Hormuz, which drove the Iberians out of the Persian Gulf, rather than strengthening their influence.
Philip III intervened in the Holy Roman Empire to support his cousin Ferdinand II, leading to a victory at the Battle of White Mountain.
Answer: True
In the final years of his reign, Philip III intervened in the Holy Roman Empire to support Ferdinand II, and Spanish troops achieved a decisive victory at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620.
The 'Defensive War' policy in Chile advocated for aggressive military campaigns to force Mapuche conversion.
Answer: False
The 'Defensive War' policy in Chile, advocated by Luis de Valdivia, aimed to diminish hostilities with the Mapuche people, believing they could only be voluntarily converted to Christianity if peace was established, not through aggressive military campaigns.
The 'Devastations of Osorio' successfully eliminated smuggling in Hispaniola and boosted the island's economy.
Answer: False
The 'Devastations of Osorio' proved catastrophic for Hispaniola, transforming the island into the Spanish Empire's most impoverished territory and eventually leading to French occupation of depopulated areas, rather than eliminating smuggling and boosting the economy.
Philip III's visit to Portugal in 1619 significantly improved relations between Spain and Portugal.
Answer: False
Philip III's visit to Portugal in 1619, despite its aim to improve relations, left the country dissatisfied due to the harsh treatment of local nobility and the reappointment of the Marquess of Alenquer as Viceroy.
What was the duration of the Twelve Years' Truce with the Dutch during Philip III's reign?
Answer: 1609–1621
The Twelve Years' Truce with the Dutch lasted from 1609 to 1621 during Philip III's reign.
What actions did Pedro Téllez-Girón, 3rd Duke of Osuna, take as Viceroy of Naples?
Answer: He raised an extensive army, intercepted Venetian shipping, and imposed high taxes.
As Viceroy of Naples, the Duke of Osuna demonstrated significant independence by raising an extensive army, intercepting Venetian shipping, and imposing high taxes that provoked threats of revolt.
Which two major conflicts did Philip III inherit at the start of his reign?
Answer: The Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War.
Upon his accession, Philip III inherited two major conflicts: the prolonged Eighty Years' War (Dutch revolt) and the Anglo–Spanish War with Protestant England.
What was a significant outcome of the Twelve Years' Truce (1609)?
Answer: It recognized the Dutch Republic's independence and allowed the Southern Netherlands to recover.
The Twelve Years' Truce, signed in 1609, effectively recognized the Dutch Republic's independence and allowed the Southern Netherlands to recover.
What was the 'Spanish match' proposal?
Answer: A proposed marriage between Charles I of England and Infanta Maria Anna of Spain.
The 'Spanish match' was a proposed marriage between Charles I of England and Infanta Maria Anna of Spain, intended to create an Anglo-Iberian alliance and reconcile the two nations.
Why did the 'Spanish match' proposal ultimately fail?
Answer: Internal tensions in England, refusal of compensation, and mutual religious hostility.
The 'Spanish match' failed due to internal tensions between the English king and Parliament, the refusal of English traders to compensate Iberians for past attacks, and persistent mutual hostility stemming from religious differences.
Philip III's primary global policy focus was on which region?
Answer: The East Indies, to integrate Indo-Mediterranean trade routes.
Philip III's global policy prioritized the East Indies over the West Indies, aiming to integrate Indo-Mediterranean trade routes and secure Spanish-Portuguese holdings.
How did Philip III attempt to finance his Asian policy initiatives?
Answer: By pardoning Sephardic Jewish minorities and inviting Italian investors.
To finance his Asian projects, Philip III pardoned Sephardic Jewish minorities who had converted to Christianity and invited investors from allied Italian states.
What was the ultimate outcome of the 'Ormus Crisis' for Iberian influence in the Persian Gulf?
Answer: It resulted in the Iberians being driven out of the Persian Gulf.
The 'Ormus Crisis' culminated in the Anglo-Persian capture of Qeshm and Hormuz, which drove the Iberians out of the Persian Gulf.
In the initial phase of the Thirty Years' War, what significant victory did Spanish troops achieve under Philip III?
Answer: The Battle of White Mountain.
Spanish troops, intervening in the Holy Roman Empire to support Ferdinand II, achieved a decisive victory at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620.
Who advocated for the 'Defensive War' policy in Chile, aiming to diminish hostilities with the Mapuche people?
Answer: Luis de Valdivia
Jesuit missionary Luis de Valdivia advocated for the 'Defensive War' policy in Chile, believing peace was necessary for voluntary conversion of the Mapuche people.
What was the long-term impact of the 'Devastations of Osorio' on Hispaniola?
Answer: It transformed the island into the Spanish Empire's most impoverished territory.
The 'Devastations of Osorio' proved catastrophic, transforming Hispaniola into the Spanish Empire's most impoverished territory and eventually leading to French occupation.
Historians have generally praised Philip III as a dynamic and effective monarch.
Answer: False
Historians have generally characterized Philip III with a largely negative reputation, describing him as an 'undistinguished and insignificant man' and a 'miserable monarch,' rather than dynamic and effective.
Philip III died at the age of 42 from pulmonary thromboembolism after falling ill.
Answer: True
Philip III died on 31 March 1621, at the age of 42, due to pulmonary thromboembolism, caused by prolonged immobilization after falling seriously ill.
Philip III's legacy is generally viewed positively by historians, who consider his reign well-studied.
Answer: False
Philip III has generally left a poor legacy with historians, often described negatively, and his reign has been relatively unstudied compared to Philip IV's.
The statue of Philip III in Madrid was created by Giambologna and finished by Pietro Tacca in 1616.
Answer: True
The statue of Philip III in Madrid, a lasting artistic representation, was indeed created by Giambologna and finished by Pietro Tacca in 1616.
What was the cause of Philip III's death in 1621?
Answer: Pulmonary thromboembolism due to prolonged immobilization.
Philip III died on 31 March 1621, at the age of 42, due to pulmonary thromboembolism, caused by prolonged immobilization after falling seriously ill.