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Pilot error is defined as any action or decision by a pilot that contributes to an aviation accident, including deliberate acts of crashing.
Answer: False
The definition of pilot error generally involves actions or decisions contributing to an accident. However, deliberate acts of crashing are typically not classified as accidents under standard definitions, as indicated by aviation safety protocols.
Modern accident investigators often avoid the term 'pilot error' because their focus is on determining the causes of an accident rather than assigning blame.
Answer: True
Modern accident investigators prioritize understanding the systemic causes of accidents over assigning blame to individual pilots. This approach acknowledges the complex interplay of factors that can lead to errors.
James Reason's model of causation, adopted by ICAO in 1993, suggests that human error is the sole factor in aviation accidents.
Answer: False
James Reason's model of causation, adopted by ICAO, emphasizes that human error is one component within a larger system of factors contributing to accidents, rather than the sole cause.
In general aviation, pilot error was identified as the primary reason for over 75% of disastrous accidents in the United States in 2004.
Answer: True
Statistics from 2004 indicated that pilot error was the primary cause for a significant majority of disastrous general aviation accidents in the United States.
Wiegmann and Shappell developed three cognitive models that conclude errors in judgment are a secondary cause of aviation mishaps.
Answer: False
Wiegmann and Shappell's cognitive models identify errors in judgment, such as flawed decision-making and strategy selection, as primary causes of aviation mishaps, not secondary ones.
The Chicago Convention defines an 'accident' as an occurrence where a person is fatally or seriously injured, excluding deliberate acts of crashing.
Answer: True
The Chicago Convention defines an aviation 'accident' as an occurrence involving injury or death, or substantial damage to the aircraft, specifically excluding deliberate acts of destruction.
In scheduled air transport, pilot error typically accounts for less than half of worldwide accidents with a known cause.
Answer: False
Pilot error typically accounts for approximately half or more of worldwide aviation accidents with a known cause in scheduled air transport, not less than half.
According to the Chicago Convention, what is the defining characteristic of an 'accident' in aviation?
Answer: An occurrence where a person is fatally or seriously injured, excluding deliberate acts.
The Chicago Convention defines an aviation 'accident' as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft where a person is fatally or seriously injured, excluding deliberate acts of crashing.
Why do modern accident investigators often avoid the term 'pilot error'?
Answer: Because their focus is on determining accident causes rather than assigning blame, considering the broader system.
Modern accident investigators prioritize understanding the systemic causes of accidents over assigning blame to individual pilots. This approach acknowledges the complex interplay of factors that can lead to errors.
James Reason's model of causation was adopted by ICAO in 1993 to:
Answer: Understand the role of human factors in aviation accidents.
The adoption of James Reason's model by ICAO aimed to enhance the understanding of human factors as critical components in the chain of events leading to aviation accidents.
Fatigue, stress, and the effects of medication are considered common human limitations that can lead to pilot errors.
Answer: True
Physiological and psychological limitations, including fatigue, stress, and the impact of medication, are recognized as significant factors that can exacerbate human error in aviation.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a factor exacerbating human physiological and psychological limitations leading to pilot error?
Answer: Proper sleep hygiene
Human limitations that contribute to pilot error can be exacerbated by factors such as cognitive overload, fear, and fatigue. Proper sleep hygiene, conversely, would mitigate these limitations.
Environmental threats in aviation include factors like aircraft malfunctions and operational pressure from airline management.
Answer: False
Environmental threats are external factors such as adverse weather or air traffic control issues. Aircraft malfunctions and operational pressure are classified as airline threats, not environmental ones.
Threat and Error Management (TEM) training aims to equip crews with the ability to handle only routine flight situations.
Answer: False
TEM training is designed to enhance crews' capabilities in managing both routine situations and unexpected events, fostering resilience to disruptions.
A Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) is a program designed to gather data on how flight crews handle threats and errors during normal operations.
Answer: True
LOSA is a structured observational methodology used to collect data on flight crew interactions with threats and errors during routine operations, aiding in safety analysis.
Airline threats, such as aircraft malfunctions, can be directly managed by the flight crew during flight operations.
Answer: False
Airline threats, including aircraft malfunctions, are factors external to the direct control of the flight crew, although crews manage their responses to these threats within the TEM framework.
In the context of aviation threats, which category includes factors like adverse weather and air traffic control shortcomings?
Answer: Environmental threats
Environmental threats are external factors such as adverse weather conditions and shortcomings in air traffic control that can impact flight safety.
Which of the following is an example of an 'airline threat' that can contribute to pilot error?
Answer: Operational pressure
Airline threats are factors influenced by airline management, such as operational pressure, aircraft malfunctions, or cabin events, which can increase the likelihood of errors.
What does Threat and Error Management (TEM) training aim to develop in flight crews?
Answer: Resilience to recognize and adapt to disruptions.
TEM training seeks to foster resilience in flight crews, enabling them to effectively recognize, manage, and adapt to threats and errors encountered during flight operations.
Crew Resource Management (CRM) focuses solely on the pilot's individual decision-making skills.
Answer: False
CRM encompasses a broader scope than just individual decision-making, focusing on the effective utilization of all available resources, including crew members, procedures, and equipment, to enhance safety.
Cockpit Task Management (CTM) is primarily concerned with the physical maintenance of the aircraft's systems.
Answer: False
CTM focuses on the cognitive and procedural aspects of managing tasks within the cockpit, such as prioritization and attention allocation, rather than the physical maintenance of aircraft systems.
Which of the following is identified as a critical CRM skill by the U.S. Navy?
Answer: Situational awareness
Situational awareness is recognized as one of the seven critical CRM skills identified by the U.S. Navy, essential for effective crew coordination and safety.
What is the main purpose of Cockpit Task Management (CTM) training?
Answer: To teach pilots how to manage multiple tasks competing for their attention.
The primary purpose of CTM training is to equip pilots with the skills to effectively manage multiple tasks that compete for their attention during flight, acknowledging the inherent limitations of human attentional capacity and working memory.
The 'IM SAFE' checklist is used by pilots to assess the aircraft's airworthiness before flight.
Answer: False
The 'IM SAFE' checklist is a personal assessment tool for pilots to evaluate their own fitness to fly, covering factors like illness, medication, stress, and fatigue, not the aircraft's airworthiness.
The 'IM SAFE' checklist is used by pilots for what purpose?
Answer: To assess their own fitness to fly.
The 'IM SAFE' checklist serves as a personal assessment tool for pilots to evaluate their own fitness to fly, covering factors like illness, medication, stress, and fatigue.
In the Tenerife airport disaster, the KLM pilot failed to hear, understand, or follow instructions from the control tower, leading to a collision.
Answer: True
The Tenerife disaster was precipitated by the KLM pilot's failure to properly hear, understand, or comply with air traffic control instructions, resulting in a catastrophic runway collision.
The crash of Air Florida Flight 90 into the Potomac River was caused by the crew's failure to properly use the aircraft's de-icing system.
Answer: True
Air Florida Flight 90 crashed due to the flight crew's failure to effectively utilize the aircraft's de-icing system, leading to a loss of lift shortly after takeoff.
During the Kegworth air disaster, pilots mistakenly shut down the functioning engine after a fan blade failure in the left engine.
Answer: False
In the Kegworth disaster, the pilots mistakenly shut down the functioning engine after believing it was the one experiencing the fan blade failure, which was actually in the other engine.
Varig Flight 254 ran out of fuel over the Amazon jungle due to the crew correctly navigating using GPS.
Answer: False
Varig Flight 254 ran out of fuel due to significant navigational errors made by the crew, not because of correct GPS navigation.
The crash of Aeroflot Flight 593 in 1994 occurred because the captain allowed his son to operate the controls, accidentally disconnecting the autopilot.
Answer: True
Aeroflot Flight 593 crashed after the captain permitted his son to sit in the pilot's seat and inadvertently disconnect the autopilot, leading to a loss of control.
The 1994 Fairchild Air Force Base B-52 crash is used as a case study in Crew Resource Management (CRM) training.
Answer: True
The Fairchild Air Force Base B-52 crash is frequently cited in CRM training to illustrate the importance of crew coordination, decision-making, and addressing behavioral factors in flight safety.
The crash of American Airlines Flight 965 in 1995 was partly caused by the pilots inputting correct coordinates for a radio beacon, leading them into mountains.
Answer: False
American Airlines Flight 965 crashed into mountains due to the pilots inputting incorrect navigation coordinates while attempting to locate a radio beacon, not correct ones.
Pilot fatigue was cited as a possible contributing factor in the 1997 crash of Korean Air Flight 801 in Guam.
Answer: True
Pilot fatigue was identified as a potential contributing factor in the crash of Korean Air Flight 801, alongside the captain's failure to conduct the approach correctly.
During the China Airlines Flight 676 crash in 1998, the pilots failed to notice for 11 seconds that they had accidentally engaged the autopilot during a landing attempt.
Answer: False
The pilots of China Airlines Flight 676 failed to notice for 11 seconds that they had accidentally disengaged the autopilot during a landing attempt, leading to a stall and crash.
The crash of Singapore Airlines Flight 006 in 2000 was caused by the crew selecting the correct runway for takeoff.
Answer: False
Singapore Airlines Flight 006 crashed because the crew selected the incorrect runway for takeoff, leading to a collision with construction equipment.
The crash of Air Florida Flight 90 into the Potomac River was a direct result of the crew failing to properly use the aircraft's de-icing system.
Answer: True
Air Florida Flight 90 crashed due to the flight crew's failure to effectively utilize the aircraft's de-icing system, leading to a loss of lift shortly after takeoff.
The statement that the co-pilot's over-application of the rudder pedal during turbulence was the sole cause of the American Airlines Flight 587 crash in 2001 is accurate.
Answer: False
While the co-pilot's over-application of the rudder pedal was a significant factor in the American Airlines Flight 587 crash, it was not the sole cause; wake turbulence and pilot training on reacting to such events were also contributing factors.
Air China Flight 129 crashed because the pilot and co-pilot flew too high during their approach to Busan.
Answer: False
Air China Flight 129 crashed because the pilot and co-pilot flew too low during their approach to Busan, not too high.
The Helios Airways Flight 522 crash in 2005 was likely caused by pilots losing consciousness due to hypoxia from a failure to set the cabin pressurization correctly.
Answer: True
The Helios Airways Flight 522 crash is believed to have resulted from pilot incapacitation due to hypoxia, stemming from an error in setting the cabin pressurization system.
In the Comair Flight 5191 crash in 2006, the flight crew attempted takeoff from the correct, longer runway.
Answer: False
The Comair Flight 5191 crew mistakenly attempted takeoff from a shorter runway than intended, which was a critical factor in the accident.
The crash of Adam Air Flight 574 in 2007 was caused by the crew becoming spatially disoriented after overlooking the aircraft's increasing descent and bank angle due to distraction by an inertial reference system malfunction.
Answer: True
Adam Air Flight 574 crashed due to spatial disorientation resulting from the crew's distraction by an IRS malfunction, leading them to overlook critical descent and bank angle indicators.
The Spanair Flight 5022 crash in 2008 occurred because the crew failed to deploy the aircraft's flaps and slats for takeoff.
Answer: True
Spanair Flight 5022 crashed because the flight crew neglected to deploy the flaps and slats for takeoff, critically impacting the aircraft's lift capabilities.
The primary cause of the Colgan Air Flight 3407 crash in 2009 was the captain's proper reaction to the stall warning.
Answer: False
The primary cause of the Colgan Air Flight 3407 crash was the captain's improper reaction to the stall warning, coupled with a lack of situational awareness regarding airspeed.
Air France Flight 447 crashed due to pitot tube failures and correct control inputs by the first officer.
Answer: False
Air France Flight 447 crashed due to pitot tube failures combined with improper control inputs by the first officer, leading to a loss of control and stall.
The 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash occurred because the flight crew ignored automatic warnings and attempted a risky landing in heavy fog.
Answer: True
The Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash was attributed to the flight crew's decision to ignore automated warnings and proceed with a hazardous landing attempt in dense fog.
Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771's crash was attributed to insufficient crew resource management, fatigue, and inappropriate flight control inputs.
Answer: True
Contributing factors to the Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771 crash included inadequate CRM, crew fatigue, and erroneous flight control inputs during the approach.
Air India Express Flight 812 overshot the runway because the captain made a shallow descent and landed early on the runway.
Answer: False
Air India Express Flight 812 overshot the runway due to a steep descent and landing too far down the runway, not a shallow descent and early landing.
Airblue Flight 202 crashed into the Margalla Hills because the captain correctly executed the intended turn using the heading knob.
Answer: False
Airblue Flight 202 crashed because the captain incorrectly manipulated the heading knob, deviating from the intended turn and leading the aircraft into terrain.
RusAir Flight 9605 crashed because the intoxicated navigator advised the captain to land in clear weather conditions.
Answer: False
RusAir Flight 9605 crashed while attempting to land in heavy fog, not clear weather conditions, and the navigator's intoxication was a contributing factor.
The Asiana Airlines Flight 214 crash in San Francisco was caused by the Captain misreading the runway, leading the aircraft's tail to strike a seawall.
Answer: True
The Asiana Airlines Flight 214 crash was attributed to the captain misreading the runway, resulting in the aircraft's tail striking a seawall during the approach.
The captain of TransAsia Airways Flight 222 was overly cautious, leading to a controlled flight into terrain.
Answer: False
The captain of TransAsia Airways Flight 222 was not overly cautious; instead, overconfidence led to intentional descent and roll maneuvers that resulted in a controlled flight into terrain.
Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 crashed due to an aerodynamic stall caused by the crew failing to manage engine power correctly.
Answer: True
Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 experienced an aerodynamic stall, resulting from pilot error in managing engine power and exceeding climb limits, which led to the crash.
In TransAsia Airways Flight 235, the pilot correctly shut down the functioning engine after the other engine experienced a flameout.
Answer: False
In TransAsia Airways Flight 235, the pilot mistakenly shut down the functioning engine instead of the failed one following an engine flameout.
The Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 crash was caused by the crew's fixation on a faulty landing gear light, leading them to miss critical flight parameters.
Answer: True
The NTSB attributed the crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 to the flight crew's fixation on a malfunctioning landing gear indicator light, which caused them to overlook critical flight parameters and the autopilot's disengagement.
What was the primary cause of the Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 crash in 1972?
Answer: The crew became fixated on a faulty landing gear light, missing critical flight parameters.
The NTSB attributed the crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 to the flight crew's fixation on a malfunctioning landing gear indicator light, which caused them to overlook critical flight parameters and the autopilot's disengagement.
In the Tenerife airport disaster, the pilot error involved:
Answer: Failing to hear, understand, or follow instructions from the control tower.
The pilot error in the Tenerife airport disaster involved the KLM pilot failing to adequately hear, understand, or comply with instructions issued by the control tower, which ultimately led to the catastrophic collision on the runway.
The Air Florida Flight 90 crash into the Potomac River was a direct result of:
Answer: The crew failing to properly employ the aircraft's de-icing system.
Air Florida Flight 90 crashed due to the flight crew's failure to effectively utilize the aircraft's de-icing system, leading to a loss of lift shortly after takeoff.
Which factor contributed to the Kegworth air disaster in 1989, besides the initial engine failure?
Answer: The pilots mistakenly shut down the functioning engine.
In the Kegworth disaster, the pilots mistakenly shut down the functioning engine after believing it was the one experiencing the fan blade failure, which was actually in the other engine.
The crash of Aeroflot Flight 593 in 1994 was primarily caused by:
Answer: The captain allowing his son to sit at the controls, accidentally disconnecting the autopilot.
Aeroflot Flight 593 crashed after the captain permitted his son to sit in the pilot's seat and inadvertently disconnect the autopilot, leading to a loss of control.
What was a key factor in the crash of American Airlines Flight 965 in 1995?
Answer: Inputting incorrect coordinates while trying to locate a radio beacon.
American Airlines Flight 965 crashed into mountains due to the pilots inputting incorrect navigation coordinates while attempting to locate a radio beacon.
What was the official cause of John F. Kennedy Jr.'s plane crash in 1999?
Answer: Spatial disorientation during a night descent over water.
The NTSB officially determined that John F. Kennedy Jr.'s plane crash was caused by his failure to maintain control of the aircraft during a night descent over water, resulting from spatial disorientation.
The crash of Singapore Airlines Flight 006 in 2000 was caused by:
Answer: Taking off from the wrong runway.
Singapore Airlines Flight 006 crashed because the crew selected the incorrect runway for takeoff, leading to a collision with construction equipment.
Contributing factors to the American Airlines Flight 587 crash in 2001 included:
Answer: Wake turbulence and pilot training on reacting to such events.
Contributing factors to the American Airlines Flight 587 crash included wake turbulence and the effectiveness of pilot training in responding to such events, alongside the co-pilot's rudder inputs.
The crash of Air China Flight 129 in South Korea in 2002 was attributed to:
Answer: The pilot and co-pilot flying too low during approach.
Air China Flight 129 crashed because the pilot and co-pilot flew too low during their approach to Busan, not too high.
How did pilot error contribute to the crash of Helios Airways Flight 522 in 2005?
Answer: The pilots failed to switch the cabin pressurization to 'Auto', causing hypoxia.
The Helios Airways Flight 522 crash is believed to have resulted from pilot incapacitation due to hypoxia, stemming from an error in setting the cabin pressurization system to 'Auto'.
What was the cause of the Comair Flight 5191 crash in 2006?
Answer: The crew mistakenly attempted takeoff from a shorter runway than intended.
Comair Flight 5191 crashed because the flight crew mistakenly attempted takeoff from a shorter runway than intended, which was a critical factor in the accident.
The crash of Adam Air Flight 574 in 2007 was primarily due to:
Answer: Spatial disorientation after overlooking the aircraft's descent and bank angle.
Adam Air Flight 574 crashed due to spatial disorientation resulting from the crew's distraction by an IRS malfunction, leading them to overlook critical descent and bank angle indicators.
What pilot error led to the crash of Spanair Flight 5022 in 2008?
Answer: Failure to deploy flaps and slats for takeoff.
The crash of Spanair Flight 5022 was primarily caused by the flight crew's failure to deploy the aircraft's flaps and slats for takeoff, which critically affected the aircraft's ability to generate sufficient lift.
The primary cause of the Colgan Air Flight 3407 crash in 2009 was:
Answer: Lack of situational awareness and the captain's improper reaction to the stall warning.
The primary cause of the Colgan Air Flight 3407 crash was the crew's lack of situational awareness regarding the aircraft's airspeed, compounded by the captain's improper reaction to the stall warning, which led to a stall and subsequent crash.
How did pilot error contribute to the crash of Air France Flight 447 in 2009?
Answer: Improper control inputs by the first officer following pitot tube failures.
Pilot error contributed to the Air France Flight 447 crash through improper control inputs made by the first officer in response to pitot tube failures, which resulted in a loss of control and the aircraft entering a stall.
What pilot error led to the crash of Air India Express Flight 812 in 2010?
Answer: Landing too far down the runway after a steep descent.
The crash of Air India Express Flight 812 was caused by the captain's error of making a steep descent and landing too far down the runway, resulting in the aircraft overshooting the tabletop runway.
The crash of TransAsia Airways Flight 235 in 2015 was a result of the pilot:
Answer: Accidentally shutting down the functioning engine instead of the failed one.
The crash of TransAsia Airways Flight 235 occurred because, following an engine flameout, the pilot mistakenly shut down the functioning engine instead of the failed one, rendering the aircraft powerless.