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Giuliano della Rovere was educated by his uncle, who later became Pope Sixtus IV.
Answer: True
Giuliano della Rovere was educated by his uncle, Fr. Francesco della Rovere, who later became Pope Sixtus IV.
As Papal Legate to France in 1480, Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere's mission included brokering peace and raising funds for a crusade.
Answer: True
As Papal Legate to France in 1480, Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere's mission indeed included brokering peace between King Louis XI and Archduke Maximilian of Austria, and raising funds for a war against the Ottoman Turks (a crusade).
The Cardinal-bishop of Ostia held the unique privilege of consecrating an elected pope if the individual was not already a bishop.
Answer: True
The Cardinal-bishop of Ostia held the specific privilege of consecrating an elected pope as a bishop if the individual had not yet been consecrated.
Felice della Rovere was Pope Julius II's niece, born around 1483.
Answer: False
Felice della Rovere was the illegitimate daughter of Giuliano della Rovere (Pope Julius II), not his niece.
Cardinal della Rovere had significant influence with his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV, throughout his cardinalate.
Answer: False
Cardinal della Rovere had little influence with his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV, but gained significant influence with Pope Innocent VIII.
The 'Conspiracy of the Barons' in 1485 involved Pope Innocent VIII and Cardinal della Rovere supporting King Ferdinand I of Naples against rebellious barons.
Answer: False
In the 'Conspiracy of the Barons' in 1485, Pope Innocent VIII and Cardinal della Rovere intervened to support the rebellious barons against King Ferdinand I of Naples, not the king against the barons.
In the 1492 Papal Conclave, Cardinal della Rovere was elected Pope Alexander VI.
Answer: False
In the 1492 Papal Conclave, Cardinal della Rovere's rival, Rodrigo Borgia, was elected Pope Alexander VI.
Cardinal della Rovere withdrew to Ostia after Alexander VI's election due to concerns about the powerful Milanese faction in the Pope's court.
Answer: True
Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere withdrew to Ostia after Alexander VI's election precisely because he was alarmed by the powerful position of Cardinal Ascanio Sforza and the Milanese faction in the Pope's court.
Cardinal della Rovere attempted to depose Pope Alexander VI by allying with King Charles VIII of France, who marched into Rome.
Answer: True
Cardinal della Rovere did indeed attempt to depose Pope Alexander VI by allying with King Charles VIII of France, who subsequently entered Rome with his army.
King Charles VIII's Italian adventure successfully established French control over Naples and Rome.
Answer: False
King Charles VIII's Italian adventure resulted in the conquest of Naples, but he was forced to withdraw his army after the Battle of Fornovo, and French control over Rome was not established.
During Pope Alexander VI's call for a crusade in 1499, Cardinal della Rovere was listed as the wealthiest cardinal.
Answer: False
During Pope Alexander VI's call for a crusade in 1499, Cardinal della Rovere was listed as the second-richest cardinal, not the wealthiest.
Pope Alexander VI became an open partisan of the French and Venetians after Cesare Borgia's marriage to Charlotte d'Albret.
Answer: True
Pope Alexander VI did become an open partisan of the French and Venetians after Cesare Borgia's marriage to Charlotte d'Albret, accepting their goal of destroying the Sforza hold on Milan.
Cardinal Giovanni Battista Ferrari and Cardinal Orsini both died of natural causes while Giuliano della Rovere was in conflict with Alexander VI.
Answer: False
Cardinal Giovanni Battista Ferrari and Cardinal Orsini both died under suspicious circumstances, reportedly poisoned, while Giuliano della Rovere was in conflict with Alexander VI.
Who was Giuliano della Rovere's uncle, who became Pope Sixtus IV and significantly influenced his early ecclesiastical career?
Answer: Fr. Francesco della Rovere
Giuliano della Rovere's uncle, Fr. Francesco della Rovere, became Pope Sixtus IV and appointed Giuliano to the cardinalate.
As Papal Legate to France in 1480, what was one of Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere's key missions?
Answer: To broker peace between King Louis XI and Archduke Maximilian of Austria.
As Papal Legate to France in 1480, Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere's mission included brokering peace between King Louis XI and Archduke Maximilian of Austria.
What unique privilege was associated with the office of Cardinal-bishop of Ostia, held by Giuliano della Rovere?
Answer: The privilege of consecrating an elected pope as a bishop if not already one.
The Cardinal-bishop of Ostia held the unique privilege of consecrating an elected pope as a bishop if the individual was not already one.
Who was Felice della Rovere?
Answer: The illegitimate daughter of Giuliano della Rovere.
Felice della Rovere was the illegitimate daughter of Giuliano della Rovere (Pope Julius II).
How did Cardinal della Rovere's influence change after the election of Pope Innocent VIII compared to Sixtus IV?
Answer: He became Innocent VIII's principal advisor and obtained whatever he desired.
After Pope Innocent VIII succeeded Sixtus IV, Cardinal della Rovere became the new Pope's principal advisor, gaining significant influence.
What was the outcome of the 'Conspiracy of the Barons' for the della Rovere family and Pope Innocent VIII?
Answer: It severely damaged the prestige of the della Rovere family and discredited Innocent VIII's papacy.
The 'Conspiracy of the Barons' severely damaged the prestige of the della Rovere family and discredited Innocent VIII's papacy after King Ferdinand I of Naples seized the barons' fiefs and executed them.
Who was elected Pope Alexander VI in the 1492 Papal Conclave, despite Cardinal della Rovere being a strong candidate?
Answer: Rodrigo Borgia
Rodrigo Borgia was elected Pope Alexander VI in the 1492 Papal Conclave, despite Cardinal della Rovere being a strong candidate.
Why did Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere withdraw to his fortress in Ostia after Alexander VI's election?
Answer: He was alarmed by the powerful position of Cardinal Ascanio Sforza and the Milanese faction.
Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere withdrew to Ostia after Alexander VI's election because he was alarmed by the powerful position of Cardinal Ascanio Sforza and the Milanese faction in the Pope's court.
What was Cardinal della Rovere's financial standing during Pope Alexander VI's call for a crusade in 1499?
Answer: He was the second-richest cardinal, with an annual income of 20,000 ducats.
During Pope Alexander VI's call for a crusade in 1499, Cardinal della Rovere was listed as the second-richest cardinal, with an annual income of 20,000 ducats.
What event led to Pope Alexander VI becoming an open partisan of the French and Venetians?
Answer: Cesare Borgia's marriage to Charlotte d'Albret.
Pope Alexander VI became an open partisan of the French and Venetians after Cesare Borgia's marriage to Charlotte d'Albret.
Pope Julius II, born Giuliano della Rovere, commenced his papacy on November 1, 1503, and served until his death in 1513.
Answer: True
Pope Julius II's birth name was Giuliano della Rovere, and his pontificate spanned from November 1, 1503, to February 21, 1513.
Despite conclave terms, Julius II's main goals were to centralize the Papal States and 'free Italy from the barbarians'.
Answer: True
Julius II's primary goals upon his coronation were indeed to centralize the Papal States and 'free Italy from the barbarians,' despite the conclave capitulation terms.
In his early papacy, Julius II sought to strengthen the House of Borgia's influence in Italy.
Answer: False
In his early papacy, Julius II actively targeted members of the House of Borgia, exiling them and destroying their influence, rather than strengthening it.
Giuliano della Rovere secured his election as Pope Julius II by promising Cesare Borgia continued papal backing and money.
Answer: True
Giuliano della Rovere secured his election as Pope Julius II by winning the support of Cesare Borgia through promises of money and continued papal backing for Borgia policies in Romagna.
Upon his election, Pope Julius II issued a *damnatio memoriae* against the Borgia family, ordering their name and memory to be forgotten.
Answer: True
Upon his election, Pope Julius II did issue a *damnatio memoriae* against the Borgia family, ordering their name and memory to be forgotten, their reign obliterated, and their bodies sent back to Spain.
Pope Julius II's bull *Ea quae pro bono pacis* confirmed papal disapproval of the *mare clausum* policy.
Answer: False
Pope Julius II's bull *Ea quae pro bono pacis* confirmed papal *approval* of the *mare clausum* policy pursued by Spain and Portugal, not disapproval.
Pope Julius II's entry into Rome on Palm Sunday, 1507, symbolized his ambition to lead a Latin-Christian empire and reestablish Rome's ancient glory.
Answer: True
Pope Julius II's entry into Rome on Palm Sunday, 1507, indeed symbolized his ambition to lead a Latin-Christian empire and reestablish Rome's ancient glory, presenting himself as both a second Julius Caesar and Christ's vicar.
What was Pope Julius II's birth name?
Answer: Giuliano della Rovere
Pope Julius II was born Giuliano della Rovere.
Despite the conclave capitulation terms, what were Julius II's two main proclaimed goals upon his coronation?
Answer: To centralize the Papal States and 'free Italy from the barbarians'.
Upon his coronation, Julius II proclaimed his main goals were to centralize the Papal States and 'free Italy from the barbarians,' despite the conclave capitulation terms.
How did Pope Julius II deal with the House of Borgia in his early papacy?
Answer: He exiled them or destroyed their influence, and Cesare Borgia lost his possessions.
In his early papacy, Pope Julius II targeted the House of Borgia, exiling them or destroying their influence, and Cesare Borgia lost his possessions.
How did Giuliano della Rovere secure his election as Pope Julius II in 1503?
Answer: By winning the support of Cesare Borgia with promises of money and papal backing.
Giuliano della Rovere secured his election as Pope Julius II in 1503 by winning the support of Cesare Borgia with promises of money and continued papal backing.
What drastic measure did Pope Julius II take against the Borgia family upon his election?
Answer: He issued a *damnatio memoriae*, ordering their name and memory to be forgotten.
Upon his election, Pope Julius II issued a *damnatio memoriae* against the Borgia family, ordering their name and memory to be forgotten.
What was the purpose of the papal bull *Ea quae pro bono pacis*, issued in 1506?
Answer: To confirm papal approval of the *mare clausum* policy and the Treaty of Tordesillas.
The papal bull *Ea quae pro bono pacis*, issued in 1506, confirmed papal approval of the *mare clausum* policy and the Treaty of Tordesillas.
What was the symbolic significance of Pope Julius II's entry into Rome on Palm Sunday, 1507?
Answer: It presented him as both a second Julius Caesar and Christ's vicar, aiming to reestablish Rome's glory.
Pope Julius II's entry into Rome on Palm Sunday, 1507, symbolized his ambition to lead a Latin-Christian empire and reestablish Rome's ancient glory, presenting himself as both a second Julius Caesar and Christ's vicar.
Pope Julius II's policies during the Italian Wars led to a decrease in the power and centralization of the Papal States.
Answer: False
Pope Julius II's policies during the Italian Wars significantly increased the power and centralization of the Papal States, ensuring the papacy's continued diplomatic and political importance.
Upon Julius II's election, the Kingdom of Naples was under French rule, and Louis XII controlled the Duchy of Milan.
Answer: False
When Julius II became pope, the Kingdom of Naples was under Spanish rule, while Louis XII of France controlled the Duchy of Milan.
The League of Cambrai was formed in 1508 as an anti-French alliance to capture territories in Italy.
Answer: False
The League of Cambrai, formed in December 1508, was an anti-Venetian alliance with the primary goal of capturing the coast of Romagna from the Venetian Republic, and it included France as a member.
After capturing the Romagna coast, Julius II formed the Holy League with France to expel Spanish presence from Italy.
Answer: False
After capturing the Romagna coast, Julius II reconciled with Venice and formed the Holy League with Venice and Ferdinand II of Aragon to expel the French presence from Italy, not the Spanish.
Pope Julius II personally led the papal armed forces at the victorious Siege of Mirandola in 1511.
Answer: True
Pope Julius II indeed personally led the papal armed forces at the victorious Siege of Mirandola in 1511.
At the Congress of Mantua in 1512, Julius II ordered the restoration of the Borgias to power in Milan.
Answer: False
At the Congress of Mantua in 1512, Julius II ordered the restoration of the Sforzas to power in Milan and the Medicis in Florence, not the Borgias.
The Battle of Agnadello in 1509 resulted in a decisive victory for Venice against the League of Cambrai.
Answer: False
The Battle of Agnadello in 1509 was a decisive victory for the League of Cambrai against Venice, leading to Venice's significant loss of dominion in Italy.
The Battle of Ravenna in 1512 was a decisive victory for the Holy League, leading to the immediate expulsion of French troops from Italy.
Answer: False
The Battle of Ravenna in 1512 was a victory for Louis XII of France against the Holy League, though French troops eventually withdrew from Italy later.
Pope Julius II re-established Medici rule in Florence by personally leading a papal army to oust Piero Soderini.
Answer: False
Pope Julius II re-established Medici rule in Florence by commanding Cardinal Medici to retake the city with a Spanish army, not by personally leading a papal army.
By the end of his pontificate, Julius II had fully realized his dream of a single independent Italian kingdom, free from foreign powers.
Answer: False
By the end of his pontificate, while Julius II had centralized and expanded the Papal States, he was far from realizing his dream of a single independent Italian kingdom, as foreign armies were still involved.
What significant impact did Pope Julius II's policies during the Italian Wars have on the Papal States?
Answer: They increased the power and centralization of the Papal States.
Pope Julius II's policies during the Italian Wars significantly increased the power and centralization of the Papal States, ensuring the papacy's continued diplomatic and political importance.
What was the political status of the Kingdom of Naples when Julius II became pope?
Answer: It was under Spanish rule.
When Julius II became pope, the Kingdom of Naples was under Spanish rule.
What was the primary goal of the League of Cambrai, formed in December 1508?
Answer: To capture the coast of Romagna from the Venetian Republic.
The primary goal of the League of Cambrai, formed in December 1508, was to capture the coast of Romagna from the Venetian Republic.
How did Julius II's alliances shift after achieving his initial goal in the War of the League of Cambrai?
Answer: He reconciled with Venice and formed the Holy League to expel the French.
After achieving his initial goal of capturing the Romagna coast, Julius II reconciled with Venice and formed the Holy League in 1511 to expel the French presence from Italy.
What significant military action did Pope Julius II personally lead?
Answer: The Siege of Mirandola
Pope Julius II personally led the papal armed forces at the victorious Siege of Mirandola in 1511.
Which families were restored to power in Milan and Florence, respectively, at the Congress of Mantua in 1512?
Answer: Sforzas in Milan and Medicis in Florence.
At the Congress of Mantua in 1512, Julius II ordered the restoration of the Sforzas to power in Milan and the Medicis in Florence.
Which territory did Pope Julius II desire from Venice as part of the League of Cambrai's territorial ambitions?
Answer: Venetian Romagna
As part of the League of Cambrai's territorial ambitions, Pope Julius II desired possession of Venetian Romagna.
What was the immediate consequence for Venice after the Battle of Agnadello in 1509?
Answer: Venice's dominion in Italy was practically lost to the pope.
The Battle of Agnadello in 1509 resulted in a decisive victory for the League of Cambrai, leading to Venice's dominion in Italy being practically lost to the pope.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Ravenna in 1512 for the Holy League?
Answer: A victory for Louis XII of France, though French troops eventually withdrew from Italy.
The Battle of Ravenna in 1512 resulted in a victory for Louis XII of France against the Holy League, though French troops eventually withdrew from Italy.
How did Pope Julius II re-establish Medici rule in Florence in 1512?
Answer: By commanding Cardinal Medici to retake Florence with a Spanish army.
Pope Julius II re-established Medici rule in Florence in 1512 by commanding Cardinal Medici to retake the city with a Spanish army.
What was Pope Julius II's ultimate goal for Italy by the end of his pontificate?
Answer: To make the Church the main force in the Italian Wars and liberate Italy from foreign powers.
By the end of his pontificate, Pope Julius II's ultimate goal was to make the Church the main force in the Italian Wars and to liberate Italy from foreign powers.
French bishops responded to Pope Julius II's policies by convening a synod at Tours and seeking his deposition.
Answer: True
French bishops did respond to Pope Julius II's policies by convening a synod at Tours in September 1510, where they withdrew from papal obedience and resolved to seek his dethronement.
The Fifth Lateran Council was convened by Pope Julius II to fulfill an oath made during his 1503 conclave.
Answer: True
The Fifth Lateran Council was indeed convened by Pope Julius II to fulfill an oath made as part of the Electoral Capitulations of his 1503 conclave.
How did French bishops respond to Pope Julius II's policies in September 1510?
Answer: They convened a synod at Tours, withdrew from papal obedience, and sought his dethronement.
In September 1510, French bishops convened a synod at Tours, where they withdrew from papal obedience and resolved to seek Pope Julius II's dethronement.
What oath did Pope Julius II fulfill by convening the Fifth Lateran Council in May 1512?
Answer: An oath to summon a general or ecumenical council as part of his 1503 conclave capitulations.
Pope Julius II convened the Fifth Lateran Council in May 1512 to fulfill an oath made as part of the Electoral Capitulations of his 1503 conclave, which required him to summon a general or ecumenical council.
What specific legislation did Pope Julius II aim to establish at the Fifth Lateran Council regarding papal conclaves?
Answer: Legislation against simony and to firmly fix these regulations in canon law.
At the Fifth Lateran Council, Pope Julius II aimed to establish legislation against simony in papal conclaves and to firmly fix these regulations in canon law.
Both the Vatican Museums and the Swiss Guard were established by Pope Julius II in 1506.
Answer: True
In 1506, Pope Julius II indeed established the Vatican Museums and organized the Swiss Guard for his personal protection.
Pope Julius II funded the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica primarily through direct taxation of the Italian nobility.
Answer: False
Pope Julius II primarily funded the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica by allowing individuals seeking indulgences to donate money to the Church, not through direct taxation of the nobility.
Pope Julius II initiated the demolition of the old Constantinian basilica and laid the foundation stone for the new St. Peter's Basilica.
Answer: True
Pope Julius II did initiate the demolition of the old Constantinian basilica and laid the foundation stone for the new St. Peter's Basilica on April 18, 1506.
Pope Julius II was a patron of Michelangelo, commissioning the painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
Answer: True
Pope Julius II was indeed a patron of Michelangelo and commissioned him to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Which two major institutions or projects did Pope Julius II initiate or organize in 1506?
Answer: The Vatican Museums and the Swiss Guard.
In 1506, Pope Julius II established the Vatican Museums and organized the Swiss Guard.
How did Pope Julius II primarily fund the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica?
Answer: By allowing individuals seeking indulgences to donate money.
Pope Julius II primarily funded the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica by allowing individuals seeking indulgences to donate money to the Church.
What was Pope Julius II's role in the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica?
Answer: He laid the foundation stone for the new St. Peter's Basilica and initiated the demolition of the old one.
Pope Julius II initiated the demolition of the old Constantinian basilica and laid the foundation stone for the new St. Peter's Basilica on April 18, 1506.
Which renowned Renaissance artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?
Answer: Michelangelo
Pope Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Pope Julius II was commonly referred to as the 'Scholar Pope' due to his extensive theological contributions.
Answer: False
Pope Julius II was known by nicknames such as the 'Warrior Pope' or 'Fearsome Pope,' not the 'Scholar Pope,' and was not noted for extensive theological writings.
Erasmus of Rotterdam satirized Pope Julius II after his death in the work *Julius Excluded from Heaven*.
Answer: True
Erasmus of Rotterdam indeed fiercely satirized Pope Julius II in his posthumous work *Julius Excluded from Heaven*.
Pope Julius II died of a sudden stroke in May 1512, shortly after the Fifth Lateran Council began.
Answer: False
Pope Julius II died of a fever in the night of February 20–21, 1513, after a prolonged illness, not a sudden stroke in May 1512.
Pope Julius II is buried in San Pietro in Vincoli, where Michelangelo's famous tomb for him is located.
Answer: False
Pope Julius II is actually buried in St. Peter's Basilica, alongside his uncle Pope Sixtus IV. Michelangelo's famous tomb in San Pietro in Vincoli is an abbreviated version of the original design, and his remains were desecrated during the Sack of Rome.
Historians generally describe Pope Julius II as a calm and humorous leader, despite his political ambitions.
Answer: False
Historians generally describe Pope Julius II as manly, virile, energetic, with a violent temper, gruff manner, and little sense of humor, not calm and humorous.
Pope Julius II wore a beard as a sign of mourning, a practice that was unusual for popes since the 13th century.
Answer: True
Pope Julius II did wear a beard from 1511 to 1512 as a sign of mourning, a practice that was highly unusual for popes since the 13th century.
Niccolò Machiavelli's *The Prince* depicts Pope Julius II as a weak and indecisive leader.
Answer: False
Niccolò Machiavelli's *The Prince* depicts Pope Julius II as an example of an ecclesiastical prince who successfully consolidates authority and wisely navigates fortune, not as a weak and indecisive leader.
Barbara Tuchman's *The March of Folly* offers a positive assessment of Pope Julius II's role in preventing the Protestant Reformation.
Answer: False
Barbara Tuchman's *The March of Folly* offers a strongly negative assessment of Pope Julius II's career, attributing the Protestant Reformation to his and other Renaissance popes' abuses, rather than praising him.
Which of the following was NOT a nickname commonly associated with Pope Julius II?
Answer: The Scholar Pope
Pope Julius II was known by nicknames such as the 'Warrior Pope,' 'Battle Pope,' or 'Fearsome Pope,' but not the 'Scholar Pope'.
Who fiercely satirized Pope Julius II after his death in the work *Julius Excluded from Heaven*?
Answer: Erasmus of Rotterdam
Erasmus of Rotterdam fiercely satirized Pope Julius II after his death in his work *Julius Excluded from Heaven*.
What were the circumstances surrounding Pope Julius II's death?
Answer: He died of a fever in the night of February 20–21, 1513, after a prolonged illness.
Pope Julius II died of a fever in the night of February 20–21, 1513, after a prolonged illness that began in May 1512.
Where is Pope Julius II actually buried?
Answer: In St. Peter's Basilica, alongside his uncle Pope Sixtus IV.
Pope Julius II is actually buried in St. Peter's Basilica, alongside his uncle Pope Sixtus IV.
How do historians generally describe Pope Julius II's character?
Answer: As manly, virile, energetic, with a violent temper and little sense of humor.
Historians generally describe Pope Julius II as manly, virile, energetic, courageous, with a violent temper, gruff manner, and little sense of humor.
What was unusual about Pope Julius II's physical appearance, as depicted in Raphael's portrait?
Answer: He was shown with a full beard, a practice generally forbidden for popes since the 13th century.
Pope Julius II was depicted with a full beard, a practice generally forbidden for popes since the 13th century, which he wore as a sign of mourning.
How is Pope Julius II depicted in Niccolò Machiavelli's *The Prince*?
Answer: As an example of an ecclesiastical prince who successfully consolidates authority and navigates fortune.
In Niccolò Machiavelli's *The Prince*, Pope Julius II is depicted as an example of an ecclesiastical prince who successfully consolidates authority and wisely navigates fortune.
What was Barbara Tuchman's assessment of Pope Julius II in *The March of Folly*?
Answer: She offered a strongly negative assessment, attributing the Protestant Reformation to his and other Renaissance popes' abuses.
Barbara Tuchman's *The March of Folly* offers a strongly negative assessment of Pope Julius II's career, attributing the Protestant Reformation to his and other Renaissance popes' abuses.