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The Portolá expedition was the first recorded European exploration of the interior of present-day California, aiming to assert Spanish land claims.
Answer: True
The Portolá expedition, from 1769 to 1770, was indeed the first recorded European exploration of the interior of present-day California, with the primary objective of surveying Alta California and asserting Spanish land claims against potential foreign expansion.
The Portolá expedition was motivated by King Charles III's concerns about Russian advancements from Alaska and British expansion in Canada.
Answer: True
King Charles III's concerns about Russian advancements from Alaska and British expansion in Canada were indeed key motivations for the Portolá expedition, as Spain sought to secure its territorial claims along the Pacific coast.
California was first claimed by the Spanish Empire in 1542 by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, extending the claim as far north as forty-two degrees north latitude.
Answer: True
The territory of California was first claimed by the Spanish Empire in 1542 through Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo's exploration, with the claim extending to forty-two degrees north latitude.
Francis Drake established England's competing claim in California in 1579 by sailing directly from Europe to the California coast.
Answer: False
Francis Drake established England's competing claim in California in 1579 by following the trans-Pacific route from the Philippines, not by sailing directly from Europe.
Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho's writings from 1596 were carried by the Portolá expedition to guide them along the California coast.
Answer: True
Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho's 1596 writings, which described the California coastline, were indeed carried by the Portolá expedition to serve as a guide.
Sebastián Vizcaíno's 1602 expedition primarily focused on establishing permanent settlements in San Diego and Monterey.
Answer: False
Sebastián Vizcaíno's 1602 expedition surveyed locations like San Diego and Monterey for *future* colonization, but did not establish permanent settlements at that time.
The Spanish Empire delayed settlement in California for 160 years after Vizcaíno's expedition due to a lack of interest in the region.
Answer: False
The Spanish Empire delayed settlement in California for 160 years after Vizcaíno's expedition primarily due to European affairs taking precedence, rather than a lack of interest in the region itself.
The expulsion of the Jesuit order from the Spanish kingdom in 1767 led to Franciscans replacing them in Las Californias.
Answer: True
The expulsion of the Jesuit order from the Spanish kingdom by King Charles III in 1767 directly led to their replacement by Franciscans in Las Californias, who were then tasked with establishing a new mission network.
What was the primary objective of the Portolá expedition?
Answer: To survey Alta California and assert Spanish land claims against potential Russian and British expansion.
Who organized the Portolá expedition, motivated by concerns about foreign expansion?
Answer: José de Gálvez
When was the territory now known as California first claimed by the Spanish Empire?
Answer: 1542
Who established a competing claim for England in California in 1579?
Answer: Francis Drake
What role did Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho's writings play for the Portolá expedition?
Answer: They described the features of the California coastline and guided the expedition.
Why did the Spanish Empire delay settlement and exploration in California for 160 years after Vizcaíno's expedition?
Answer: Affairs in Europe took precedence, occupying maritime powers.
What significant event in 1767 led to a change in the religious administration of Las Californias?
Answer: The expulsion of the Jesuit order from the Spanish kingdom.
Which Spanish king's realization of the Pacific coast's importance motivated the Portolá expedition?
Answer: Charles III
Gaspar de Portolá was a French military officer who organized the expedition to counter British expansion.
Answer: False
Gaspar de Portolá was a Spanish Catalan military officer and governor of Las Californias, not French. The expedition was organized by José de Gálvez, motivated by concerns about Russian and British expansion.
The initial assignment for the Portolá expedition was to establish a settlement at Soromenho's 'Bay of San Francisco' before proceeding to Monterey.
Answer: False
The initial assignment was to establish a settlement at the 'port of Monterey' first, and then proceed north to locate Soromenho's 'Bay of San Francisco'.
Junípero Serra was a key participant in the Portolá expedition, leading the Franciscan missionary team.
Answer: True
Junípero Serra was indeed a key participant in the Portolá expedition, assigned to head the Franciscan missionary team, demonstrating the religious component of the Spanish colonization effort.
Lieutenant Pedro Fages was aboard the flagship San Carlos with 25 Catalan volunteers when it departed for San Diego.
Answer: True
Lieutenant Pedro Fages, along with 25 Catalan volunteers, was indeed aboard the flagship *San Carlos* when it departed from La Paz for San Diego.
Junípero Serra's chronic leg infection forced him to withdraw from the Portolá expedition before reaching San Diego.
Answer: False
Despite suffering from a chronic leg infection, Junípero Serra refused to withdraw from the Portolá expedition and continued the arduous journey, demonstrating his unwavering commitment.
Who led the Portolá expedition and held the title of governor of Las Californias?
Answer: Gaspar de Portolá
What was the initial primary settlement assignment for the Portolá expedition?
Answer: To find and settle the port of Monterey.
Which of the following was NOT a key participant in the Portolá expedition?
Answer: Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
What physical challenge did Junípero Serra face during the expedition, which he refused to let deter him?
Answer: A chronic infection of his left foot and leg.
What was the total number of men involved in the Portolá expedition?
Answer: 74
What was the name of the Spanish colonial province that Gaspar de Portolá governed, encompassing California and parts of Mexico?
Answer: Las Californias
The first leg of the Portolá expedition from Baja California to San Diego involved only land-based groups.
Answer: False
The first leg of the Portolá expedition from Baja California to San Diego was a coordinated effort involving both land-based groups and three sea-based galleons.
The galleons San Carlos, San Antonio, and San José all successfully reached San Diego despite facing challenges.
Answer: False
While the *San Carlos* and *San Antonio* reached San Diego, the *San José* was lost at sea and never arrived.
Captain Fernando Rivera acquired horses and mules for his land expedition by purchasing them from local Native American tribes.
Answer: False
Captain Fernando Rivera acquired horses and mules for his land expedition from existing Catholic missions in Baja California, not by purchasing them from Native American tribes.
Portolá's second land group included 44 Christian Indians who served as servants and interpreters.
Answer: True
Portolá's second land group, which departed from Loreto, included 44 Christian Indians from Baja California who served as servants and interpreters, highlighting the diverse composition of the expedition.
Upon arrival in San Diego, the sea expedition members were in excellent health, having avoided scurvy due to fresh provisions.
Answer: False
Upon arrival in San Diego, many sea expedition members were severely ill, primarily from scurvy, a common and often fatal disease on long sea voyages, and not in excellent health.
Captain Rivera's column established their camp in San Diego directly on the coast to facilitate resupply from ships.
Answer: False
Captain Rivera's column established their camp on a hill slightly inland near the San Diego River, which later became the Presidio of San Diego, rather than directly on the coast.
The San Antonio was dispatched back to San Blas with a full crew of healthy sailors to carry important letters.
Answer: False
The *San Antonio* was dispatched back to San Blas with a very small crew, and several sailors died during the voyage due to harsh conditions, indicating they were not a full crew of healthy sailors.
The establishment of Mission San Diego by Junípero Serra and other friars marked the beginning of a chain of twenty-one missions in Alta California.
Answer: True
The establishment of Mission San Diego by Junípero Serra and other friars was indeed the first in a chain of twenty-one missions founded in Alta California, aimed at converting native populations to Christianity.
How was the first leg of the Portolá expedition from Baja California to San Diego structured?
Answer: Into five groups, with three by sea and two by land.
Which of the following galleons was lost at sea during the expedition and never reached San Diego?
Answer: San José
What was the primary cause of severe illness and death among the sea expedition members upon their arrival in San Diego?
Answer: Scurvy, a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency.
Where did Captain Rivera's column establish their camp in San Diego, which later became the Presidio of San Diego?
Answer: On a hill slightly inland near the San Diego River.
The Portolá party experienced a strong earthquake near the Santa Ana River, which led to the naming of the future site of Los Angeles.
Answer: True
The Portolá party experienced a strong earthquake near the Santa Ana River, and subsequently, Friar Crespí named a nearby river *El Río de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula*, which is the site of the future pueblo of Los Angeles.
The Portolá expedition failed to recognize Monterey Bay in 1769 because it was obscured by heavy fog for several days.
Answer: False
The Portolá expedition failed to recognize Monterey Bay in 1769 because it did not match Vizcaíno's 'grand scale' description, and the expected supply ship was missing, rather than due to heavy fog.
By October 1769, at least ten expedition members were being carried on litters due to injuries sustained in a skirmish with Native Americans.
Answer: False
By October 1769, at least ten expedition members were being carried on litters due to the debilitating effects of scurvy, a common disease among explorers, not from injuries sustained in a skirmish with Native Americans.
Drakes Bay was known as the 'port of San Francisco' by previous European explorers before the Portolá expedition.
Answer: True
Drakes Bay was indeed known as the 'port of San Francisco' by previous European explorers, leading to initial confusion for the Portolá expedition regarding the true San Francisco Bay.
Friar Juan Crespí was the first European to discover what is now known as San Francisco Bay.
Answer: False
Sergeant José Francisco Ortega, leading a party of scouts, was the first European to discover what is now known as San Francisco Bay, not Friar Juan Crespí, though Crespí later described it.
The most notable discovery of the Portolá expedition was the Colorado River, which opened a new route to the interior.
Answer: False
The most notable discovery of the Portolá expedition was San Francisco Bay, a vast natural harbor previously unknown to Europeans, not the Colorado River.
What significant natural phenomenon did the Portolá party experience near the future site of Los Angeles?
Answer: A strong earthquake followed by aftershocks.
Why did the Portolá expedition initially fail to recognize Monterey Bay in 1769?
Answer: It did not match the 'grand scale' description by Vizcaíno, and the supply ship was missing.
What was known as the 'port of San Francisco' by previous European explorers at the time of the Portolá expedition?
Answer: Drakes Bay
Who was the first European to discover what is now known as San Francisco Bay during the expedition?
Answer: Sergeant José Francisco Ortega
What was Friar Juan Crespí's description of the newly discovered San Francisco Bay?
Answer: A very large and fine harbor capable of sheltering all of Europe's navies.
What was the most notable discovery of the Portolá expedition?
Answer: San Francisco Bay
What was the name of the river that Friar Crespí named *El Río de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula*?
Answer: Los Angeles River
During the return trip, an officers' council decided to leave some men behind at Monterey Bay in hopes of a supply ship arriving.
Answer: False
During the return trip, the officers' council explicitly decided that no one would be left behind at Monterey Bay, reflecting the dire circumstances and the need to keep the expedition together.
Portolá ordered a large wooden cross to be planted near Point Pinos on December 10, 1769, with a letter buried at its foot for passing ships.
Answer: True
On December 10, 1769, Portolá indeed ordered a large wooden cross to be planted near Point Pinos, with a letter buried at its foot, serving as a marker and message for any future Spanish ships.
Upon their return to San Diego in January 1770, all members of the Portolá party had survived the six-month journey.
Answer: False
Upon their return to San Diego in January 1770, all but five men who had deserted had survived the six-month journey, meaning not all members completed the expedition.
Junípero Serra expressed great satisfaction that the Portolá party had successfully located Monterey Bay on their first attempt.
Answer: False
Junípero Serra expressed dismay and incredulity, not satisfaction, that the Portolá party had failed to locate Monterey Bay on their first attempt, famously stating, 'You come from Rome without having seen the pope.'
What symbolic act did Portolá order on December 10, 1769, during the return journey near Point Pinos?
Answer: He planted a large wooden cross with a letter buried at its foot.
What was Junípero Serra's famous reaction to the Portolá party's failure to find Monterey Bay on their first attempt?
Answer: "You come from Rome without having seen the pope."
The primary goal of the second expedition to Monterey Bay in 1770 was to establish a permanent Spanish settlement.
Answer: True
The primary goal of the second expedition to Monterey Bay in 1770 was indeed to successfully locate the bay and establish a permanent Spanish settlement, rectifying the failure of the first attempt.
Portolá's second overland party to Monterey suffered significant illnesses and lost several men during their five-week journey.
Answer: False
Portolá's second overland party to Monterey did not lose a single man or suffer any significant illnesses during their five-week journey, with only minor exceptions like an eye infection.
The San Antonio arrived in Monterey Bay on May 31, 1770, after sailing directly from San Diego without incident.
Answer: False
The *San Antonio* arrived in Monterey Bay on May 31, 1770, but only after being buffeted by unfavorable winds and sailing as far north as the Farallon Islands, indicating a challenging journey, not one without incident.
In 1770, Portolá founded the Presidio of Monterey, and Serra founded Mission San Carlos Borromeo, establishing a permanent Spanish presence.
Answer: True
In 1770, Portolá founded the Presidio of Monterey and Serra founded Mission San Carlos Borromeo, successfully establishing a permanent Spanish military and religious presence in Alta California.
What was the primary goal of the second expedition to Monterey Bay in 1770?
Answer: To successfully locate the bay and establish a permanent Spanish settlement.
What was the condition of Portolá's second overland party upon their arrival at Monterey Bay in May 1770?
Answer: They did not lose a single man or suffer any illnesses, except for an eye infection.
What significant establishments did Portolá and Serra found in Monterey in 1770?
Answer: The Presidio of Monterey and Mission San Carlos Borromeo.
Native Americans at Monterey Bay removed the wooden cross planted by Portolá, showing hostility towards the Spanish.
Answer: False
Native Americans at Monterey Bay did not remove the wooden cross; instead, they surrounded it with offerings like feathers, broken arrows, sardines, and meat, suggesting reverence rather than hostility.
Interactions between the Spanish expedition and Native American tribes were generally peaceful, with tribes often offering guidance and supplies.
Answer: True
Interactions between the Spanish expedition and Native American tribes were generally peaceful, with many tribes described as welcoming and helpful, offering guidance and supplies to the explorers.
The Spanish prioritized bringing crucial food supplies over trinkets to ensure peaceful relations with Native Americans.
Answer: False
The Spanish prioritized bringing items and trinkets like glass beads to trade with Native Americans, allocating valuable space for them instead of more crucial food supplies, as a strategy to foster peaceful relations.
The long-term goals of the Spanish regarding Native Americans included establishing settlements, introducing farming, and converting them to Christianity.
Answer: True
The long-term goals of the Spanish regarding Native Americans in Alta California included establishing settlements, introducing farming practices, and converting them to Christianity, making peaceful coexistence during the expedition crucial.
What did Portolá, Crespí, and a guard discover at the site of the previously planted cross near Monterey Bay?
Answer: The cross surrounded by feathers, broken arrows, and offerings of food.
What was the general nature of interactions between the Spanish expedition and Native American tribes in Alta California?
Answer: Mostly peaceful, with tribes often welcoming and helpful.
What items did the Spanish bring to trade with Native Americans, often prioritizing them over crucial food supplies?
Answer: Glass beads and trinkets
The Portolá expedition lasted for exactly one year, from July 1769 to July 1770.
Answer: False
The Portolá expedition lasted 195 days, from July 14, 1769, to January 24, 1770, not a full year.
Friar Juan Crespí served as the official diarist for the Franciscan missionaries throughout the Portolá expedition.
Answer: True
Friar Juan Crespí was indeed selected as the official diarist for the Franciscan missionaries, and his detailed records provide a crucial historical account of the Portolá expedition.
The Portolá expedition established the Camino Real, an overland route integral to the settlement of Alta California and the establishment of Franciscan missions.
Answer: True
The Portolá expedition, along with the later de Anza expedition, established the overland route known as the Camino Real, which was integral to the settlement of Alta California and the establishment of Franciscan missions.
The Franciscan missions established along the expedition's route primarily served as military outposts to defend against Russian expansion.
Answer: False
The Franciscan missions primarily served as nuclei of permanent settlements, fostered a cattle ranching economy, and were instrumental in converting Native Americans to Christianity, rather than solely acting as military outposts.
Only two diaries, one by Portolá and one by Crespí, provide detailed insight into the expedition's daily movements.
Answer: False
Three diaries provide detailed insight into the expedition's daily movements: one by Portolá, one by Miguel Costansó, and the most complete by Friar Juan Crespí, not just two.
After Portolá's return, Pedro Fages was promoted to captain and continued leading exploratory trips to the east side of San Francisco Bay.
Answer: True
After Portolá's return to New Spain, Pedro Fages was indeed promoted to captain and appointed lieutenant governor of Alta California, continuing to lead exploratory trips, including those to the east side of San Francisco Bay.
How long did the Portolá expedition last from start to finish?
Answer: 195 days
Who was the official diarist for the Franciscan missionaries during the Portolá expedition?
Answer: Friar Juan Crespí
How did the Portolá expedition contribute to the settlement of Alta California?
Answer: It established the overland route north to San Francisco, known as the Camino Real.
What was the primary role of the Franciscan missions established along the expedition's route?
Answer: To act as nuclei of permanent settlements, foster a cattle ranching economy, and convert Native Americans.
Which of the following individuals did NOT keep a diary that provides detailed insight into the Portolá expedition?
Answer: Junípero Serra
What role did Pedro Fages play after Portolá's return to New Spain in 1770?
Answer: He was promoted to captain and lieutenant governor of Alta California, leading further explorations.