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Total Categories: 7
Pre-Indo-European languages are a genetically related family of languages that exclusively predated Indo-European languages in Europe.
Answer: False
The source clarifies that pre-Indo-European languages are not necessarily related to each other, and some linguists propose that certain unclassified languages arrived in Europe after Indo-European languages, challenging the notion of exclusive predating.
The earliest known Indo-European language texts are Hittite, originating from the 19th century BC in modern Turkey.
Answer: True
The oldest Indo-European language texts are indeed Hittite, dating from the 19th century BC in Kültepe, located in modern eastern Turkey.
Spoken Indo-European languages are definitively known to have developed by the 5th millennium BC.
Answer: False
While estimates vary, spoken Indo-European languages are believed to have developed at the latest by the 3rd millennium BC, not definitively by the 5th millennium BC.
Before World War II, the term 'Asianic languages' was used exclusively for non-Indo-European languages in Europe and the Near East.
Answer: False
The term 'Asianic languages' was commonly used for *all unclassified languages* of Europe and the Near East before World War II, including some later identified as Indo-European, not exclusively for non-Indo-European ones.
Lydian was initially classified as an 'Asianic' language but was later reclassified as an Indo-European language.
Answer: True
Lydian was indeed one of the languages initially referred to as 'Asianic' that was subsequently reclassified as an Indo-European language.
Hurro-Urartian and Sumerian were initially called 'Asianic' but were later classified as distinct pre-Indo-European language families or isolates.
Answer: True
Languages such as Hurro-Urartian and Sumerian were initially termed 'Asianic' but were later recognized as distinct pre-Indo-European language families or isolates.
Some linguists reject the term 'pre-Indo-European' because they believe certain unclassified languages arrived in Europe after Indo-European languages.
Answer: True
The term 'pre-Indo-European' is not universally accepted, as some linguists argue that certain unclassified languages may have arrived in Europe after the Indo-European languages.
The term 'Paleo-European languages' is a universally applicable alternative for all pre-Indo-European languages, both within and outside Europe.
Answer: False
The term 'Paleo-European languages' is proposed for languages that existed before or alongside Indo-European languages *in Europe*, and is not applicable to those outside Europe.
The proposition of Atlantic (Semitic) languages as a pre-Indo-European grouping is generally accepted by modern linguists.
Answer: False
The proposition of Atlantic (Semitic) languages as a pre-Indo-European grouping is generally *rejected* by modern linguists.
What is a defining characteristic of pre-Indo-European languages?
Answer: They are ancient languages that existed before or alongside Indo-European languages, not necessarily related to each other.
Pre-Indo-European languages are defined as ancient languages that existed before or alongside Indo-European languages in specific regions of Eurasia, and they are not necessarily genetically related to one another.
When do the oldest Indo-European language texts date from, and what language are they?
Answer: 19th century BC, Hittite
The oldest Indo-European language texts are Hittite, dating from the 19th century BC.
What term was commonly used for unclassified languages in Europe and the Near East before World War II?
Answer: Asianic languages
Before World War II, the term 'Asianic languages' was commonly used for all unclassified languages of Europe and the Near East.
Which language, initially called 'Asianic,' was later reclassified as an Indo-European language?
Answer: Lydian
Lydian was initially classified as 'Asianic' but was later reclassified as an Indo-European language.
Which of the following was initially classified as 'Asianic' but later identified as a distinct pre-Indo-European language family or isolate?
Answer: Hurro-Urartian
Hurro-Urartian was initially called 'Asianic' but was later classified as a distinct pre-Indo-European language family or isolate.
What is a reason some linguists do not universally accept the term 'pre-Indo-European'?
Answer: They propose some unclassified languages arrived in Europe after Indo-European languages.
Some linguists do not universally accept the term 'pre-Indo-European' because they propose that certain unclassified languages may have arrived in Europe after the Indo-European languages.
The term 'Paleo-European languages' is proposed as an alternative for pre-Indo-European languages, but where is its applicability limited?
Answer: To languages that existed before or alongside Indo-European languages in Europe.
The term 'Paleo-European languages' is applicable only to languages that existed before or alongside Indo-European languages *in Europe*, not universally.
Which proposed pre-Indo-European language grouping is generally rejected by modern linguists?
Answer: Atlantic (Semitic) languages
The proposition of Atlantic (Semitic) languages as a pre-Indo-European grouping is generally rejected by modern linguists.
The Basque language is the only surviving pre-Indo-European language in Europe, with over a million native speakers.
Answer: False
Basque is a surviving pre-Indo-European language in Europe, but it has fewer than a million native speakers, primarily in the Iberian Peninsula and France.
The Kartvelian, Northeast Caucasian, and Northwest Caucasian languages are pre-Indo-European groups still intact in the Caucasus region, with Northwest Caucasian having the highest language security.
Answer: False
While Kartvelian, Northeast Caucasian, and Northwest Caucasian languages are intact in the Caucasus, the Northwest Caucasian languages are noted for having the *least* language security, not the highest.
Georgian, Abkhaz, and Chechen are examples of specific languages within the surviving Caucasian pre-Indo-European language groups.
Answer: True
Georgian, Abkhaz, and Chechen are explicitly mentioned as specific examples within the Kartvelian, Northwest Caucasian, and Northeast Caucasian language groups, respectively.
The Paleosiberian languages are identified as surviving pre-Indo-European languages in Northern Eurasia.
Answer: True
The Paleosiberian languages are indeed identified as surviving pre-Indo-European languages in the Northern Eurasian region.
Which pre-Indo-European language has maintained localized strength in Europe with fewer than a million native speakers?
Answer: Basque
The Basque language is the only surviving pre-Indo-European language in Europe explicitly mentioned as maintaining localized strength with fewer than a million native speakers.
Which of the following pre-Indo-European language groups in the Caucasus region is noted for having the least language security?
Answer: Northwest Caucasian languages
Among the pre-Indo-European language groups in the Caucasus, the Northwest Caucasian languages are specifically noted for having the least language security.
Which of these languages is an example of a surviving Caucasian pre-Indo-European language?
Answer: Georgian
Georgian is explicitly mentioned as a specific example within the surviving Caucasian pre-Indo-European language groups (Kartvelian).
What group of pre-Indo-European languages is still spoken in Northern Eurasia?
Answer: Paleosiberian languages
The Paleosiberian languages are identified as surviving pre-Indo-European languages in Northern Eurasia.
Dravidian languages, including Telugu and Tamil, are widely spoken in the Indian subcontinent with over 250 million native speakers.
Answer: True
Dravidian languages, including Telugu and Tamil, are indeed very widespread in the Indian subcontinent, with over 250 million native speakers.
Besides Dravidian languages, Munda, Tibeto-Burman, Nihali, Kusunda, Vedda, and Burushaski are also surviving pre-Indo-European languages in the Indian subcontinent.
Answer: True
In addition to Dravidian, the Munda, Tibeto-Burman, Nihali, Kusunda, Vedda, and Burushaski languages are indeed listed as surviving pre-Indo-European languages in the Indian subcontinent.
Which of the following is a major Dravidian language widely spoken in the Indian subcontinent?
Answer: Malayalam
Malayalam is listed as one of the four major Dravidian languages widely spoken in the Indian subcontinent.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a specific surviving pre-Indo-European language in the Indian subcontinent?
Answer: Sumerian
Sumerian is not listed among the surviving pre-Indo-European languages in the Indian subcontinent; it is an ancient language isolate from Mesopotamia.
Hattic, Colchian, and Akkadian are suggested as substrate influences on Pre-Anatolian Indo-European languages.
Answer: True
Hattic, Colchian, and Akkadian are all listed as suggested substrate influences on Pre-Anatolian Indo-European languages.
The Hurro-Urartian languages and Aramaic are proposed as substrata for Pre-Armenian.
Answer: True
The Hurro-Urartian languages and Aramaic are indeed proposed as substrata that influenced Pre-Armenian.
The Harappan language, despite being unattested in readable script, is a proposed source for the substrate in Vedic Sanskrit.
Answer: True
The Harappan language, though its script remains undeciphered, is a proposed source for the substrate in Vedic Sanskrit.
Which of the following is suggested as a substrate influence on Pre-Anatolian Indo-European languages?
Answer: Hattic
Hattic is listed as a suggested substrate influence on Pre-Anatolian Indo-European languages.
What languages are proposed as substrata for Pre-Armenian?
Answer: Hurro-Urartian and Aramaic
The Hurro-Urartian languages and Aramaic are proposed as substrata for Pre-Armenian.
Which of the following is a proposed source for the substrate in Vedic Sanskrit, despite its language not being attested?
Answer: Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex
The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex is a proposed source for the substrate in Vedic Sanskrit, even though its specific language is not attested.
In 1953, Johannes Hubschmid identified exactly three pre-Indo-European language families in Western Europe, including Etruscan.
Answer: False
Johannes Hubschmid identified at least *five* pre-Indo-European language families in Western Europe in 1953, not exactly three, with Etruscan being one of them.
Old European hydronymy, the Vasconic substrate hypothesis, and the Tyrsenian languages are suggested substrate influences on early Indo-European languages in Western Europe.
Answer: True
Old European hydronymy, the Vasconic substrate hypothesis, and the Tyrsenian languages are all cited as suggested substrate influences on early Indo-European languages in Western Europe.
Minoan, Eteocretan, and Eteocypriot are considered potential Pre-Greek substrate languages, associated with ancient scripts.
Answer: True
Minoan, Eteocretan, and Eteocypriot are indeed considered potential Pre-Greek substrate languages, each associated with specific ancient scripts.
The Germanic substrate hypothesis is the primary theory suggesting an influence from non-Indo-European languages on Germanic development.
Answer: True
The Germanic substrate hypothesis is explicitly identified as the primary theory positing non-Indo-European influence on the development of Germanic languages.
The Goidelic substrate hypothesis applies to Continental Celtic, while Paleohispanic languages are proposed for Insular Celtic.
Answer: False
The Goidelic substrate hypothesis is proposed for *Insular Celtic*, while Paleohispanic languages are proposed for *Continental Celtic*.
The Tyrsenian languages, including Etruscan and Raetic, are considered Pre-Italic substrata.
Answer: True
The Tyrsenian languages, which include Etruscan and Raetic, are indeed listed among the proposed Pre-Italic substrata.
According to Johannes Hubschmid's 1953 classification, which of the following was identified as a pre-Indo-European language family in Western Europe?
Answer: Etruscan
In his 1953 classification, Johannes Hubschmid identified Etruscan as one of the pre-Indo-European language families in Western Europe.
Which of these is NOT a suggested substrate influence on early Indo-European languages in Western Europe?
Answer: Hurro-Urartian languages
Hurro-Urartian languages are proposed as substrata for Pre-Armenian and were spoken in the Near East, not typically cited as a direct substrate influence on early Indo-European languages in Western Europe.
Which of the following is considered a potential Pre-Greek substrate language?
Answer: Minoan
Minoan is listed as a potential Pre-Greek substrate language, associated with Linear A and Cretan hieroglyphs.
What is the main hypothesis concerning a Pre-Germanic substrate?
Answer: The Germanic substrate hypothesis
The Germanic substrate hypothesis is identified as the primary theory regarding a Pre-Germanic substrate.
Which of the following is proposed as a Pre-Celtic language for Insular Celtic in the British Isles?
Answer: Goidelic substrate hypothesis
The Goidelic substrate hypothesis is proposed for Insular Celtic in the British Isles.
Which of these is NOT listed as a Pre-Italic substratum?
Answer: Hurro-Urartian languages
Hurro-Urartian languages are proposed as substrata for Pre-Armenian, not as Pre-Italic substrata.
Some pre-Indo-European languages are only known through their influence as linguistic substrata or through place names.
Answer: True
Many pre-Indo-European languages are indeed only attested as linguistic substrata in Indo-European languages or through toponyms, as they are no longer spoken.
The image caption describes a map showing the locations of documented Pre-Indo-European speaking populations.
Answer: True
The image caption explicitly states it references a map illustrating the locations where documented Pre-Indo-European speaking populations were found.
Kaskian and Paleo-Sardinian are hypothesized pre-Indo-European languages that are currently unattested.
Answer: True
Kaskian and Paleo-Sardinian are indeed listed as hypothesized pre-Indo-European languages that are currently unattested.
How can pre-Indo-European languages that are no longer spoken still be attested?
Answer: As linguistic substrata in Indo-European languages or through toponyms.
Pre-Indo-European languages no longer spoken can still be attested as linguistic substrata in Indo-European languages or through toponyms (place names).
Which of the following pre-Indo-European languages is attested through inscriptions?
Answer: Etruscan
Etruscan is explicitly listed among the pre-Indo-European languages attested through inscriptions.
Which of these is a hypothesized pre-Indo-European language that is currently unattested?
Answer: Paleo-Corsican
Paleo-Corsican is listed as a hypothesized pre-Indo-European language that is currently unattested.
Ancient Indo-European expansion primarily involved the spread of languages like English and Spanish through colonialism, while recent expansion saw the displacement of Celtic languages by Germanic or Romance varieties.
Answer: False
The article states that *ancient* replacements involved the displacement of Celtic languages, while *recent* expansions are linked to global colonialism and the spread of languages like English and Spanish.
Indigenous languages of the Americas and several Uralic languages are examples of linguistic islands surrounded by recently expanded Indo-European languages.
Answer: True
Indigenous languages of the Americas and several Uralic languages are explicitly cited as examples of linguistic islands created by recent Indo-European expansion.
How does the article differentiate between ancient and recent Indo-European language expansion?
Answer: Ancient expansion saw Celtic languages displaced, recent expansion is linked to global colonialism.
The article differentiates by stating that ancient replacements involved the displacement of Celtic languages, while recent expansions are primarily linked to global colonialism.
Which of the following represents a linguistic island formed by recent Indo-European expansion?
Answer: Indigenous languages of the Americas
Indigenous languages of the Americas are provided as a prime example of linguistic islands formed by recent Indo-European expansion.
What is the significance of creole languages in the context of Indo-European expansion?
Answer: They indicate linguistic blending from contact between colonial and indigenous languages.
Creole languages are significant because they demonstrate linguistic blending resulting from contact between Indo-European colonial languages and indigenous tongues.