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Public administration is defined exclusively as the academic study of government decision-making.
Answer: False
Public administration encompasses both an academic discipline and a field of practice, extending beyond merely studying government decision-making to include the implementation and management of public policy.
Evidence suggests that public administration practices existed in ancient Indian civilizations like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, evidenced by organized public servants and complex facilities.
Answer: True
The presence of organized public servants and sophisticated infrastructure such as granaries and bathhouses in ancient Indian sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro indicates the existence of early administrative systems.
Prior to the 19th century, public administration staffing was predominantly based on merit and competitive examinations.
Answer: False
Before the 19th century, public administration staffing was largely characterized by nepotism and political patronage, a practice commonly known as the 'spoils system,' rather than merit-based selection.
European imperialism did not significantly impact the development of public administration systems globally.
Answer: False
The expansion of European powers through imperialism necessitated and influenced the development of more complex public administration systems to manage colonial territories and populations.
Ancient China established a centralized bureaucratic state and a meritocracy based on civil service tests by the second century BC.
Answer: True
By the second century BC, ancient China had developed a highly centralized bureaucratic state and implemented a meritocracy through civil service examinations, setting early precedents for modern public administration.
The Legalist school, particularly figures like Shen Buhai, emphasized a merit system in administration and contained the seeds of the civil service examination.
Answer: True
The Legalist school, with proponents such as Shen Buhai, championed a merit-based approach to administration and is credited with laying the groundwork for the civil service examination system.
King Frederick William I of Prussia established professorships in Cameralism in the 18th century to promote military strategy.
Answer: False
In the 18th century, King Frederick William I of Prussia established Cameralism professorships to train public administrators in economic and social disciplines, rather than for military strategy.
Public perception of government in the US improved significantly from the 1950s to the 1970s due to events like Watergate.
Answer: False
Public perception of government in the US generally soured from the 1950s to the 1970s, influenced by events such as the Vietnam War and domestic scandals like Watergate, leading to increased scrutiny and calls for reform.
The Hoover Commission, chaired by Louis Brownlow, focused on examining legislative processes rather than government reorganization.
Answer: False
The Hoover Commission, under the chairmanship of Louis Brownlow, primarily focused on government reorganization and efficiency, not legislative processes.
According to the article, what are the two primary aspects of public administration?
Answer: Academic discipline and field of practice
Public administration is characterized as both an academic discipline that studies policy creation and implementation, and a practical field involving the management of public programs.
In an academic context, how is public administration defined according to the source?
Answer: The analysis of government decision-making, policy processes, and public institutions
Within an academic framework, public administration is characterized as the systematic study of governmental decision-making processes, policy analysis, and the operational dynamics of public institutions, often situated as a subfield of political science.
Which ancient Chinese practice, developed by the second century BC, is considered foundational to public administration and meritocracy?
Answer: A meritocracy based on civil service tests
Ancient China's development of a meritocracy through civil service tests by the second century BC is considered foundational to public administration and meritocratic principles.
What term describes the practice of staffing public administrations before the 19th century, characterized by nepotism and political patronage?
Answer: Spoils System
The practice of staffing public administrations before the 19th century, marked by nepotism and political patronage, is known as the 'spoils system'.
Which philosophical school in ancient China, represented by figures like Shen Buhai, emphasized a merit system and contained the 'seeds of the civil service examination'?
Answer: Legalism (Fa-Jia)
The Legalist school (Fa-Jia), particularly through figures like Shen Buhai, promoted a merit system in administration and is credited with containing the foundational elements of the civil service examination.
What was the purpose of King Frederick William I of Prussia establishing professorships in Cameralism?
Answer: To train public administrators in economic and social disciplines
King Frederick William I of Prussia established Cameralism professorships to educate individuals in economic and social disciplines, thereby training public administrators.
The shift in public perception of government from the 1950s to the 1970s in the US was characterized by:
Answer: Souring perception due to events like the Vietnam War and Watergate.
The period from the 1950s to the 1970s in the US saw a decline in public trust in government, influenced by events such as the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal.
What was the significance of Louis Brownlow's work mentioned in relation to the Hoover Commission?
Answer: He chaired the commission and later founded the Public Administration Service (PAS).
Louis Brownlow chaired the Hoover Commission, which focused on government reorganization, and subsequently founded the Public Administration Service (PAS).
Thomas Taylor Meadows attributed the longevity of the Chinese empire solely to its efficient military structure.
Answer: False
Thomas Taylor Meadows posited that the enduring nature of the Chinese empire was primarily due to its effective governance, which prioritized the advancement of talented individuals.
Lorenz von Stein, a mid-19th century German professor, is considered the founder of public administration science in many regions, advocating for a separation between theory and practice.
Answer: False
Lorenz von Stein is recognized as a founder of public administration science, but he advocated for an integration of theory and practice, viewing it as an integrating science reliant on multiple disciplines.
Woodrow Wilson, considered the 'father of public administration in the US,' believed the study of administration should focus only on discovering what government *cannot* successfully do.
Answer: False
Woodrow Wilson, the 'father of public administration in the US,' posited that the study of administration should focus on identifying what government *can* successfully do and how to achieve it efficiently.
Frederick Taylor's contribution to public administration in the 1920s focused on identifying the 'best way' to perform tasks through scientific analysis.
Answer: True
Frederick Taylor's work in the 1920s, particularly 'The Principles of Scientific Management,' emphasized the use of scientific analysis to determine the optimal method for task execution.
Donald Kettl argued that public administration suffered from being too methodologically advanced and having overly clear theoretical work.
Answer: False
Donald Kettl identified that public administration often lagged methodologically and struggled with unclear theoretical frameworks, posing challenges to the field's coherence.
Luther Gulick's POSDCORB acronym represents the core duties of administrators as Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting.
Answer: True
Luther Gulick formulated the POSDCORB acronym to encapsulate the fundamental administrative functions: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting.
The 'new public administration' movement emphasized themes like efficiency and cost reduction above all else.
Answer: False
The 'new public administration' movement, emerging from the 1968 Minnowbrook Conference, prioritized themes such as relevance, values, equity, and change, rather than solely efficiency and cost reduction.
New Public Management (NPM), proposed by Osborne and Gaebler, advocates for using private sector-style models to improve public sector efficiency.
Answer: True
New Public Management (NPM), as articulated by Osborne and Gaebler, promotes the adoption of private sector management techniques and organizational structures to enhance the efficiency and responsiveness of the public sector.
Digital Era Governance (DEG) is considered a predecessor to New Public Management, focusing on traditional bureaucratic structures.
Answer: False
Digital Era Governance (DEG) is considered a successor to New Public Management, characterized by its focus on reintegrating government responsibilities and leveraging information technology.
The 'settlement model' of public administration highlights the contributions of women reformers like Jane Addams and focuses on 'municipal housekeeping' and 'industrial citizenship.'
Answer: True
The settlement model of public administration, associated with reformers like Jane Addams, emphasizes social justice and comprises key components such as 'municipal housekeeping' and 'industrial citizenship'.
'Municipal housekeeping' reforms aimed to make cities function more like factories, prioritizing industrial output.
Answer: False
'Municipal housekeeping' reforms aimed to enhance cities as supportive environments, akin to caring homes, by improving public services like sanitation and public spaces.
'Industrial citizenship' reforms primarily focused on improving the efficiency of government bureaucracy.
Answer: False
'Industrial citizenship' reforms primarily addressed worker welfare, safety, and poverty within the industrial economy, rather than focusing on bureaucratic efficiency.
Max Weber viewed bureaucracy as a negative development that hindered efficient administration.
Answer: False
Max Weber characterized bureaucracy as a system of administration conducted by trained professionals according to fixed rules, generally viewing it as a positive and efficient development.
Modern bureaucracy is typically characterized by hierarchy, continuity, impersonality, and expertise.
Answer: True
Max Weber's analysis identified key characteristics of modern bureaucracy, including defined spheres of competence (hierarchy), continuity of office, rule-based actions (impersonality), and merit-based selection and training (expertise).
Woodrow Wilson stated the object of administrative study was to determine how government could achieve its tasks with maximum cost and minimum efficiency.
Answer: False
Woodrow Wilson articulated that the objective of administrative study was to ascertain how government could perform its duties with maximum efficiency and minimal cost.
The settlement model's 'industrial citizenship' component focused on making cities safer and more supportive of families.
Answer: False
The 'industrial citizenship' component of the settlement model addressed worker welfare and safety issues, while 'municipal housekeeping' focused on making cities safer and more supportive of families.
Who is recognized as the 'father of public administration in the US' for his influential 1887 article?
Answer: Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson is widely regarded as the 'father of public administration in the US' due to his seminal 1887 article, 'The Study of Administration'.
Frederick Taylor's key contribution, discussed in the context of the 1920s, was advocating for:
Answer: Scientific analysis to find the 'best way' to perform tasks
Frederick Taylor's significant contribution in the 1920s was his advocacy for scientific analysis to identify the most efficient method for task execution.
What pivotal movement in public administration emerged from the 1968 Minnowbrook Conference?
Answer: New Public Administration
The 1968 Minnowbrook Conference is recognized as the origin point for the 'New Public Administration' movement.
Which of the following is a core tenet of New Public Management (NPM), as proposed by Osborne and Gaebler?
Answer: Using private sector-style models to improve public sector efficiency
A central tenet of New Public Management (NPM), as advocated by Osborne and Gaebler, is the application of private sector models to enhance public sector efficiency.
What is 'Digital Era Governance' (DEG) considered in relation to New Public Management?
Answer: A successor
Digital Era Governance (DEG) is viewed as a subsequent development to New Public Management, focusing on reintegration and leveraging digital technologies.
The 'settlement model' of public administration, associated with reformers like Jane Addams, comprised which two main components?
Answer: Municipal housekeeping and industrial citizenship
The settlement model of public administration is characterized by its two primary components: 'municipal housekeeping,' focusing on urban quality of life, and 'industrial citizenship,' addressing worker welfare.
Reforms associated with 'municipal housekeeping' aimed to:
Answer: Make cities function more like caring homes
Reforms under the banner of 'municipal housekeeping' sought to improve urban environments, making cities function more like supportive and well-managed homes, by enhancing public services.
What types of problems did 'industrial citizenship' reforms primarily seek to mitigate?
Answer: Workplace issues like child labor and unsafe conditions
'Industrial citizenship' reforms were primarily directed at addressing critical workplace issues, including child labor, unsafe working conditions, and worker poverty within industrial settings.
Max Weber defined bureaucracy as administration conducted by:
Answer: Trained professionals according to fixed rules
Max Weber defined bureaucracy as administration carried out by trained professionals operating under a system of fixed rules.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four key features commonly associated with modern bureaucracy according to Weber?
Answer: Flexibility
Max Weber identified hierarchy, continuity, impersonality, and expertise as key features of modern bureaucracy; flexibility was not among them.
What did Woodrow Wilson state as the object of administrative study in his 1887 article?
Answer: To discover what government *can* properly do and how to do it efficiently.
In his 1887 article, Woodrow Wilson stated that the objective of administrative study is to ascertain what government can properly do and how to execute these functions with optimal efficiency.
The 'settlement model's' 'municipal housekeeping' component was related to:
Answer: Making cities function more like caring homes
The 'municipal housekeeping' component of the settlement model was concerned with making cities function more effectively as supportive and well-managed environments, akin to caring homes.
Which of the following is a characteristic of modern bureaucracy as defined by Max Weber?
Answer: Rule-based actions and impersonality
Max Weber identified rule-based actions and impersonality as key characteristics of modern bureaucracy, emphasizing adherence to formal procedures and objective treatment.
What did Thomas Taylor Meadows suggest was the sole reason for the longevity of the Chinese empire?
Answer: Its good government prioritizing talented individuals
Thomas Taylor Meadows proposed that the enduring success of the Chinese empire was attributable to its effective governance, which prioritized the advancement of talented individuals.
What did Lorenz von Stein believe about the nature of public administration as a science?
Answer: It was an integrating science relying on multiple disciplines.
Lorenz von Stein considered public administration to be an integrating science, drawing upon and synthesizing knowledge from various disciplines.
According to Donald Kettl, what was a challenge faced by the field of public administration?
Answer: Its theoretical work was often unclear and lagged.
Donald Kettl identified that public administration's theoretical work often lacked clarity and lagged behind developments, posing a challenge to the field's coherence.
How did Luther Gulick's 'fact-value dichotomy' differ from Woodrow Wilson's 'politics-administration dichotomy'?
Answer: Wilson proposed a separation, while Gulick suggested a more integrated approach.
Woodrow Wilson advocated for a separation between politics and administration, whereas Luther Gulick's 'fact-value dichotomy' suggested a more integrated perspective rather than a strict division.
The 'new public administration' movement, influenced by the 1960s, emphasized which of the following themes?
Answer: Relevance, values, equity, and change
Influenced by the social movements of the 1960s, the 'new public administration' movement prioritized themes such as relevance, values, equity, and societal change.
What does 'Digital Era Governance' (DEG) focus on as a successor to NPM?
Answer: Adopting needs-based holism and leveraging IT
As a successor to NPM, Digital Era Governance (DEG) emphasizes adopting needs-based holism and leveraging information technology for governance.
The 'settlement model's' 'industrial citizenship' component sought to address problems related to:
Answer: Worker welfare, safety, and poverty
The 'industrial citizenship' component of the settlement model aimed to address issues concerning worker welfare, safety, and poverty within industrial settings.
What is the core idea of Woodrow Wilson's 1887 article 'The Study of Administration'?
Answer: To discover what government can properly do and how to do it efficiently.
Woodrow Wilson's 1887 article 'The Study of Administration' posited that the core objective of administrative study is to determine what government can effectively accomplish and how to achieve it with optimal efficiency.
According to the source, what did Lorenz von Stein believe about the nature of public administration as a science?
Answer: It was an integrating science relying on multiple disciplines.
Lorenz von Stein considered public administration to be an integrating science, drawing upon and synthesizing knowledge from various disciplines.
The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) includes legislative activities and national defense within the Public Administration sector.
Answer: True
The NAICS categorizes establishments primarily engaged in governmental activities, such as legislative processes and national defense, under the Public Administration sector.
Ethics in public administration serves as a normative approach guiding administrators on moral principles and conduct.
Answer: True
Ethics in public administration functions as a normative framework, providing guidance on moral principles and appropriate conduct for administrators.
Public finance within public administration focuses exclusively on government expenditure, ignoring revenue.
Answer: False
Public finance within public administration encompasses both government expenditure and revenue, examining the government's role in the economy.
Human resource management in public administration ensures that staffing is conducted in an unbiased, ethical, and values-based manner.
Answer: True
Human resource management in public administration is tasked with ensuring that staffing processes are equitable, ethical, and aligned with organizational values.
'Public budgeting' within public administration focuses on allocating scarce resources to meet unlimited demands.
Answer: True
Public budgeting is a core function within public administration dedicated to the allocation of limited resources to satisfy diverse and often unlimited public demands.
Policy analysis and program evaluation serve as an empirical approach to decision-making in public administration.
Answer: True
Policy analysis and program evaluation are integral to public administration, providing an empirical basis for assessing the effectiveness and outcomes of policies and programs.
Which of the following is identified as a core branch of public administration?
Answer: Human Resource Management
Human Resource Management is recognized as one of the core branches or pillars within the field of public administration.
What is the role of 'Ethics in public administration'?
Answer: To guide administrators on moral principles and conduct
Ethics in public administration serves a crucial role in guiding administrators by providing a framework for moral principles and appropriate conduct.
How is 'Public finance' defined within the context of public administration?
Answer: The branch of economics assessing government revenue and expenditure
Public finance, within public administration, is defined as the economic discipline concerned with the assessment of government revenue and expenditure.
What is the function of 'Human resource management' in public administration?
Answer: To ensure staffing is unbiased, ethical, and values-based
Human resource management in public administration functions to ensure that staffing practices are conducted in an unbiased, ethical, and values-based manner.
What is the primary goal of 'public budgeting' within public administration?
Answer: To manage the allocation of scarce resources to meet unlimited demands
The primary objective of public budgeting in public administration is to manage the allocation of limited resources to address the extensive range of public demands.
What is the role of 'Policy analysis and program evaluation' in public administration?
Answer: An empirical approach to assessing policy effectiveness
Policy analysis and program evaluation serve as an empirical methodology within public administration for assessing the effectiveness and outcomes of implemented policies and programs.
The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) defines the Public Administration sector as comprising establishments primarily engaged in:
Answer: Governmental activities
The NAICS defines the Public Administration sector as encompassing establishments primarily involved in governmental activities, including legislative processes, national defense, and public order.
A key criticism of NPM is that it treats individuals appropriately as 'citizens' rather than 'customers.'
Answer: False
A primary criticism of New Public Management (NPM) is its tendency to frame individuals as 'customers' or 'clients' rather than 'citizens,' which is seen as an inappropriate borrowing from the private sector.
Public administration theory primarily discusses the efficiency of private sector management techniques.
Answer: False
Public administration theory primarily engages with the meaning and purpose of government, the role of bureaucracy, and public affairs, rather than exclusively focusing on private sector management techniques.
Public management is defined as an approach that strictly avoids private-sector management techniques.
Answer: False
Public management is characterized by its adoption of private-sector management techniques and business approaches within government and nonprofit sectors, aiming for enhanced efficiency and service delivery.
Scholars like Allison and Goodsell contrast public management with public administration by noting that public administration emphasizes social and cultural drivers, making it distinct from the private sector.
Answer: True
Scholars such as Allison and Goodsell differentiate public administration from public management by highlighting that public administration's focus on social and cultural drivers distinguishes it from the private sector, a characteristic less pronounced in public management which often adopts private sector models.
A significant criticism of the New Public Management (NPM) approach is its tendency to:
Answer: Treat individuals as customers or clients rather than citizens
A major criticism of NPM is its inclination to frame individuals as 'customers' or 'clients' rather than 'citizens,' which is seen as a problematic private sector analogy for public governance.
What does 'Public administration theory' primarily discuss?
Answer: The meaning and purpose of government and bureaucracy
Public administration theory primarily addresses fundamental discussions regarding the meaning and purpose of government, the role of bureaucracy, and broader public affairs.
How is 'Public management' generally defined?
Answer: An approach drawing on private-sector management techniques for government
Public management is generally defined as an approach that utilizes private-sector management techniques and business principles within governmental and nonprofit contexts.
According to scholars like Allison and Goodsell, what distinguishes public management from public administration?
Answer: Public administration emphasizes social and cultural drivers, making it distinct from the private sector.
Scholars like Allison and Goodsell posit that public administration's emphasis on social and cultural drivers distinguishes it from the private sector, a characteristic less pronounced in public management which often adopts private sector models.
What is a primary criticism of the New Public Management (NPM) approach regarding its view of individuals?
Answer: It treats individuals as customers or clients instead of citizens.
A key criticism of NPM is its tendency to conceptualize individuals as 'customers' or 'clients' rather than 'citizens,' which is seen as a problematic application of private sector logic to public governance.
Comparative Public Administration (CPA) studies administrative systems comparatively or in other countries but faces challenges like major differences between developed and developing nations.
Answer: True
Comparative Public Administration (CPA) involves the study of administrative systems across different countries, confronting challenges such as significant variations between developed and developing nations.
The Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management (CAPAM) focuses exclusively on public administration issues within the United Kingdom.
Answer: False
The Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management (CAPAM) is an organization that includes all 56 member states of the Commonwealth, addressing public administration and management issues across these nations.
The International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS), founded in 1930, is the oldest international organization dedicated to public administration.
Answer: True
Established in 1930, the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) holds the distinction of being the oldest international organization focused on the field of public administration.
What is Comparative Public Administration (CPA)?
Answer: The study of administrative systems comparatively or in other countries
Comparative Public Administration (CPA) involves the comparative study of administrative systems, either within a single country or across different nations.
What is a major challenge faced by Comparative Public Administration (CPA)?
Answer: Major differences between developed and developing nations
A significant challenge for Comparative Public Administration (CPA) arises from the substantial differences observed between the administrative systems of developed and developing nations.
What is the Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management (CAPAM)?
Answer: An organization including 56 Commonwealth member states focused on public administration
The Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management (CAPAM) is an international organization comprising 56 Commonwealth member states, dedicated to advancing public administration and management.
Which organization is identified as the oldest international body dedicated to public administration?
Answer: International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS)
The International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS), founded in 1930, is recognized as the oldest international organization focused on public administration.
The American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) was founded in 1939 and sponsors the journal 'Public Administration Review.'
Answer: True
The American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) was established in 1939 and is the sponsoring body for the journal 'Public Administration Review,' which commenced publication in 1940.
The Master of Public Policy (MPP) is a doctoral degree focused on applied research in public administration practice.
Answer: False
The Master of Public Policy (MPP) is a master's degree, distinct from doctoral degrees, and focuses on policy analysis and development, whereas doctoral degrees like the DPA are for practice and the PhD for academia.
A Doctor of Public Administration (DPA) is typically pursued by those aiming for academic careers, focusing on theoretical dissertation topics.
Answer: False
A Doctor of Public Administration (DPA) is generally pursued by practitioners seeking to advance their careers through applied research, whereas a Ph.D. is typically oriented towards academic careers and theoretical contributions.
The DPA degree is typically pursued by those aiming for academic careers, while the Ph.D. focuses on applied research for practice.
Answer: False
The Doctor of Public Administration (DPA) is oriented towards applied research for professional practice, whereas the Ph.D. is generally pursued for academic careers and theoretical research.
Which graduate degrees are commonly offered in public administration and public policy?
Answer: MPA and MPP
The most common graduate degrees offered in public administration and public policy are the Master of Public Administration (MPA) and the Master of Public Policy (MPP).
What is the primary difference between a Doctor of Public Administration (DPA) and a Ph.D. in public administration, according to the source?
Answer: The DPA is an applied-research degree for practice, while the Ph.D. is typically for academic careers.
The primary distinction is that the DPA is geared towards applied research for professional practice, whereas the Ph.D. is generally pursued for academic careers and theoretical research.
Which of the following is mentioned as a prominent academic journal for public management?
Answer: Public Management Review
'Public Management Review' is cited as a prominent academic journal within the field of public management.