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The historic Pullman development was constructed in the 1880s by George Pullman.
Answer: True
The historic Pullman development was constructed during the 1880s by George Pullman. Its initial purpose was to provide housing for employees of his Pullman Palace Car Company.
The original Pullman housing included amenities such as indoor plumbing and gas lines.
Answer: True
The rowhouses, designed by architect Solon Spencer Beman, offered amenities considered advanced for the era, including indoor plumbing, gas lines, and sewer systems, intended to meet the needs of the resident workforce.
Following George Pullman's death, the Illinois Supreme Court mandated the sale of the town of Pullman, ruling that the company's operation of a town was outside its corporate charter.
Answer: True
Posthumously, following George Pullman's demise in 1897, the Illinois Supreme Court mandated the sale of the town. The Court's ruling stipulated that operating a municipality fell outside the scope of the company's corporate charter.
George Pullman designed the town with advanced amenities for its era, not with minimal amenities to encourage worker frugality.
Answer: True
The rowhouses, designed by architect Solon Spencer Beman, offered amenities considered advanced for the era, including indoor plumbing, gas lines, and sewer systems, intended to meet the needs of the resident workforce. The town was not designed with minimal amenities to encourage frugality.
George Pullman, the founder of the Pullman Palace Car Company, was not born in the town of Pullman.
Answer: True
George Pullman significantly influenced Chicago's South Side through the establishment of the Pullman Palace Car Company and the subsequent construction of the planned industrial town of Pullman, introducing a distinctive model of industrial housing and community planning. The provided data does not indicate he was born there.
Pullman is considered a company town because it was built and controlled by the Pullman Palace Car Company for its employees.
Answer: True
Pullman exemplifies a 'company town' due to its construction and substantial control by the Pullman Palace Car Company over its employees' housing, commerce, and behavioral regulations, fostering a self-contained community centered on corporate operations.
What is Pullman, Chicago, primarily recognized as historically?
Answer: A historic industrial town built for railroad workers.
In Chicago, 'Pullman' denotes a specific South Side community area distinguished by its history as a planned industrial town, named in honor of George Pullman, founder of the Pullman Palace Car Company.
Under what legal ruling was the Pullman Company required to sell the town of Pullman?
Answer: The Illinois Supreme Court ruled operating a town was outside the company's corporate charter.
Posthumously, following George Pullman's demise in 1897, the Illinois Supreme Court mandated the sale of the town. The Court's ruling stipulated that operating a municipality fell outside the scope of the company's corporate charter.
What was the purpose of George Pullman building the town of Pullman?
Answer: To provide housing for employees of his railroad car company.
The historic Pullman development, established in the 1880s by George Pullman, functioned as a planned industrial town designed to accommodate workers of the Pullman Palace Car Company. Its initial purpose was to provide housing for its workforce.
What characterized Pullman as a 'company town'?
Answer: It was built and controlled by the Pullman Palace Car Company for its employees.
Pullman exemplifies a 'company town' due to its construction and substantial control by the Pullman Palace Car Company over its employees' housing, commerce, and behavioral regulations, fostering a self-contained community centered on corporate operations.
The Pullman Strike of 1894 was primarily caused by the Pullman Company reducing wages and maintaining high rents during a period of economic depression.
Answer: True
The economic depression following the Panic of 1893 led the Pullman Company to reduce demand for its railcars. In response, the company implemented widespread layoffs and shifted many employees to piecework, thereby reducing their income. Concurrently, the company maintained rents in the company town, exacerbating worker discontent and initiating the strike.
The Pullman Strike lasted for two months and required intervention from the federal government.
Answer: True
Commencing in 1894, the Pullman Strike persisted for two months, necessitating federal government and military intervention. A subsequent Strike Commission determined that the town's aesthetic features offered minimal monetary value to its employees.
The Pullman Strike Commission concluded that the aesthetic features of the town held little monetary value for employees.
Answer: True
A subsequent Strike Commission determined that the town's aesthetic features offered minimal monetary value to its employees.
The Pullman Strike significantly influenced future labor relations and legislation in the United States.
Answer: True
The Pullman Strike stands as a pivotal event in American labor history, illustrating the efficacy of organized labor, the potential for widespread disruption, and the federal government's complex role in mediating labor disputes, thereby shaping subsequent labor movements and legislation.
What was the primary cause of the Pullman Strike in 1894?
Answer: The company laid off workers and cut pay without lowering rents during a depression.
The economic depression following the Panic of 1893 led the Pullman Company to reduce demand for its railcars. In response, the company implemented widespread layoffs and shifted many employees to piecework, thereby reducing their income. Concurrently, the company maintained rents in the company town, exacerbating worker discontent and initiating the strike.
What was the duration of the Pullman Strike, and what key outcome was mentioned regarding the Strike Commission's findings?
Answer: Two months; a Strike Commission concluded aesthetic features held little monetary value for employees.
Commencing in 1894, the Pullman Strike persisted for two months, necessitating federal government and military intervention. A subsequent Strike Commission determined that the town's aesthetic features offered minimal monetary value to its employees.
How did the Pullman Strike impact American labor history?
Answer: It demonstrated the power of organized labor and influenced future movements.
The Pullman Strike stands as a pivotal event in American labor history, illustrating the efficacy of organized labor, the potential for widespread disruption, and the federal government's complex role in mediating labor disputes, thereby shaping subsequent labor movements and legislation.
The Hotel Florence and the Clock Tower complex are architectural landmarks found in Pullman.
Answer: True
Pullman features several historically and architecturally significant structures, such as the Hotel Florence, the Clock Tower and Factory complex, Market Square, and Greenstone Church. The Arcade Building, though a notable structure, was destroyed by fire in the 1920s.
The Arcade Building in Pullman was destroyed by fire in the 1920s.
Answer: True
The Arcade Building was a notable component of the original Pullman development. It was subsequently destroyed by fire in the 1920s and does not exist in the current architectural landscape.
The Greenstone Church is noted as one of the architecturally significant buildings within Pullman.
Answer: False
The Greenstone Church is recognized as one of Pullman, Chicago's historic and architecturally significant buildings, contributing substantially to the area's unique built environment.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an architecturally significant building in Pullman?
Answer: The Willis Tower
Pullman features several historically and architecturally significant structures, such as the Hotel Florence, the Clock Tower and Factory complex, Market Square, and Greenstone Church. The Arcade Building, though a notable structure, was destroyed by fire in the 1920s. The Willis Tower is a skyscraper located in downtown Chicago, unrelated to Pullman's historic architecture.
What happened to the Arcade Building in Pullman?
Answer: It was demolished in the 1920s.
The Arcade Building was a notable component of the original Pullman development. It was subsequently destroyed by fire in the 1920s and does not exist in the current architectural landscape.
What role does the Greenstone Church play in Pullman's historical context?
Answer: It is one of the historic and architecturally significant buildings in the area.
The Greenstone Church is recognized as one of Pullman, Chicago's historic and architecturally significant buildings, contributing substantially to the area's unique built environment.
What is the historical context of the Arcade Building in Pullman?
Answer: It was a notable structure that was destroyed by fire in the 1920s.
The Arcade Building was a notable component of the original Pullman development. It was subsequently destroyed by fire in the 1920s and does not exist in the current architectural landscape.
The Pullman community area is situated on the South Side of Chicago.
Answer: True
The Pullman community area, designated as Community Area 50, is situated on Chicago's South Side, approximately twelve miles from the Loop and adjacent to Lake Calumet. Its designation encompasses a broader region than its historic districts.
The historic Pullman Company development is bordered by 103rd Street to the north and 115th Street to the south.
Answer: True
The historic development constructed by the Pullman Company is demarcated by 103rd Street to the north, 115th Street to the south, the railroad tracks to the east, and Cottage Grove Avenue to the west.
The town of Pullman was annexed by Chicago in 1899.
Answer: True
The town of Pullman, along with substantial areas of Chicago's South Side, was annexed by the city in 1899. Subsequently, within a decade of this annexation, the city facilitated the sale of the residential properties to their occupants.
Guidelines for new construction and renovations in Pullman are administered by the City of Chicago, with resources like the Beman Committee's Homeowner's Guide available.
Answer: True
To maintain the historic character of its districts, the City of Chicago enforces specific guidelines for new construction and renovations. These regulations are administered municipally and are elaborated upon in resources such as the Beman Committee's Homeowner's Guide, named in honor of Pullman's original architect.
According to a June 2017 analysis, the majority of Pullman's population identified as African American, not White.
Answer: True
The Pullman community area is predominantly African American, with variations across its neighborhoods. A June 2017 analysis reported a population of 6,501 and 2,894 households, comprising 82.8% African American, 7.1% White, and 8.5% Hispanic or Latino residents.
The specific Pullman neighborhood has a more mixed demographic compared to North Pullman and Cottage Grove Heights.
Answer: True
While the broader Pullman community area is predominantly African American, the specific Pullman neighborhood exhibits a more mixed demographic profile: 29% White, 31% African American, and 36% Hispanic or Latino. This contrasts with North Pullman (96% African American) and Cottage Grove Heights (98% African American).
The median age in Pullman (40 years) is higher than the citywide median age for Chicago (33 years).
Answer: True
The median age within the Pullman community area is 40 years, exceeding Chicago's citywide median age of 33 years.
Pullman consistently votes for the Democratic Party in presidential elections, not the Republican Party.
Answer: True
Pullman demonstrates a strong alignment with the Democratic Party. Election results from 2020, 2016, and 2012 indicate consistent support for Democratic presidential candidates, including Joe Biden, Hillary Clinton, and Barack Obama.
Pullman is represented by Alderwoman Michelle Harris in the 8th Ward and Alderman Anthony Beale in the 9th Ward.
Answer: True
The Pullman neighborhood falls within Chicago's 8th and 9th Wards, represented by Alderwoman Michelle Harris (8th Ward) and Alderman Anthony Beale (9th Ward), respectively.
The Pullman community area covers approximately 5.46 square kilometers.
Answer: True
The Pullman community area encompasses a total land area of 2.11 square miles, equivalent to 5.46 square kilometers.
The population of Pullman was reported to be 6,820 residents in the 2020 Census, not below 6,000.
Answer: True
The 2020 United States Census recorded the population of Pullman at 6,820 residents.
Pullman observes the Central Time Zone, not the Mountain Time Zone.
Answer: True
Pullman observes the Central Time Zone (UTC-6 during standard time, UTC-5 during daylight saving time).
The ZIP code 60628 is associated with the Pullman neighborhood.
Answer: True
The ZIP code 60628 is associated with portions of the Pullman neighborhood.
The Beman Committee's Homeowner's Guide is named after the original architect of Pullman.
Answer: True
Named after Pullman's original architect, Solon Spencer Beman, the Beman Committee contributes to Pullman's revival and preservation initiatives by assisting in the administration of guidelines for new construction and renovations, thereby safeguarding the community's historic character.
The median household income in Pullman is reported as $43,539, not over $60,000.
Answer: True
The reported median household income for Pullman is $43,539.
Pullman is represented by Alderman Anthony Beale in the 9th Ward.
Answer: True
The Pullman neighborhood falls within Chicago's 8th and 9th Wards, represented by Alderwoman Michelle Harris (8th Ward) and Alderman Anthony Beale (9th Ward), respectively.
The main campus of Olive-Harvey College is located within the Pullman community area.
Answer: True
Pullman falls under City of Chicago School District #299 and City Colleges of Chicago District #508. Local elementary schools include Schmid, Wendell Smith, Edgar Allan Poe Classical, and George M. Pullman. Corliss High School serves most of Pullman for secondary education, with some areas zoned to Harlan Community Academy. The main campus of Olive-Harvey College is situated within Pullman.
The population density of Pullman is approximately 1,250 people per square kilometer.
Answer: True
Pullman exhibits a population density of approximately 3,240 individuals per square mile, or 1,250 individuals per square kilometer.
Which streets form the northern and southern boundaries of the historic Pullman Company development?
Answer: 103rd Street and 115th Street
The historic development constructed by the Pullman Company is demarcated by 103rd Street to the north, 115th Street to the south, the railroad tracks to the east, and Cottage Grove Avenue to the west.
When did Chicago annex the town of Pullman?
Answer: 1899
The town of Pullman, along with substantial areas of Chicago's South Side, was annexed by the city in 1899. Subsequently, within a decade of this annexation, the city facilitated the sale of the residential properties to their occupants.
Who administers the guidelines for new construction and renovations within Pullman's historic districts?
Answer: The City of Chicago
To maintain the historic character of its districts, the City of Chicago enforces specific guidelines for new construction and renovations. These regulations are administered municipally and are elaborated upon in resources such as the Beman Committee's Homeowner's Guide, named in honor of Pullman's original architect.
According to the 2020 Census data, what percentage of Pullman's population identified as White?
Answer: 6.5%
The 2020 Census data indicates Pullman's racial composition as: 6.5% White, 83.6% Black, 7.2% Hispanic, 0.1% Asian, and 2.6% identifying with other races.
How does the median age in Pullman compare to Chicago's citywide median age?
Answer: It is 7 years higher in Pullman.
The median age within the Pullman community area is 40 years, exceeding Chicago's citywide median age of 33 years.
In the 2020 presidential election, which party won the Pullman District?
Answer: Democratic Party
Pullman demonstrates a strong alignment with the Democratic Party. Election results from 2020, 2016, and 2012 indicate consistent support for Democratic presidential candidates, including Joe Biden, Hillary Clinton, and Barack Obama.
Which two Chicago City Council wards encompass the Pullman neighborhood?
Answer: 8th and 9th Wards
The Pullman neighborhood falls within Chicago's 8th and 9th Wards, represented by Alderwoman Michelle Harris (8th Ward) and Alderman Anthony Beale (9th Ward), respectively.
Which of the following individuals is NOT mentioned in the provided data as being associated with Pullman?
Answer: Richard J. Daley
Notable figures linked to Pullman include Robert Fioretti (former Chicago City Council member, born in Pullman), Mark Konkol (Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, resided in Pullman circa 2007), and Darrell Walker (professional basketball player, attended school in the area). Richard J. Daley is not mentioned in the provided data.
What is the primary high school zoned for most students residing in Pullman?
Answer: Corliss High School
Pullman falls under City of Chicago School District #299 and City Colleges of Chicago District #508. Local elementary schools include Schmid, Wendell Smith, Edgar Allan Poe Classical, and George M. Pullman. Corliss High School serves most of Pullman for secondary education, with some areas zoned to Harlan Community Academy. The main campus of Olive-Harvey College is situated within Pullman.
According to the June 2017 CMAP analysis, what percentage of Pullman's population was aged 65 or older?
Answer: 15.8%
The June 2017 Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning (CMAP) analysis indicates a distributed age profile in Pullman: 23.6% under 19, 20.8% aged 20-34, 19.6% aged 35-49, 20.2% aged 50-64, and 15.8% aged 65 or older.
What is the significance of Pullman being designated as a community area by the city of Chicago?
Answer: It is officially recognized for planning and demographic tracking.
Designation as one of Chicago's 77 community areas signifies official recognition for planning, demographic tracking, and resource allocation, facilitating an understanding of the city's diverse neighborhoods and their unique characteristics and needs.
Pullman was recognized as one of the Illinois Seven Wonders in a contest sponsored by the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity.
Answer: True
Pullman was acknowledged as one of seven nominated sites for the 'Illinois Seven Wonders' in a contest organized by the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity.
Deindustrialization starting in the 1950s led to job losses and a decline in Pullman.
Answer: True
Commencing in the 1950s, restructuring within the industrial and railroad sectors resulted in substantial job attrition in Chicago. This economic downturn diminished work opportunities and income in Pullman, precipitating a gradual neighborhood decline and encouraging residents to relocate to suburban areas. The original town faced potential demolition in 1960 to accommodate an industrial park.
Residents successfully prevented the demolition of the original Town of Pullman in the 1960s by forming the Pullman Civic Organization.
Answer: True
In 1960, faced with the prospect of demolition for an industrial park, residents mobilized to form the Pullman Civic Organization. Their concerted lobbying efforts with municipal authorities proved instrumental in preserving the community.
The Pullman Historic District was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1969.
Answer: True
The Pullman Historic District holds multiple landmark designations: National Historic Landmark District (1969), inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, Illinois State Landmark (1970), and City of Chicago Landmark (1972). These designations serve to protect its original rowhouses and public edifices.
Pullman was designated as a National Monument in February 2015.
Answer: True
Pullman was designated the Pullman National Monument in February 2015 by President Obama. It was later re-designated as a national historical park in December 2022.
The houses in Pullman were sold to their occupants within ten years of the town's annexation by Chicago.
Answer: True
The town of Pullman, along with substantial areas of Chicago's South Side, was annexed by the city in 1899. Subsequently, within a decade of this annexation, the city facilitated the sale of the residential properties to their occupants.
The Pullman Civic Organization was formed in response to the threat of demolition in the 1960s.
Answer: True
In 1960, faced with the prospect of demolition for an industrial park, residents mobilized to form the Pullman Civic Organization. Their concerted lobbying efforts with municipal authorities proved instrumental in preserving the community.
Pullman was designated a City of Chicago Landmark in 1972.
Answer: True
The Pullman Historic District holds multiple landmark designations: National Historic Landmark District (1969), inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, Illinois State Landmark (1970), and City of Chicago Landmark (1972). These designations serve to protect its original rowhouses and public edifices.
Pullman was re-designated as a national historical park in December 2022.
Answer: True
Pullman was designated the Pullman National Monument in February 2015 by President Obama. It was later re-designated as a national historical park in December 2022.
The Pullman Clock Tower and Administration Building currently serves as the Visitor Center for the Pullman National Monument.
Answer: True
The Pullman Clock Tower and Administration Building stands as a central and iconic structure within the historic district, recognized for its architectural importance and currently functioning as the Visitor Center for the Pullman National Monument.
What factor significantly contributed to Pullman's decline starting in the 1950s?
Answer: Deindustrialization and restructuring of the railroad industry.
Commencing in the 1950s, restructuring within the industrial and railroad sectors resulted in substantial job attrition in Chicago. This economic downturn diminished work opportunities and income in Pullman, precipitating a gradual neighborhood decline and encouraging residents to relocate to suburban areas. The original town faced potential demolition in 1960 to accommodate an industrial park.
How did residents save the historic Pullman community from demolition in 1960?
Answer: By forming the Pullman Civic Organization and lobbying the city.
In 1960, faced with the prospect of demolition for an industrial park, residents mobilized to form the Pullman Civic Organization. Their concerted lobbying efforts with municipal authorities proved instrumental in preserving the community.
What designation was granted to the Pullman Historic District in 1969?
Answer: National Historic Landmark District
The Pullman Historic District holds multiple landmark designations: National Historic Landmark District (1969), inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, Illinois State Landmark (1970), and City of Chicago Landmark (1972). These designations serve to protect its original rowhouses and public edifices.
What designation did Pullman receive in February 2015?
Answer: Pullman National Monument
Pullman was designated the Pullman National Monument in February 2015 by President Obama. It was later re-designated as a national historical park in December 2022.
What does the designation 'Pullman National Historical Park' signify?
Answer: A designation recognizing and preserving the community's historical importance.
The designation of Pullman as a National Monument in 2015, followed by its re-designation as a national historical park in 2022, formally acknowledges its historical significance and mandates the preservation of its unique heritage, encompassing original architecture and the legacy of the Pullman Strike.
What is the significance of the Pullman Clock Tower and Administration Building today?
Answer: It serves as the Visitor Center for the Pullman National Monument.
The Pullman Clock Tower and Administration Building stands as a central and iconic structure within the historic district, recognized for its architectural importance and currently functioning as the Visitor Center for the Pullman National Monument.
What is the current status of Pullman as a residential neighborhood?
Answer: It is a residential neighborhood undergoing gentrification and restoration.
Pullman currently functions as a residential neighborhood experiencing gentrification, marked by resident involvement in home restoration. It preserves its historic architectural character and is recognized as a significant landmark and national park area.
The film 'Road to Perdition' was filmed in Pullman and showcased its factory and neighborhood scenes.
Answer: True
Pullman has served as a filming location for notable films such as 'Road to Perdition,' which captured its factory and neighborhood settings, as well as key scenes from 'The Fugitive' (1993) and 'The Express: The Ernie Davis Story' (2007).
The architecture of Pullman inspired the setting for the film 'The Polar Express,' not 'Avatar'.
Answer: True
The architectural character of Pullman provided inspiration for the North Pole sequences in 'The Polar Express.' Notably, the Pullman Company Administration Building served as a basis for the structure from which Santa Claus emerges, with other film elements echoing Pullman's architectural vernacular.
The Metra Electric Line serves Pullman, with stations at 115th Street and 111th Street.
Answer: True
Access to Pullman is provided by the Metra Electric Line, featuring stations at Kensington/115th Street (serving express trains) and Pullman/111th Street (serving local trains).
The film 'The Fugitive' (1993) included key scenes filmed in Pullman.
Answer: True
Pullman has served as a filming location for notable films such as 'Road to Perdition,' which captured its factory and neighborhood settings, as well as key scenes from 'The Fugitive' (1993) and 'The Express: The Ernie Davis Story' (2007).
The Pullman Company Administration Building served as inspiration for the North Pole scenes and Santa's emergence in 'The Polar Express,' not specifically Santa's workshop.
Answer: True
The architectural character of Pullman provided inspiration for the North Pole sequences in 'The Polar Express.' Notably, the Pullman Company Administration Building served as a basis for the structure from which Santa Claus emerges, with other film elements echoing Pullman's architectural vernacular.
The Pullman community area is primarily served by the Metra Electric Line, not the CTA Red Line.
Answer: True
Access to Pullman is provided by the Metra Electric Line, featuring stations at Kensington/115th Street (serving express trains) and Pullman/111th Street (serving local trains).
Which film's North Pole scenes were inspired by Pullman's architecture?
Answer: The Polar Express
The architectural character of Pullman provided inspiration for the North Pole sequences in 'The Polar Express.' Notably, the Pullman Company Administration Building served as a basis for the structure from which Santa Claus emerges, with other film elements echoing Pullman's architectural vernacular.
What public transportation service provides access to Pullman via the 115th Street station?
Answer: Metra Electric Line
Access to Pullman is provided by the Metra Electric Line, featuring stations at Kensington/115th Street (serving express trains) and Pullman/111th Street (serving local trains).